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COTTON 



FROM 



SEED TO LOOM. 



A HAND-BOOK OF FACTS 



FOK TirE 



Dailn Use of Producer, illerdjant anb Consumer. 



BY 

WILLIAM B. " DANA, 
> I 

EfUtor Commercial and Financial Chronicle. 




New York : 

WILLIAM B. DANA & CO., 79 & 81 WILLIAM STREET, 

PUBLISHERS. 

1878. 



c i^ 




oy 



C OKIE NTS. 



CONTENTS. 



CHAPTER I. 

COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM— INTRODUCTORY.— The efforts of 
mercliants to !H'(iuiro facts, so as to be able to forecast the future of 
markets — Cotton crop estimates still, however, unreliable— This is a 
result of imperfect observation— Illustrated by error -svith regard to 
spinnei-s' consumption— Estimates, to bo useful, must take iu the 
whole growth— If simplj- founded on fall appcai-ance, they are of no 
value— Early or late frost of much less importance than many think — 
What is the secret of a full yield— The effect of a good and a poor 
stand on the fruitage of the plant,. »fec.— Other features of the 
book 9 

CHAPTER II. 

COTTON CROPS OF THE UNITED STATES— 1621 TO 1877.— Cotton 
tree indigenous in America — Cortes' present to Cliarles V., from 
Mexico — Cotton i)lant first cultivated in Virginia, 1621— When in 
South Carolina; Georgia; Pennsylvania; Maryland; New Jersej' — 
Louisiana and Florida invent machines for separating seed from 
fibre — Progress in cultivation to 1793— Exports, 1739 to 1793 — 
Cotton gin invented, 1793— Bowed cotton — Inventions of Har- 
grcaves, Arkwright, and Watt — Impulse given to cotton produc- 
tion—Exports, 1791 to 1826 — Crop in America from 1826 to 
1877 19 



CHAPTER III. 

INDIA COTTON SUPPLY— PAST AND FUTURE.- Early history of 
cotton in India— Herodotus— Christian era— Early exi)orts of cotton 
manufactures- Extreme beauty and hueness of cloths— Rude machin- 
ery used- Cotton manufacture carried on everywhere— The reason 
for excellence attained— History of Indian exports to England and 
her acts of prohibition— Present spindles in India— Total present 
production of cotton— The monsoons and their effect — Map of India — 
A statement of each cotton district and its capabilities— Aggregate 
results — Facts limiting production — Other crops pay better— Ship- 
ment from each district — Receipts in Europe— Bombay receipts and 
exports 39 



cox TENTS. 



CHAPTER IV. 

ACREAGE IN THE UNITED STATES— 1869 TO 1877.— How far can 
acreajic tiguros be relied upon— Iiiiniateriul wliat ones are used, 80 
long as they conform to the progressive conditions of the industry- 
How the figures of 1874-75 and 1875-76 were determined— Figures 
for ]8(in— Total cotton crops show growth m acreage— Crop of 
1870-71 proves growth— Acreage from 1861) to 1877— YieUl per 
acre— Largest and smallest jield on acreage of 1877— Agricul- 
tural Bureau figures- Percentages of yield and acreage in each 
State 67 



CHAPTER y. 

PLANTING— CULTIVATION-STAND — JANUARY TO JUNE— Im- 
portance of Signal Service Bureau data — Cotton lands, how divided — 
Production of each — Mode of cultivation — Trees girdled and ground 
prepared — How seed planted and fertilized — Old lauds being 
reclaimed — Early growth of seed— Choiiping out— Securing a stand — 
A good stand a good yield, <tc.— Cotton plant tender in early life and 
tough afterwards- Its early enemies and diseases— Crab grass — Wet 
May and June— Rainfall, thermometer, Chronicle weather reports 
and Agricultural Bureau reports from 1870 to 1877— Deductions 
and conclusions 83 



CHAPTER YI. 

SUMMER AND FALL GROWTH- JULY TO DECEMBER.— Formation 
of the bud, its shape, etc.— The blossom, changes in color, when it 
shuts and falls— Formation of the boll— Habits of the blossom and 
plant in relation to the sun— The roots and their growth— The tap 
root and what develops it— Definition of bottom crop, middle crop 
and top crop— Cotton enemies, lice, rust, shedding, boll worms, cater- 
pillars, etc.— Numl)er of bolls to make a pound of lint, etc — Weather 
data from July to December, 1870 to 1877— Date of killing frost and 
end of picking season in each State— Explanation of iuHucnces aftect- 
ing each crop, from seed to picking, etc— Agricultural Bureau's 
figures of condition since 1870— Estimated product of eacli crop 
according to Bureau's November percentages — Estimated yield 
of 1877-78, prepared from Bureau's condition figures for five 
months 113 



CHAPTER VII. 

PICKING AND MjJ^RKETING.— Fall estimates must be based on all the 
facts— Movement of crop may help to remove final doubt.s— Reasons 
for planters holding l)ack cotton, how much weight can be given 
them— Early and late crops, cflfect on movement— First bloom, first 
bales and new cotton to Sti)tember 1— Weeks of small receipts— Dif- 
ference in date betweeii an early and late crop— Necessities of plant- 
ers have been a controlling influence, but less so hereafter— Height of 
rivers and eff'cct on movement— How marketing has been influenced 
each year since 1370— Daily and monthly receipts and daily per- 
centages for five jears 157 



COXTi:XTS. 



CR AFTER nil. 

SPOT AND FUTURE MARKETS AND PRICES.— Changes in tlie 
cotton trade— Routes by which cotton was marketed previous to the 
M'ar — New York's position during same period — Changes the war 
made in routes — Rcceijits and sales at New York since — Future- 
deliverjr business — Future sales for eight years — Reasons why 
business in futures is a necessity to the trade— Could not be discon- 
tinued—The new arrangement as to weight of 100 bales adopted by 
Liverpool conference— Prices of futures for seven j'cars— Changes ia 
mode of quoting spot cotton, how and when made— Spot quotations 
for seven years— Liverpool prices, 178S to 1877— Liverpool and 
Manchester market each week of 1877 189 



CHAPTER IX. 

CONSUMPTION OF COTTON IN EUROPE AND AMERICA.— Year 
utifav<)ral)le for spinners- Eastern war not the cause but the devel- 
oping influence — How consnniption of goods was stimulated — First, 
by cotton famine — Second, by speculation and free borrowing in 
United States- Thiivl, speculation and wastefulness everywhere— 
Fourth, rivalry among spinners — Sudden check in demand and 
large decrease in consumptive power- Consumption of cotton in 
Europe for a series of years— More favorable outlook for the manu- 
facturing industry in the United States— Growth in spindles in Europe 
and America— Ellison's review for 1877— United States crop for 
1876-77 241 



/ 



) 



/ 



y»i.---i i1UitiJ.t..>i'LA'.r:;;.J."V/. 



CHAPTER I. 

COTTOX FROM SEED TO LOOM. 

INTRODUCTORY. 

Tbc efforts of morcliants to acquire facts, so as to he able to forecast 
the future of markets — Cotton crop estimates still, liowever, 
uureliable— This is ,i result of imperfect oljservation— Illustratecl 
l\v error with regard to spinners' consumption— Estimates, to be 
useful, nuist take in the whole growth— If simply founded on fall 
appearance, they are of no value— Early or late frost of much less 
Importance than many think— What is the secret of a full yield — 
The cftect of a good and a poor stand on the fruitage of the plant, 
ikc. — Other features of the book. 

The niercliant and manufactitrer in all their business 
ventures must depend, in some measure at least, upon facts 
not yet accomplished. Hence, each is unceasingly seeking 
to outstrip his neighbor in acquiring information, through 
which he may obtain a better forecast of the future. In 
the search, every market has its scouts out in all directions; 
you meet them, for instance, in the extremes oi South 
America, the plains of India, the tea-fields of China, tap- 
ping the very sources of supply. The unobserving some- 
times think that it is the mere turning of the kaleidoscope 
that has fixed the events which have responded with such 
perfect nicety to the plan put in execution months ago. 
They do not see the method, but the result only, and 
therefore call that good fortune which is simply the legiti- 
mate fruit of vigilance. 

AVliile, however, in every industry, so much is depending 



10 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 

upon a right conception of coming conditions, and efforts 
so persistent and painstaking are put forth to get at even 
an inkling of their significance, it is truly surprising that so 
little advance has been made in solving or limiting the 
doubts with regard to cotton supply. Every year we pass 
tlirough just the same round of confusion, uncertainty and 
suspense. And yet the growth and fruitage of a plant is an 
assured process, and as capable, with fixed conditions, of 
being foreshadowed as the motions of the planets. All that 
is I'cquired are undisputed facts to base our conclusions upon. 
"With past experience and conditions accurately given, 
future results could not be doubtful. The weak point in the 
problem, and the only doubtful one, would arise from 
imperfect observation; and that is almost wholly the result 
of unnecessary ignorance. 

By unnecessary ignorance we mean simply to indicate 
the omission during past years to keep a perfect record of 
facts as they transpired. A very good illustration in 
another department of the same trade has been furnished 
within a short period through the figures for European 
consumption. Tlie deliveries to spinners have been for a 
long time regularly and carefully preserved and studied, 
but not so spinners' stocks, the deliveries until recently 
being understood by the general reader as the measure of 
consumption. This error was the prime factor in most of 
the disasters to the cotton trade for many years. Four 
evident truths were thus ignored or only partially accepted: 
(1) That consumption for spinning purposes cannot exceed 
the spinning capacity of each country; (2) that the spinning- 
capacity cannot be enlarged faster than the spindles can be 
made and set up; (3) that such increase in spindles can 
only progress at a certain ascertainable rate per month, 
and will not go on to any extent when the goods trade 
is not profitable; and (4) that spinners naturally stock up 



Ij\'TROI>VCTORY. h 



when crops are ahundant and prices low, and run on 
tliat stock wlien supply is short. The opinions of tliose 
who insisted upon the trutli of these propositions during 
the years of 1S71 and IS 72 were thought faulty, and 
therefore were not accepted until in the summer of 
1872, when, in spite of our very small crop, there was 
a wonderful abstention from the market on the part of 
spinners, and it was then found that there was a supply 
Avhich had been invisible, and that deliveries and consump- 
tion were by no means synonymous; so a much closer 
observation and analysis of the conditions began to be 
made, and at this date spinners' stocks of raw cotton are 
followed as vigilantly as the deliveries, or even more so. 

We use this piece of history simply as an illustration. 
The experience of that year and the facts which subsequent 
investigations have brought out, have greatly simplified the 
pi'oblem of consumption. Yet we daily need more light 
even in that direction. Our information, to meet the re- 
quirement, must be aggressive, the result of incessant 
research. In this spirit we have endeavorc d, in subsequent 
pages, to push this inquiry with regard to the future spin- 
ning demand one step furtln^r, by figures and suggestions 
which will, we think, prove timely. 

But that portion of our work is secondary. Our first and 
main effort has been directed to elucidating the question of 
American supply, and here we have been compelled to 
explore in a field almost new. Not that there has been 
any want of reports of the condition of previous crops, 
faithfully made from month to montli; but simply that 
such reports of themselves prove nothing, or, if followed, 
lead us anywhere but to the truth. This is not said in a 
spirit of criticism. If any one questions the assertion, let 
him read tlirough a few years of such compilations, and it 
will be found that they are a mass of contradictions, and 



12 OOTTOX FROM SEED TO LOOM. 



one will rise from the task simply bewildered. In a certain 
year it will be stated that drought has reduced the crop 
fifty per cent, or that rain has had the same effect, or that 
shedding has utterly ruined it, or that caterpillars have 
eatcm it up; and yet in those years, perhaps, and in those 
very States, there would be an abundant yield. On the 
other hand, another season, the veiy same summer and 
fall conditions may be apparent, and the sanie results pre- 
dicted and prove nearly correct. How can these statements 
and results be reconciled ? Not by pronouncing one in- 
formant false and the other true. They both stated what 
they saw, and intended to represent the condition faithfully. 
Neither had studied the lessons which the cultivation of 
past crops might have taught them; their report in each 
case was simply a reflex of the outward appearance at the 
moment. 

And in this connection we might as well note the fact 
which even the most cursory examination discloses, that no 
man can estimate correctly the extent of a cotton crop from 
its appearance in the field in any fall or summer month. 
This point is veiy important, because in the misconception 
with regard to it lies the great error of estimates. Planters 
of even thirty years' experience, in making the attempt, 
have at times varied over fifty percent from the actual yield. 
Many anuisiug illustrations of this could be given. We 
remcml;)er one of a farmer who, to use his own expression, 
"planted for forty bales." On a Sunday in August some 
of his neighbors paid him a visit and, as their custom was, 
went out to look at his crop. All pronounced it sure for 
fifty bales. Later in the month the plants began to shed, 
and the half-ripe bolls seemed literally to rain upon the 
ground, while the leaves drooped under the scorching sun 
as if utterly discouraged, no doubt imparting a like feeling 
to the behcjlder. Not twenty bales would that field pro- 



IXIRODUCIORY. 13 



duce, was the unanimous, unhesitating verdict of these 
same sage judges; and tliey believed it so fully that the 
farmer immediately told his family to purchase nothing 
more at the grocer's, for his cotton was a failure. Late in 
September our friend wrote that his crop was actuall}^ 
turning out better then he expected, and he should not 
wonder if ho made thirty bales. In November he wrote 
again, saying he had picked thirty-five bales, and hoped to 
secure four or five more. When the season closed, his final 
report showed a total yield of forty-one bales. This is not 
an exceptional case. It represents the blunder of every 
person who attempts to draw a year's results out of a day's 
experience — not unlike the endeavor to describe the his- 
tory and achievements of a long war by an instantaneous 
photograph at a set moment in the progress of one battle. 

The first assumption of the careless observer, after study- 
ing the above case, will be that the extra yield was the 
fruitage of a new growth. Belonging to the same class of 
hasty conclusions is the remark, frequently heard, that if 
frost holds ofE for ten days it will be five hundred 
thousand bales added to the crop, and some, not to be 
outdone we suppose in romancing, make it a million 
bales if the frost will grant thirty to sixty days' grace 
beyond an average. In other words, the opinion of these 
wise men is that the frost is the arbiter of the yield. 
This is a very mistaken notion, for a healthy, regularly- 
developed cotton plant, like every weed or shrub, has 
a fixed growth, with a limit to it, ending in maturity. 
The date, therefore, when vegetation is killed, has very 
much less to do with the result than most imagine, for 
all the fruit the plant can carry will have been pre- 
viously perfected. In 1875, ice formed at Memphis (see 
Chronicle of October IG, 1875, page 375,) on Monday and 
Tuesday nights, the 11th and 12th of October; the Mem- 



COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 



j)his Cotton Exchange report issued in Novemljer states 
that, out of all their correspondents in Tennessee, Mississippi 
and Arkansas, being 154 in all, eighty, or more than one- 
half, '< report a killing frost from the Oth to tlia 20th 
"of October, the average date being October 14th." And 
yet, notwithstanding frost came so early, Memphis received 
of the crop of that year 487,376 bales, being over 160,000 
l)ales more than in tlie previous year, and over 100,000 
l^ales more than in 1871-2, when the date of frost was 
November 1 7, the very latest in that district of any year in 
our record. Certainly there was something in the growth 
of the summer of 1875 which even an early killing could 
not destroy; and when we come to consider the weather 
data of that autumn we shall also find that even floods of 
rain, equal to those of 1877 at very many points, had not 
their accustomed power over it. ' 

It was not, therefore, out of a second growth, as it is 
called, nor out of a prolonged autumn, that our friend se- 
cured so good a crop. All he ever knew or understood 
was that he made it, and from plants that aliout the first 
of September looked to him and his friends, in every par- 
ticular, like those of a previous year which proved a failure. 
And in that apparent conti-adiction between results and 
conditions lies the very point upon which we desire our 
investigations to throw light. A¥e call cotton a dry- 
weatiier plant, and so it is; but the drought it passes suc- 
cessfully through one year will perhaps almost kill it the 
next. It is said that rain is its destruction; and yet a crop 
is often made of surprising proportions which has endured 
just such floods of rain as another crop succumbs to, of 
apparently equal promise. To test, therefore, all our con- 
clusions relating to these matters, we need facts which shall 
reflect past experience through a series of years, from the 
first ploughing of the field to the picking of the last boll; and 



IXTRODUCTORT. 15 



we need to apply sucli facts to the nature, habits and pro- 
duction of the plant, so as to bring out as far as possible 
the reasons for the failure and success of different crops 
during those seasons. 

This is what we have attempted to do in later 
pages. As a prelinainary, however, we have investigated 
anew the problem of acreage, showing and proving its 
growth or progress in the past and its extent and produc- 
tion during recent years, thus giving the data for deter- 
mining the outside limits or possibilities of any season. 
After that, follows a detailed account of the routine in 
cultivation during the first six months ; this includes a 
recital of the methods of preparing the soil, planting the 
seed, working the crop, with a history of the early 
growth, the diseases and dangers encountered at that 
period, and the nature and kind of labor necessary in 
securing a stand. This detail may at first sight appear 
unnecessary, but is really the basis of our inquiry, as these 
facts, disclosing the weaknesses and strength of the cotton 
plant, prepare us to study and understand the data subse- 
quently given of weather and growth while passing through 
these many stages of development, thus enabling us to de- 
termine with great accuracy the effect of certain peculi- 
arities of weather and the reasons for it, and also what has 
been the precise condition of the several crops on the fii'st 
of July. In subsequent chapters we similarly analyze and 
examine the last six months of each year. 

Young life is synonymous with weakness and frailty. 
All plants then need nursing, protection, cultivation. 
Every faithful gardener watches over and tends his seed 
when once planted; if the weather is dry, he waters it; 
if cold, he covers it; if wet, he protects it. And when the 
little shoot has pushed above the ground, his care increases 
lest insects shall pierce or weeds choke or rain blight the 



16 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 

1 1- 



tender growth. He could omit much of this labor if he 
were content in getting only sickly plants, irregularly estab- 
lislied. His aim, however, is to secure an abundant crop, 
which he knows is only attainable through a perfect early 
development; but when such a development is gained, he 
considers the time of trial and doubt passed, the harvest as- 
sured, and the plant almost able to take care of itself. Is not 
this, in vegetable life, the universal experience ? Of course, 
in extensive cultivation, with acres of corn or cotton, no 
such nursing is possible; the gardener secures a crop always, 
because, in his limited domain, he can constantly supply the 
deficiencies or irregularities of nature; the farmer, how- 
ever, is in bondage to the weather. If it is so dry his seed 
does not germinate, he cannot water it; if too cold, he can- 
not cover it; if excessively wet, he cannot protect it. So, 
also, when tlie plants are up, they need care and cultiva- 
tion, but can receive it only if the weather permits. Con- 
sequently, his crops will sometimes be well started and 
sometimes poorly started. And precisely here lies the 
point of first interest. The cotton plant in June is brought 
to a stand; in suitable weather the stand is strong, clean 
and healthy; in unsuitable weather it is weak, grassy and 
sickly. The inquiry suggested is, how far does the stand 
or the condition on the first of July control the yield. Can 
a weak, sickly stand ever be cured ? Does a strong, healthy 
stand, within any definable limits, guarantee a successful 
season ? For answers to these questions, wo must refer to 
the facts given; first, as to the early growth of the plant, 
next, with regard to the summer development and trials, 
and finally as to the maturing, picking and marketing of 
the crop. All the explanations and data 'included under 
these heads are needed to enforce the truth which the facts 
appear to disclose. After carefully studying them, the 
reader mav find much less contradiction than heretofore 



IXTRODTJCTORY. 17 



supposed between the conditions and results of different 
seasons. Tlie ancients represented the Goddess Fortune 
blind-fold turning her wheel, now up, now down, and 
fixing the deepest events of life with fickle impulse and 
random hand. In our day, cotton-crop estimates have 
come to be considered as peculiarly under ihe supervision 
of this same divinity. "We trust, however, that in the 
future this will be true to a much smaller degree, and that, 
wlien a few years more of accurate weather observations 
have been preserved, the ventures of the cotton merchant 
and manufacturer will be still less the football of blind 
chance. 

The other features of this book it is unnecessary for us 
to refer to at any length here; they sufficiently explain them- 
selves. With regard to India, however, we may say that 
our purpose has been to unfold another point in the cotton- 
supply problem which is but little understood. We believe 
the facts and figures we have brought together, will, with the 
help of the map of the cotton districts which we give, be 
found of frequent use. Next to America, India is likely, 
for a considerable time at least, to hold prominence as a 
source of supply, and hence we cannot fail to be interested 
in anything that helps us to measure that supply. The 
map, which is more fully explained hereafter, has been 
prepared under our direction for the purpose of supplying 
a want often expressed and widely felt to exist. Though 
not as complete in some of its details as we intended — and 
very likely containing minor inaccuracies with regard to 
the boundaries of some smaller districts — yet the informa- 
tion it does convey can be obtained from no other pub- 
lished source, and is of such a practical nature as to make 
it of special service to a large circle of readers. Whether 
the world's supply of cotton from India is to continue un- 
changed, or is to suffer decline or gradually to increase^ 



IS COTTON FJiOil SEED TO LOOM:. 

are points very frequently disciissed, and — because there 
liave been so few lielps accessible to guide one's judgment 
— often without knowledge. May we not believe that for 
the future these and kindred questions will be more 
generally and clearly understood. 



COTTON CROPS OF THE VNITED STATES. 19 



CHAPTER II. 

COTTON CROPS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
1621 TO 1877. 

Cottou Tree Indigenous in America — Cortes' present to Charles V., from 
Mexico— Cotton Plant first cultivated in Virginia, 1621— Wlieu in 
South Carolina; Georgia; Pennsylvania; Maryland; New Jersej'- 
Louisiana and Florida invent machines for separating seed 
from tibre— Pi'ogress in cultivation to 1793— Exports, 1739 to 
1793— Cotton Gin invented, 1793— Bowed Cotton— Inventions of 
Ilargroftves, Arlcwright, and Watt— Impulse given t) Cotton 
production— Exports, 1791 to 1826— Crop in America from 1826 
to 1877. 

Tlio wide subject of cotton supply may very properly be 
introduced by a summary of the production of cotton in 
America each year since its first cultivation in the South; 
such a review will, we ai'e persuaded, be of general, 
and, to some extent, of practical, interest. Previous to 
1826-27 there were no complete returns, either commer- 
cial or official. Pretty full statistics were prepared in 
October, 1825, and also in October, 1826; but with 1827 
the figures became more detailed and exact. We begin, 
therefore, with that year our tables of the crop move- 
ment, which will be found on subsequent pages of this 
chapter. It will be noticed that from that date 
(1826-27) we give every result in each annual report 
down to the present year, 1876-77, so that the reader 
has before him, in convenient form, easy for refer- 
ence, and covering the entire period mentioned — a full 



COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 



half century, — (I) tlie receipts at each port; (2) the 
exports to Great Britain, France, and otlier countries; 

(3) the stock at the beginning and the end of tlie year; 

(4) the consumption in the Nortli; (5) the consumption 
in the South; (G) the overland movement; (7) the other 
lesser items, sucli as the cotton burnt, exported to Canada 
by rail, etc. In each year's column, therefore, each bale 
is accounted for, and beginning witli tlie stock on hand 
at the commencement of the year, we have, after adding 
the production and deducting the exports, consximption, 
etc., which appear tliere, a balance left, which is the stock 
at the close of the year. 

For the period previous to 182G-'27 we can do no more 
than to give the shortest possible summary of results. They 
liave no practical interest, antl hence do not come within 
the purpose of this book; but still, as in cotton matters we 
are all in one sense antiquarians, a brief liistorical review of 
the attempts and results of previous years will furnish a suit- 
able introduction to the years when more exact statistics 
began, and such a summary is perhaps desirable to com- 
plete the record. 

CULTIVATION rRO:M 1021 TO 1793. 

Cotton was indigenous in America. It was found by 
the Spaniards when they discovered the continent, the 
Mexicans at that time using it veiy largely as an article of 
clothing. Clavigero, in his history of Mexico, states that 
Cortes sent as pi'esents to Charles Y. ''cotton mantles, some 
" all white, others mixed with white and black or red, 
"green, yellow and blue; waistcoats, handkercliiefs, coun- 
''terpanes, tapestries and carpets of cotton." Columbus 
also found the plant in Central and South America in great 
abundance, the inhabitants using it for clothing, and also 
for making fishing nets. It is presumed, however, that it 
was the cotton tree which was native in America, and 



COTTOX CROPS OF THE UNITED STATES. 21 



not tlie annual herbaceous plant now grown in the South. 
Ward in his " Mexico " speaks of the cotton tree propa- 
gating itself there, in the same chapter in which he refers 
to the advanced state to whicli the inl^al^itants had eai-ly 
carried the manufacture of the staple. He nowhere men- 
tions the plant, but implies that the tree was tlieir only 
source of supply of the raw material. 

As to the cultivation of cotton iu the United States, 
Virginia has the credit of making the first experiment. 
This original venture is generally credited to 1G21. The 
seeds, wliich are supposed to have come from the West 
Indies, are stated to have been planted as an experiment, 
but the historian remarks that " their plentiful coming up 
'' was at that early day a subject of interest in America and 
"England." It would seem, however, that very likely 
1G21 was not the first year of its cultivation, for in a list 
of articles growing and to be had in the Virginia colony in 
that year (1G21), we find mentioned cotton wool, at Sd. per 
pound. It could scarcely have been for the first time 
planted, grown, cleaned, and got into a price list all in tlie 
same nine months, at a period of our history when mov(^- 
ments, to say the least, were not over-rapid. It is >)arely 
possible, however, that the cotton tree mentioned above 
was before that growing and utilized there, and that the 
" cotton wool " of the price list was some of its product. 
But whether this was so or not, there can be no doiibt of 
the fact that it was in Virginia and in 1G21, or very near 
that date, that the first experiment in cultivating the cotton 
plant within the bounds of the colonies was successfully 
tried. 

From such a beginning the production spread, but in a 
very limited way. In Carroll's '-Historical Collections 
of South Carolina" mention is made of the growth of 
the cotton plant in that State in IGGG. Again, in the 



COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 



same State, Mr. Peter Furry settled a Swiss colony in 
1733, and brought cotton seed with him. In 1734 the 
seed was planted in Georgia, being sent to the trustees 
hy Philip Miller, of Chelsea, England. About this time, 
also, the cultivation had been extended more northeidy. 
In 173G cotton is stated to have been raised on the east- 
ern shores of Maryland, and subsequently in Delaware, 
and finally even in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. All 
this was of course in a small way, and yet it is recorded 
that the home-grown cotton near Pennsylvania was, about 
the time of the Revolution, sufficient for the domestic 
wants of the State, which, however, were by no moans 
large, as woolen and linen were then generally used for 
clothing. In 1775 the Assembly of the Province of 
Virginia, " in view of the changing relations with Great 
Britain," resolved that "all persons having proper land 
"ought to cultivate and raise a qimntity of hemp, flax and 
" cotton, not only for the use of his own family, but to 
"spare to others on moderate terms." 

Ii>tlie meantime, that is from 1700 onward, the cultiva- 
tion of this staple was further extended southward beyond 
South Carolina and Georgia. AVe find, for instance, that 
in 1742 a French planter in Louisiana, M. Dubreuil, 
invented a machine for separating the seed from the fibre. 
The need for such a machine would indicate tliat the pro- 
duction of cotton had at that time made considei'able 
progress there. In 1772 a similar contrivance was made 
T)y one Crebs, of Florida. But the extent to which the 
Southern States at about the latter date had developed this 
industry is best described in a letter by. Mr. Jefferson, 
addressed to M. de Warville, under date of August 1.3, 
17SG, in wliich lie says "the four southernmost States make 
"a great deal of cotton. The poor are almost entirely 
" clothed in it in wdntcr and summer. In winter thev wear 



COTTON CROPS OF THE UNITED STATES. 23 



" shirts of it, and outer clothing of cotton and wool niix(»d. 
" In summer their shirts are linen, but the outer clothing 
'■cotton. The dress of the women is almost entirely of 
'• cotton manufactured Ijy themselves, except the richer 
"class, and even many of these wear a great deal of home- 
" spun cotton. It is as well manufactured as the calicoes 
'' of Europe." 

Too much, however, must not be pi-edicated on this 
letter of ]\Ir. Jefferson. Cultivation was then, without 
doubt, widely spi-ead over the States named, but was still 
very limited as to the quantity each produced, the cotton 
being as yet almost wholly used to supply dome.stic wants. 
About that time, however, a change in this respect took 
place, as is well indicated by a letter of Richard Teake, 
dated Savannah, December 11, 1T8S, and written to Tench 
Coxe, of Philadelphia. In it he says: '• I have heen this 
"year an adventurer, and the first that has attempted, on 
"a large scale, in the article of cotton. Several here, as 
"well as in Carolina, have followed me and tried the 
"experiment. I shall raise about 5,000 pounds in the 
" seed from about eight aci'es of land, and the next year I 
" expect to plant from fifty to one hundred acres. The 
"lands in the southern part of this State are admirably 
"adapted to the raising of this commodity. The climate 
"is so mild, so far to the south, scarce any winter is felt, 
" and — another grand advantage — whites can be employed. 
"The labor is not severe attending it — not more than rais- 
"ing Indian corn." Tlius, from tliis date the progress 
made in cultivation was more decided. In 1790 it is 
recorded that William Elliott was very successful with a 
crop of cotton at Hilton Head, S. C, so much so that it 
gave a marked impetus to the production in that section; 
and in 1791 the total yield in South Carolina and Georgia 
was at the time estimated at 2,000,000 pounds (three- 



24 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 

fourtlis in South Carolina and one-fourth in Georgia), or, 
at 440 pounds net to the bale, say 4,.")4r) bales. Such was 
about the condition in which we find cotton cultivation at 
the period of tlie invention of the cotton gin, in 1793. 
But, before proceeding further, let us note the early- 
beginnings in the export movement, l:)ringing that account 
down to the same date. 

EXPORT MOVEMENT FROM 1739 TO 1793. 

The following is a brief statement of events in this 
department of the trade, so far as we have been able to 
collect the facts, down to 1793: 

1739— Samuel Auspourguer, a Swiss living iu Georgia, took over to 

Loiulou, at the time of the controversy about the iutroduetion of 

slaves, a sample of cotton raised by him in Georgia. This we 

- may call, iji the ab.sence of a better starting point, the first 

export. 

1747— During this year several bags of cotton, valued at £3 lis. 5(1. 
per bag, were exported from Charleston. Doubts as to this being 
of American growth have been expressed, but as cotton had been 
cultivated in South Carolina for mauj' years, there does not 
seem to be any reason for such doubts. Besides, English 
writers mention it as an import of Carolina cotton. 

1753 — "Some cotton" is mentioned among the exports of Carolina in 
1753, and of Charleston iu 1757 ; and a London publication in 
1762, quoted iu " Bishop's Histoi-y of American Manufactures," 
says : " What cotton and silk both the Carolinas send us is excel- 
" lent, and calls aloud for the encouragement of its cultivation in 
" a place well adapted to raise both." 

1764— Eight (8) bags of cotton imported in Liverpool from the United 
States. 

1770— Three (3) bales shipped to Liverpool from New York; ten (10) 
l)ates from Charleston ; four (4) bales from Virginia and Maryland ; 
and three (3) barrels full from North Carolina. 

1734— About fourteen (14) bales shipped to Great Britain, of which eight 
(8) M'ere seized as improperly entered' on the ground that so much 
cotton could not have been produced in the United States. This 
act of our English cousins looks, under the circumstances, a lit- 
tle more like sliarp practice than ignorance. 

1785— Five (5) bags imported at Liverpool. 

1786— Nine hundred (900) pounds Imported into Liverpool. 

1787— Sixteen thousand three hundred and fifty (16,350) pounds imported 
into Liverpool. 



COTTON CROPS OF THE UNITED STATES. 25 



17SS— Fiftj^-elght tliousaua five lumtli-ecl (53,500) pouiuld imported into 
Liverpool. 

1789— One liuiKlred and twenty-seven tliousaud tive hmidred (127,500) 
ponnds imported into Liverpool. 

1790-~Fonrteen thonsand (14,000) pounds imported into Liverpool. 
We can flud no reason for this marked decline in the exports, 
except it uaay be that the crop was a failure that year. Our tirst 
supposition was that tlie eaus(^ was one of price. But on exam- 
ining the quotations in Took's work on " liigh and low prices," we 
do not see any marked decline in thf values of other descrip- 
tions of cotton, and the American staple is not giV(^n in his list 
until 1793. We would refer the reader to Took's table of quota- 
tions w:ii;.'h will l>e found in our chapter on p;-i -e-s. 
1791— One hundred and eightj--nine tlumsand five hundred ^89,500) 
pounds imported into Liverpool, th(> price averaging here 2C cents. 
1792— One hundred and thirt}--<-ight thousand three hundred and twenty- 
eight (138,328) pounds imported into Liverpool. 

It sliould be statetl in connection witli the foregoing tliat 
although the amounts named above are the imports into 
Great Britain each year from the United States, they were 
not in all cases wholly American cotton. Not till ISO'i did 
our Custom House returns distinguish home-grown from 
foreign cotton, and we were for many years importing as 
well as exporting. For instance, in 1795 we imported 
4,107,000 pounds, and exported G.27G,000 pounds. What 
portion of the 4.107,000 pounds of foreign entered into 
our exports that year it is impossible to say; but the only 
reasonable supposition is that a considerable portion, if not 
all of it, did, since the total crop of South Carolina and 
Georgia in 1791 was estimated, as stated above, to be 
only 2,000,000 pounds; and it is scarcely probable that 
the crop would have increased during the four years so 
rapidly as to leave such an increased surplus. So also 
in 179G a very considerable portion of our exports must 
have been foreign cotton ; but for sul)sequent years they 
were almost wholly American. 

PKODUCTIOX FROM 1793 TO 1S2G. 

With 179:5 a new era in cotton production opened. In 



2G 



COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 



that y(^ar Whitney invented tlie cotton or saw gin. Pre- 
viously very rude instruments were used for the purpose of 
separating the seed from tlie lint. We have already 
referred to the invention of Dulireuil, of Louisiana, in 
1742, and of Crehs, of Florida, in 1772. Each invention 
was })rohablv a combination of rollers, not unlike the mill 
long before that in use in India, of which the followmg is 
a representation : 




This, as will be seen, is a hand-mill, and was worked by 
the women. The two rollers were of teak wood, fluted 
longitudinally with five or six grooves, revolving nearly in 
contact. The upper roller was turned by a handle, and 
the lower carried along with it by a perpetual screw at the 
axis. The cotton was put in at one side and drawn 
through by the revolving rollers; but the seeds, l)eing too 
large to pass through the opening, were torn off and fell 
down on the opposite side from the cotton. This rude 
apparatus, however, did not prepare the staple for market 
or for use. Another operation was still necessary, wliich 
was called "bowing the cotton," to clear it from dirt and 
knots. This was done by an instrument called a Ijow, a 
very simple contrivance of wood, the elasticity of whicli 



COTTON CROPS OF THE UNITED STATES, 



27 



was increased l)y a comlnnation of strings. It was used 
by being first placed in contact with a heap of cotton, and 
then the workman struck the strings with a wooden mallet, 
the result being that the vibrations opened the knots of the 
cotton, shook out the dust and dirt, and raised it to a downy 
fleece. This contrivance was early introduced into Georgia, 
from India, and its use in Georgia gave rise to the term 
*' bowed Georgia cotton,^^ a term then and still applied in 
commerce, although it is now more than half a century 
since any instrument of that description was xised in this 
country. The following is a representation of the East 
India bow, which was probably the model from which our 
own Georgia bow was first made, though subsequently 
modifications in the way of improvements Avert; added.* 




One can easily see that with such rude machines for 
preparing tlie staple for market, any large increase in the 
cotton crop of America was almost out of the question; 

- See Bain's " History of Cotton jVIauufacture," iiages 66 and 67. 



25 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 



and yet the manufacturing industry had reached such a 
stage of development that it required a speedy and decided 
addition to the supply of the raw material. First — the 
spinning niachin(>s of Hargroavcs and Arkwriglit were 
only brought to perfection in abo\it 1780, and through 
defects in the patents were thrown open to the public 
at the close of 178."). After the latter date, and as a 
result of the setting aside of the patents, an astonishing 
extension of manufacture immediately followed. Sec- 
ond — at very nearly tlie same time tl\e factory system 
took its rise in England. Up to about 1785 cotton 
manufacture had been almost entirely carried on in the 
houses of the workmen. No larger apartments than a 
cottage were required for the hand or stock cards, the 
spinning-wheel and the loom. But after the improve- 
ments m machinery above refeiTed to were made, more 
room than a cottage, more strength than an ordinarily- 
built house, and more power than the human arm were 
required. Out of these necessities exteixsive manufactur- 
ing establishments grew \xp, which further assisted in 
the development of this industry. Tliird — the first 
steam engine made for a cotton mill was made in HS.j, 
but it was not till 1790 that Richard Arkwriglit adopted 
AVatt's invention, and not till 1702 that the first steam 
engine was set up in Glasgow. Tlie total number of 
steam engines in use in ]\Ianchester up to the year 1800 
is stated by Farey to have been 32, of 430 horse-powei'. 
From the latter date the adoption of steam as a motive 
power in cotton factories was more rapid. 

Thus at about the time Whitney's cotton gin came into 
use, spinning machinery had re-created cotton manufac- 
tui'c^; the factory system had organized and developed 
its new life, and AVatt's steam engine had forced it into 
a vigorous growth. As our readers are familiar with the 



COTTON CHOPS OF THE UXITED STATES. 



29 



workings of tlie saw giii, it is unnecessary to describe it. 
The fact of its invention in 1793, its speedy adoption, and 
the subsequent rapid development of cotton cultivation, 
just in time to meet the growing necessities of the manu- 
facturer, are tlie points of interest — admirably illustrating 
the working of that divine law of progress notably con- 
spicuous in the whole history of the human race, under 
which each want as it arises finds its complement ready at 
hand. 

The effect of the combin3d circumstJinccs above indi- 
cated on the production of this staple in the United States 
may be seen from tlie following table of e.xports of cotton 
from the United States from 1791 to 1826, both inclusive: 

EXPORTS OF COTTOX FUOM TlIU UNITED STATES. 



Years. 


Quantity. 


Years. 


Quantity. 


Years. 


Quantity. 




Lbs. 




Lbs. 




Lbs. 


1791.... 


189.31G 


1803... 


41,105,023 


1815.... 


82,998,747 


1792.... 


138,328 


l-<04.... 


38,118,041 


1810.... 


81,747,110 


1793.... 


487,C00 


1805.... 


40,383,491 


1817.... 


85,049,328 


1794.... 


1,001,700 


ISOG.... 


37,491,282 


1818.... 


92,471,178 


1795.... 


G,276,300i 


1807.... 


60,212,737 


1819.... 


87,997,043 


179(5.... 


<!,10«,729t 


1808.... 


12,0:>4,000j 


1820.... 


127,800,152 


1797.... 


3,788,429 


1809.... 


53,210,225 


1821.... 


124,893,405 


1798... 


9,360,005 


1810.... 


93,874,201 


1822.... 


144,075,095 


1799.... 


9,532,203 


1811.... 


02,180,081 


18C3.... 


173,723,270 


1800.... 


17,789,803 


1812.... 


28 052,544§ 


1824.... 


142,309,003 


ISOl.... 


20,911,201 


1813.... 


19,399,911^ 


1825 


170,439,907 


1802.... 


27,501.073 


1814.... 


17,800,4795. 


182^5... . 


204,535,415 


i t:i... V 


Hii.pa 1 79.T niiil 


79(i inclii 


1(», ;i (umntitv c 


f foreiifu 


cotton in tlm 



exports. 
} 1808 was tlie year of the American embargo on foreign trade. 
§ Tlie years 1812, 1813 and 1814 were those of the war. 

Leaving out the years 1795 and 179G, when so consid- 
erable an amount of foreign cotton was probably included, 
it will be seen from the foregoing how I'apid must have 
been the actual growth of production in tliis country. In 
1793 we exported only 487,60.0 pounds; but in 1797 the 
export had increased to 3,788,429 pounds, in 1798 to 
9,360,005 pounds, and hi 1803 to 41,105,623 pounds. At 
the same time, with these decided additions to the foreign 



30 



COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM: 



movement, the uses of tlie staple were being widely 
extended in our own country, so that the production 
increased in even a larger proportion. During these 
years, however, no full figures of the actual growth 
were kept. 

COTTON PRODUCTION FROM 1825 TO 1877. 

The first attempt at a crop report approaclung complete 
ness was made in October, 1825,. when the totals for the 
previous year, as well as the year closing at that time, 
were given. In. October, 1826, the second report was 
made, and in the following Octobi^r (1827) full statistics 
were prepared, not only of production, but also of the 
exports and Northern consumption. In the latter year 
the Northern consumption reached 103,483 bales, and it 
probably did not vary much from that amount in 1825. 
The crops for the three years, from. 1824 to 1826, may be 
stated as follows: 





Year eudeil October 1. 




1824. 


1825 


1826 


NeM' Orleans 


126,481 
4,500 

44,924 
152,735 
134,518 

4(),000 


200,453 

3,000 

58,796 

138,000 
97,000 
72,000 


251,959 
2 817 




74,201 


Geor<;iii 


190,592 


South Ciiroliua 


111,978 


Noi'tli Cai'oliua 


88.480 






T()( ill crop, bales 

E.stimatecl Northern consumptiou 


509,158 
100,000 


569,249 
100,000 


720,027 
100.000 


Leaving^ for export 


409,158 


469,249 


620,027 



As the exports given on the previous page are for the 
calendar year and these figures are for the crop year, no 
comparTson between thorn can be made. 

Commencing with the following season, a very convenient 
summary of every item of each statement, down to Sept. 1, 
1877, will be found on succeeding pages. Until 1841-42 
the crop year was brought down to October 1 ; after that 
it was changed so as to close as at present, September 1. 



COTTON CROPS OF THE rXITED STATES. 



31 





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Cl^CO 


1 1 LO l- 


1 cr 


_ I C0_C1 1 COCOiH 






6 ' 


c; 15 :c 1 - r-T ;£" ri' -f" 


"icoo 




10" x'- 


' 1 I- 


1 - 


i ceo Clrfci 








L't i^ rci^ ;i -!• It -r 







l-l-l- 1 Tl 




10 X CO X 








X 


W -? r-l L- t- ^ 


lO r-lr^ 


-J 




■ '~'.. 


1^ 


tCiH X 








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CO 




ci 


co' 


~> -c 


1 








1 


. 


-f i-c:r.-T-:i.-:-T. 


-r-^3 




eu--^ 


~| ~;(^ 


y-l !^ 


Xir. X 




^ 


Ci X C r-tCI^-M:! 


* I - o 


i~ 


CC X L' 


1*1- 


1 Lr- 


01 c 


Olr-^O 






1 "Y 


rH^^7M--^-r--!' 


c * c 


I' 


-f CrH 1 1-IC5 , 


lO 1- 


:s-^_l~-_ 








Ci 


'-H 'C' C '** t [ ^' r"' "I 


^ X -r 


Cr 


rrL- 


-f 


h- 


kTx 


-V t-- 1^~ 








LO 


■* lo -^ ■:! r-. -f :c rt 


C^ O '0 





CC Xi-I 1 t^ 


' i^ 


xt- 


:o 11 








CO 


IS « r-l X M 11 


i;- f-»i— t 


X 


ClOl' 


' 1 '^ 


1 "^ 


L-i- 


a CI 








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0)-<Mx-T--s-f:j 


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, 


x-'it X X n-;3 


•.r -CI o 


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10 z-. LO c y 


,— 




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1 


CO 


t-~ ro" C lo'cc -f ;5 *f 


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-t 


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■^ 


Cl' 


cc-^' sT 








lO 


« M X (^ 1^ O w c; 


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c 


L-i- 


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^ 


cf 


co' 


^ 












c: rt -- M " -+ CT. •-= 


x-fo 





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01 


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cool c 






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'I '^. '^, "^^ ^^ ■"! -V °'v 


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01 01 » 01 M C ?1 X 


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o; N r-1 1.0 -*__ 


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Ci- 


» 








iH 


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of 


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X X --0 l-O -f X CO X 


OiOO 


L- 


l^t-" 


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^ 


1-lX 


aCi-( 






O 


ClLOI--f CCOKt- 


COtHO 


^ 


xcox 


CC^ 


t- 


C.rt 


COCl- 








iO 


CTr:-t^-fl^ :*0 






CO_^Cl- 


-^x 





c-.o 


01 lO ^ 








lO 


CC C 1" *'— ^*'— ' 'C* 


co'-t'i-^ 


L* 


»-^c'c 


•* 


cc 


i-"x 


d -? 








ira 


01 01 r. X — fo ;r -H 






01 X 1- 


lO 




coc^ 


I- CO 








CO 




LO iH 




■^i"* L- 


ci 


c 


Ci- 


I- 








■H 
























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'7 


of 


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c; o 01 -i< t^ lO -f< t - 


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COi- 


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N-oo 




T-* C^ ;r 


0- 


1-4 


rtt 


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1 


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s:c O 




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cf^r- 


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1 

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1-3 


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^ 


-i; e y 


■ -c 


-+ 


l^C 


t^ ■* 








CO 


T<«i-(-j<OI 


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* 




01 


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lOi- 


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of 





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CI 












| = C3S = = = 


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r 






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m rr. m i: r. rr. ■/: c 






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1 






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•g-Pt; 
















If If II II 


^1^ 


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c 


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36 



COTTON Fit DM SEED TO LOOM. 





C :; ti -£ 


X 


-V- 


— 


-f X 


rf CO 


H. 




oco 


H. 


01 




(M 


CO 


— 


r; 


lO 


01 


^ 


■£. 


-f. 


* 




■rcoi-T 


t^ 

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-f 


-* 


1.0 -+ 


r. CO x X I- rH 


t- 


fo » ic-^ '-_ i:;^_ X o 


r-_^CC01 


^L^iS 


t- 


t> 


CCOl 


r-^ir: qco_^-"_^x 


o 


-+ c-i c d d -T d ^' -H 


oTx'rH 




t-'x*d 


cd 


co 


a'-H 


C lO lO c c -t 


Oi -1< O 01 r-l C T< tl CO 


COCIS^ 


in 

CO 


CO CO CO 


CO 


CO 


c © 


C rHCOC 


00 


CCCOO -^t^MCO 


qci 


00_rHCO 


r-t 


r^ 


q 


•^ ^ 


H 


i-T 


•f 


-* 


of 


co" 


^ 


r^ 


^ 




CI X' C -f -f r- l^ -* rH 


' rH.OC 


CO 


lOOOl 


t^ 


l> 


cc 


COIM 




I- 


d 


r-i C-. O O I- --O T. (X' C- 


cioic 


^ 


a-.ioi^ 


rH 


rH 


CiC 


CI- CO 




<* 


tr 


•-0 XI-: cj^x^q c ti i^ 


^':i:'0 


c- 


CO-tl> 


q 


c- 


xc 


X r^ lO 




t-_ 


1 






















CJ 


d •?! d X cfdcrdx 


rn'd- 


-t 


-)<' di- 


CD 


X 


coc 


COTft- 




d 


<a 


m o -f X ?j o -t< -f r 






t--l<iO 


1 t^ 


t> 


oo- 


<n N 




in 


» 


W?«-* COrH~lr- 


CC rH * 


rr 


^_coco 


1 '"' 




CO 


QO ' • 


'"' 


rt 


oi" 


CO 


7-^ 


1 '^ 


M 








X ^ 11 CO c) tH I- r^ c- 


X-HC 


_ 


t^l>CO 


1 o 


c 


coc 


CO -c : :co 


d 


oi-i-icc. c»o-ix 




V- 


l>01r- 


01 





cc 


c 







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"? 


cs ci c o; CO » ci^x_ r- 


■^"■^C 


c 


COLOX 


o 


c 


xc 


X 


q 




co_ 


oo 


»;; ddt^ co' d-^t^ — 


dx'c 


0- 


d-fco 


CD 


X 


x'c 


CD 


CD 




of 


o 


CO 'l^ Oi O H CO o -t X 


Cio X 


CO 


X OIC 


1 -* 


-^ 


rHX 


C 


r^ 




T^ 


00 


H rH CO CU- r-t r- 


rHOl 


-f 


1 Cioio 


"t. 


-1* 


Oi 


0; ■ 


rH 




cf 


01 


' i 


1 1^ 


■- 








co t^ rH Ci CO CO o :o C 


0-1 CO c 


jr 


OlOC 


1 o 


L' 


ifJC 


00 • ; 'O 


CD 


-f X CO f 


CI C^ "1^ w 1^ 


Xr^C 


* 


OS?" 


rH 


r- 


'-K c 


rHCn 






CO 


CO 


CO o -+ ~ 


I" r^ CI CO C 


-1==== 


X 


XCOL> 


o 


c 


qc 


qcD 






rH 


ti. 


x'ddi- 


r'd -;<'-*'-+ 


dx)Z 


X 


x'xs- 


t- 


I- 


idc 


idrH 






x' 


d 


co:C'-t< - 


CO CO r. -H ;■ 


-f ©CO 


c- 


O105 


lO 


jT 


01 CO 


X 






CO 


X 


rH e-J •* CO O rH r- 


01 rH 


-+ 


C-1_H C^ 


C0_ 


» 


oo 


X ■ • ■ 


iH 




01 


c- 


rH 


rH 


-- 








CC t- t> -H rH CO rH 1.0 C 


rHOC 


^ 


ou^o 


rH 


^ 


t-c 


i-c ■ • -1^ 


t^ 


C_jC0H'eiC'HC0O^ 




[- 


t-rf-t 


CO 


cc 


oc 


c^< 






iC 


? 




01 DC 





rf rHr- 


t- 


l> 


coc 


cot- 








o 


x 1 -' ; j x' t ;;' d cf d T 


t-ofc 


(T 


dxx 


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co*c 


do 






p; 


o 




t — 1*TJ 




r^ ^^ 


I'O 




LOrt 


C-.T^ 






X 


CD 


"'rti^CJ 'ciPrHjJ 


q 


c 


01_rH r- 


LO 


L' 


CO 


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rH 




r-T 





rH 


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CO CO 01 X OIOIC. lOC 


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t-COf- 


t- 


t; 


01 c 


iJS ' ' ■-' 


d 


Loor Cico-ir-Oi- 


x5- 


X 


t-c:x 


1(0 




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c 


CO 


cq C -+ L -_ -r rr q C I- 


Cc C C 


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JO 


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x' d c 


X 


c»orr- 


of 





(^C 


t-'t> 






M 




COCOrH,- — Cl-^l-r- 


iO-l<^' 


1 


10 ri L- 


LO 




xc^ 








X 


QD 


rH Cl rH Til t- r^ 


rH 


* 


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o 


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m 


CO • • '01 






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rH 


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r- 






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iH 




















'^OOOOOOOC 


o_o^ 


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c - ; 


c 


c 


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c: = = o_c 




■;:-S'3-='w!'a'C'3'c 




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•§'-tc' = 


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lilt 


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x,^(2 

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i: 3 c: 




a 


tc 


0- 

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r 


X 


2 


2 
c 

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c 






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ci.tc 


l 


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x" x' ^ 

t; j; ^ 

2 2i: 


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c; Z 
tt <:: 


c 
c 


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i 


If 


, 1 


J 




's"x " 3.c:S 







IH 


Ofa = 


X i 


< 


!5x 




O 


? X X K X X -i X ■i 


■S-i.c 


c 


t^+^ "t- 


|.S 


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H 


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H 


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tiiCiilOiOii 


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xl 



coTToy CHOPS of the vnited states. 



37 





1 t^ -H -« c - ,7: ,- -f ro 


1 d v' = 


1 S' 


t--f<-o 


t^co 


j 


■f 


1 


xo 


1 


X 1 - 01 rH 1.0 X . 










I- 0-1 




X 






l^ 


c. c X c ~ c 'c w 


^^ CI c 


1 ^ 


Xl-s: 


■*■* 


1 


1 -i-S 


TjHo xqxic 




















1 


x ■ -:' y. r^ r; £ ' '■ -" x' 


X 1- 


rt 


-f «l- 


c;» 


1 co" 


Xl^ 


CO 010 


^ 


coi^-ocTwi-rocioi- 


C03-)< 


X 


01 -o 


^ 


-1< 


x-i< 


CO iH — 


t^ 


rllO-*-* MrtO?) 


0_MrH 


■^ 


C'i'in 





q 


-1" 




CO 


iH 


'f 


1 


of 


co" 


CO* 




'^'' 


^ 


-X -^ ?) ic -f CI c; c 'XI 


1 

1 CI -J 


X 


--(Cl^ 


1 


^ 


xe 


X CI CI rW 


l^ 


?: -.ll-cl^:l;J-:-^^- 


1 n;i!= 


X 


"t--H 


C-. X 


^ 




X i* X 




x^ " ■'^, -'v "v "~ ^; '■^. ^1 




CI 


1 I- X -• 


CO 


-r 


1 »o c 


1 LC'-'^-rq-cco 


in 


[^ C. 'C -r I^-r 1'; x*:o 


r-Tcoirf 


1 en' 


d--£<6 


or^" 


x" 


r-'l.o" 


■o'-f -t x'sTo" 


CO 


CCI'-'Clr- lI^^HXrH 


ClCC-f 


w 


XUC'rt 









m 01 


rl -f CO -i^^^T M 


-hMiH 





o-i<t- 


-I 


oi 


01^^ 


q rH 




iH 


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^'' 


oi 


m" 


CO 


1 '^^ 


r-T 


1 


IC -C t^ -.C CJ 01 1.-5 M iC 


cic-.co 


^ 


X — -H 


2Ei 




01 CO 


10 X —1 ?3 01 


-H-, -.-fXOJl-X'M 


■o?c X 


* 


cr. 




-f 


oix 


COO-t I'l. 


t^-^X M35X_l-C;M 


rH re "T 


n 


l^-CO 


Px 


X 


L-C-i* 


'^ "^lO c^ * 


-f 


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tCi-fe" 


of 


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-fco" 


c" 


ofc* 


co"co"ir;"-o x"-^" 


t^ 


C^-C0O^^CI*^"f 


^ * cc 


CO 


ciiSco 


X 


X 


ttCO 


C2 rH 


CO T^-r-f-S CO r. w n 


-i^ClrH 


x_ 


Xj_CO'* 







q_rH 


tH 


iH 


















co' 


co" 


iH 


of 


of 


'"' 


r-( 


_,; l'^ -c -i* (^ 1" X T o CI 


ccvo 


X 


:ci-:o 


—1-^ 


01 


t-o 


^ v^ -0 -1 


r: I- CI 


X 


CO-JX 


x5 


t- 


1-ICI 


-f * -* 1'" 


1 -f.^.-lA-''.-.^.*! 


CliCO 


N 


C Xr-I 


ox 


iH 


-*lrt 


C » (^ C r- 


M t-..':x.--r----H 


-f l-X 


^ 


i-*ocf 


o"of 


X 


h-*x' 


lO cf-r co'cx" 


Jr L'; c TO CI ^ ::: M X o 


CC CI 


c^ 


ct^o 


'f 


rt 


t-01 


rHrHO 


<^ 1.- -f -c n ci M ;i 


»Clr-( 




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X 


X 




q r-. 


















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CO 


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rH 


of 


of 


^ 


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" t ? '" 2 '£ 2 ~ '" ^ 


xoci 


X 


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--S • 


ta 


>CC1 


r^ CO 







eo-H 


X ; 


X 


oa 


01 'C X 


CO 1* w 





1.0 r; 1-0 






-f q 






















01 


'^n-f-f'f':\dni^ 


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Ift M-H 


a • 


c: 


co'i-" 


rHrHOI-j-COC 


h- 


orot^*— '^^rc~^'"***o 


O-f CO 


CO 


C "COJ 


t> • 


t^ 


coco 


rH* 


CO 


T^:--; MCirjci 


w •-< rH 


w 


OClLO 


■0 ■ 


q 


q_rH 


Cl^ 






















'^ 


CO 


CO 


iH 


of 


of 


rH 


r-f 


d 


X X -J C5 a 01 CO 10 


ffli^O 


^ 


01 [^ 


-*i • 


-c 


CO 


;2 2 - '-^ — 


01 C^~f CO 1^ -^ ?C — ' 


X -X C 


lO 


r^ l**" -H 


iH 1 




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38 COTTON FROM SJEED TO LOOM. 

The foregoing pages present a brief recital of the more 
prominent events and facts which together make up the 
history of cotton production m this country. It would 
have been of interest to liave further extended this sketch, 
or at least to liave noted the peculiar circumstances and 
conditions whicli attended and assisted in the speedy 
revival of this industry, subsequent to the war. But 
the crop statements we give since 1865 are really all 
that is necessary for our present purposes. In future 
chapters, however, we may have occasion to introduce 
some other facts covering that period. 



INDIA COTTON SUPPLY. 



39 



CHAPTER III. 

INDIA COTTON SUPPLY. 
PAST AND FUTURE. 

Early history of cotton in India— Herodotus— Christian era— Early 
exports of cotton manufactures— Extreme beauty and fineness of 
cloths— Rude machinery used— Cotton manufacture carried on 
everywhere— The reason for excellence attained— History of Indian 
exports to England and her acts of prohibition— Present spindles 
in India— Total present production of cotton— The monsoons and 
their effect— Map of India— A statement of each cotton district 
and its capabilities— Aggregate results— Facts limiting production 
—Other crops pay bettei"- Shipment from each district— Receipts 
in Europe — Bombay receipts and exports. 

Since India, as a source of cotton supply, has -ever 
ranked^and probably always will rank — next to America 
in importance, a few facts will be useful here, to refresh 
our minds as to its past position and future capabili- 
ties. And yet in a work of this description it is not 
possible, nor do we conceive it desirable, to enter upon 
a detailed account of all that is imagined or known with 
regard to the cotton plant and cotton productions of 
that country. Both have a history dating back several 
thousand years. Even at the time of Herodotus (484 
to 424 B. C.) the inhabitants appear to have been so 
long in the use of this staple that their garments, when 
they wore any, were commonly made of cotton. That 
historian, speaking of the things for which they were 
then peculiarly celebrated (Book 11, c. 105), says that 
"they possess a kind of plant which instead of fruit, 



40 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 



'■• produces wool of a finer and better quality than that of 
"sheep; of this the Indians make their clothes." 

But, passing by the earlier records and coming down to a 
later period, about the Christian era, we find India engaged 
in the export of cotton manufactures. That stage in 
the development of this industry, where supply had 
out-run domestic wants, had been passed, and a large 
surplus was being absorbed by other countries. In the 
" Periphis Maris Srythcei,'" written probably in the early 
part of the second century, the author, Arrian, an Egyptian 
Greek, says that the Arab traders at that time made 
a business of bringing India cottons to Adule, a port 
of the Red Sea, and that a very considerable trade 
had been established in them with the ports beyond 
the Red Sea. He also speaks of the Bengal muslins as 
being even then of superior excellence. Of a still later 
date were the journeyings of Marco Polo. He wrote 
probably late in the thirteenth century, and asserts that 
he found cotton manufactured everywhere in India, indi- 
cating the flourishing condition in which the outside trade 
must then liave been. But not till we reach about 1G60 do 
we have mention of the extreme beauty and wonderful 
fineness and texture of these goods. Previoiis writers we 
have quoted, to be sure, speak of the excellence of the 
manufactures and also of their beauty ; but Tavernier, in 
his "Travels," written at the date last mentioned, goes 
more into detail at least, and we should think, from his 
descriptions, saw a more wonderful make of goods tlifin 
previous historians. He states that some of the muslins 
which he saw, or " calicuts" as they were then called, were 
"so fine you could hardly feel them in your hand, and the 
" thread, when spun, was scarcely discernible." One sort he 
mentions as being of so delicate a texture that " when a man 
"puts it on, his skin appears as plainly through it as if he 



iXDiA COTTOX srrrLT. 41 

"was quite naked; l:)ut the merchants are not permitted to 
" transport it, for the Governor is obliged to send it all to 
" the Great Mogul's seraglio and to the principal loixls of 
"the court, who use it to make the Sultanesses and noble- 
" men's wives shifts and garments for the hot weather ; 
" and the King and the lords take great pleasure beholding 
''them in these shifts and seeing them dance with nothing 
"else upon them." We have not the space to give other 
authorities on these points, and yet, as corroborative 
and undoubted evidence of the extreme skill the Indians 
displayed in their work, Ave may cite the Rev. William 
Ward, who was an English missionary at Serampore in the 
early part of the present century. He says, in describing 
a kind of muslin then manufactured there, that it was so 
" exceeding fine that when laid on the grass and the dew 
"has fallen i;pon it, it is no longer discernible."' We 
might lengthen out this branch of our inquirj^ almost 
indefinitely by numberless citations fi'om other authors. 
Suffice it to say, however, that all bear evidence to the one 
fact of India's early perfection in cotton manufactures, her 
goods having become celebrated the world over for their 
remarkable beauty and texture. 

This degree of perfection in manufacture is the more 
noteworthy when w^e remember what rude machines for 
spinning and weaving were then in use. There were of 
course no factories, or what we now call factories, in those 
early days, and, in truth, in India there were none until 
very recently. Every house had its spinning wheel, and 
the women of the household spent a part of their time 
■ each day at it. Weavexs also were to be found in every 
village. Orme, in his "Historical Fragments of the Mogul 
Empire," says, " on the coast of Coromandel and in the 
"province of Bengal * * * it is difficult to find 
" a village in which every man, woman and child is not 



42 



COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 



"employed in making a piece of cloth. At present, much 
'' the greatest part of the whole provinces are employed in 
''this single manufacture." And yet, as we stated, 
although every one was a producer, and their cloths were 
unrivalled, their machines were only of the rudest descrip- 
tion. The following cut is given by Bain in his "History 
of Cotton Manufactures." It represents a heavy one- 
thread spinning wheel in general use, made of teak wood 
of the roughest cai'pentry, on which the coarse yai'n is 
spun 1 )y the women, the finer yarn iDeing spun on a metallic 
spindle, but equally primitive in style. 




"With such uncouth and cumbersome instruments it is 
certainly remarkable that results so wonderful were 
obtained. But it is claimed that this superior excellence 
was very largely due to the delicacy of touch possessed both 
by the men and women. Mill in his history of British India 
says that "the weak and delicate frame of the Hindu is 
"accompanied with an acuteness of external sense, par- 
''ticularly of touch, which is altogether unrivalled; and the 
" flexibility of his fingers, is equally remarkable. The hand 



IXDIl COTTOX SUPPLY. 43 

"of the Hindu, therefore, constitutes an organ adapted to 
'•the finest operations of the loom, in a degree which is 
"ahnost or altogether peculiar to himself," 

But we must leave this interesting part of our subject. 
There is one point in the early and later history of India 
manufactures, however, which has at present a peculiar and 
practical interest. It seems tliat after India had entered 
upon the export of her muslins, the trade had a vigorous 
and rapid growth. These muslins first went to the Red Sea 
only, then beyond the Red Sea, and finally they were so 
cheap and so beautiful that they found an entiy everywhere. 
Woolen manufacture had obtained an earl}^ lodgment in 
Europe, becoming an important industry in England. 
"When, however, the East India companies brought these 
inexpensive and finely-wrought cotton fabrics there, they 
wei'e caught up by the people and used in every way; for 
'• dresses for the women,'' " for children's frocks," also " for 
lining for men's coats and for petticoats, too." This, of 
course, crowded out woolens and other English home-made 
goods. At once the cry was raised that the woolen trade 
was being destroyed, for the people " wear foreign com- 
modities" instead of -'our own English woolen fabrics." 
The government was therefore appealed to and asked to 
" lay a very high impost upon all such commodities." So 
in 1700 an act was passed by Parliament which forbade the 
introduction of " India silks and printed calicoes for 
" domestic use, either as apparel or furniture, under a 
''penalty of two hundred pounds," This, however, did not 
appear to stop the trade, and other acts were subsequently 
passed, more stringent, but for the same purpose. Still, 
smuggling continued, and the India export continued, and 
the complaints continued. 

In the meantime England liegan the manufacture of 
cottons herself, and the industry grew rapidly under the 



44: COTTOX FROM SEED TO LOOM. 

skill and inventive genius of the nation. Then she, in 
twvn, had a surplus for export, and freer tiude principles 
took root rapidly. Old acts of pi-ohibition were repealed 
and a more liberal policy was adopted. Now, in turn, 
English fabrics found their way inta India. Improve- 
ments in macliinery had enabled her tcv undersell the 
market. They quickly supplanted the native goods, so 
that India lost her ascendancy, and with it n^such of her 
former skill. But the inhabitants did not quietly submit 
to being crowded out of their own peculiar field of 
industry, and more especially from their own territory, so 
they sought protection against the cheaper productions of 
the mother country. These efforts were fruitless how. 
ever, and even a ten per cent duty on the irai[X)rt of Indian 
manufactured cottons remained on the statute books of 
England until 1833, we believe. 

Still, it seems that India's turn has come at last. As a 
measure of revenue, a few years since a customs duty 
on the import of cotton goods was imposed by the 
Indian government. Of course, under this all English 
goods nnported were required to pay the duty. Tlie net 
customs revenue of India, according to the last financial 
statement, issued March 15, 1877, which we now have 
before us (page 41), was only £2,475,530, and of this 
amount the duties on cotton goods }aelded £850,000. 
Hence, although Her Majesty's government is constantly 
saying that the "interests of India" (it might be added of 
Great Britain, too,) "imperatively require the timely 
" removal of a tax which is at once wrong in principle, 
" injurious in its practical effect, and self-destructive in its 
"operation," yet the financial officer of the Indian govern- 
ment yearly has to "regret" that "for reasons similar to 
."those which prevailed a year ago it has been decided that 
"nothing can be done at the present moment towards the 



IKDIA COTTON SUPPLY. 



45 



"abolitiou of these duties." In the meantime, the tax, 
which was so easily put on, but is so difficult to get ofi, is 
very decidedly fostering the cotton manufacturing industiy 
in India, and the alarm of Manchester can be easily 
understood The India financial statements before referred 
to, of the Hon. Sir John Strachey (page 73), contains the 
following statement of the mills now at work in India for 
spinning and weaving cotton. We also have before us 
the report, for the year lSGS-69, of Harry Rivett-Carnac, 
Esq., Cotton Commissioner, and from that work (page 156) 
we take for comparison a, list of the spinning and weaving 
mills in operation tliat year. 

COTTON -MILLS IN INDIA. 



ludia Proviiices. 



Bombay 

Beugiil 

No.Wi'st. Proviuces 

Madras 

Nagpour 

Hyderabad 

ludore 



Total 



lu operatiou in 1877. 



Syiudles. 



932,530 
101,191 
27,350 
26,800 
30,000 
15,172 
No 



21,476 
3,352 



report. 



8,390 
100 
275 
44 
450 
200 



1,133,046 ] 24,828 I 9,459 17 



lu operat'n in 1869. 



Spiudles 



338,000 
52,500 



390,500 



3,732 
220 



3,952 



This is certainly a remarkable exhibit. Probably the 
consumption of these mills does not fall much short of 
300,000 bales of India weights. We notice that Harry 
Rivett-Carnac gave the consumption of the 17 mills in 
1869 at 77,400 bales of 400 pounds weight, which would 
equal 82,000 of the average India weights. Such a growth 
in spinning capacity as this, suggests the possibility, after a 
few years more, of some remarkable changes in the cotton 
supply of that country and in its power to consume English 
manufactures. In fact, is it mere fancy to imagine India, 
with that natural "acuteness of touch" and '' flexibility of 



46 



COTTON FBOM SEED TO LOOM. 



finger" so "peculiar to her.self," recovering, under the 
stimulus of modern machinery, at least a share of the trade 
in which she once, and for so long, led the world ? Such a 
result does not necessarily pre-suppose that this industry in 
England will suffer a corresponding decay. Hand-made 
goods must give place to macliine-made goods throughout 
the East. Tliat movement is progressing constantly, and 
will continue with accelerated speed, permittuig progress in 
India and preventing decline in England.* 

We now pass to the point of chief interest in this discus- 
sion, and that is the present production of cotton in India, 
about which much confusion exists, because so little is 
generally known as to the exact sources of supply. In 
truth, it seems to be quite difficult to acquire exact infor- 
mation on this subject. The official India documents have 
of late years contained more details; but outside of them, 
though very much has been written, little that is of use 
to the cotton consumer is to be found. We know, for 
instance, that the India outports receive so much cotton 
each, year; but where it comes from — that is, what districts 

* Since tbe above was written w^e have received Messrs. Ellison & Co.'s 
Annual Cotton Circular, and give it in full in subsequent pages. The 
following table, taken from It, sliows tlie growtli in consumption of these 
Indian factories, and will be of interest in this connection. 





Spindles at 
work. 


Cotton Consumed. 


Year. 


Pounds. 


Bales of 390 
pounds. 


Bales 
^ week. 


1861 


33«,000 

593.000 

SS(i,0()0 

1.12 1,000 

1,231,000 


25,350,000 
44,475,000 
66.450,000 
84,300,000 
92,395,000 


(>5.000 
114,000 
170.tH)0 
216,000 
237,000 


1,250 


1874 


2,190 


1875 


3,270 


1876 

1877 


4,150 
4,560 







Mr. Ellison, in giving this statement, says that "it is not easy to a.scer- 
taiu the wtjight of cotton consumed by those spindles, as many of the 
mill companies have declined to till up the government forms with the 
necessary particulars ; but the returns received show an average of 75 
lbs. per spindle per annum. On the basis of this average the iweseut 
rate of consumption is about 92,395,000 lbs., or 237,000 bales of 390 
lbs., per annum." 



INDIA COTTON SrPPLY. 47 

proLluce it, whether those that tlie next year are visited 
with drought and famine and no crops, or those that have 
abundant rain — are points famihar to a few, but about 
which the cotton pubhc in general have very indefinite 
ideas. For our own satisfaction, and to supply this need, 
which we felt existed, we have had constructed the map 
found in the front of this book. There are numberless 
maps of India, and we have consulted a great many, but 
have been able to obtain none which lays down more than a 
few of the cotton districts, and even those very imperfectly. 
Undoubtedly, defects will be found in our map, but we 
think it will be of more practical use to the cotton con- 
sumer than any heretofore published. It is the result of 
information brought together in very many ways. As a 
basis we have taken the " Map of Routes in India," 
published by Edward Stanford, of London, copying the 
boundaries there indicated of the three great Presidencies 
and the completed and contemplated railroads, as that map 
gives them. Our next step was to insert the Central Prov- 
inces and the Berars, as described and carefully laid down 
by H. Rivett-Carnac in his report above referred to. The 
rest of the information has been collected from so many 
sources as to make their mention impracticable. 

In studying this map and interpreting and weighing the 
facts we receive each season respecting the production of 
cotton in India, it is first of all necessary to remember the 
physical features of the country, and the local influences 
affecting the climate and the crops. The simple statement 
that this peninsula is 1,830 miles in length, from the 
Himalayas to Cape Comorin, extending from the eighth to 
the thirty-fifth degree of north latitude, expresses much on 
this point. But when we think of its mountains, not 
alone on its northern, but also on its eastern and western 
boundary, and through its very centre ; its immense 



«8 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 

rivers, a result of its mountains ; its volcanic origin and 
its deep "rer/iif" soil (sometimes fifty feet in depth), 
tlie product of that igneous conflict ; and finally, its 
monsoons, bringing with them 150 inches of rain in some 
districts (at one place 600 inches) and from that graded 
down till it becomes nothing in others; — when we remem- 
ber that such are the physical conditions of that country, 
can we wonder that in our information confusion at 
times exists. The key to the mystery is the rainy 
seasons, and it is necessary, first of all, then, to consider 
their nature and effect. 

We all know in general terras that monsoon is the 
name given to the wind blowing half the year in one 
direction, and the other half in the opposite direction, 
and that rains follow it. The southwest monsoon breaks 
at Bombay and south of there on the 5th to, the 
middle of June, and a little later north of that point, and 
continues, with intermissions, until about the middle or last 
of September. An average of about seventy-five inches of 
rain falls at Bombay during those months. After the first 
heavy burst the weather usually clears up, and days of 
sunshine follow, which are improved by the cultivators to 
complete their plantings, the fields being prepared for the 
crops before the monsoon sets in, but the sowings deferred 
until after a rainfall. 

These are well-known facts ; and if they were all the 
facts, the question of raising crops in India would be 
simple enough. Prepare your land; wait for the rain; put 
in your seed; cultivate as occasion permits; then gather 
your cotton; — such would be the yearly routine. But, as 
with us, there are disturbing influences which do not make 
it either so easy or so su3ce33ful. First, even in the 
district tributary to Bombay, this southwest monsoon is 
somstimes very partial. Weeks will intervene during 



IXDIA COTTON SUPPLY. 



which the cultivators will be anxiously expecting rain, 
with scarcely a sign of it to satisfy their longings. Then 
many of the fields must be resown, and that makes the 
crop late; and even if the remainder of the year is fairly 
favorable, the later plantings are not sure on all soils to 
furnish strong, healthy and fruitful plants; or if the mon- 
soon fails to return in sufficient force, a short crop becomes 
a certainty. This is the first possible contingency which 
may disturb calculations with regard to the season's result. 

In the next place, the conformation of the land in 
portions of India, already referred to, is such that this 
southwestern monsoon does not visit at all some sections, 
and in others is a very uncertain . dependence. All 
along the Malabar coast run the "Western Ghauts, 
with an elevation at the highest point of about 7,000 
feet above the sea. These hills or mountains appear 
to act as a partial cut-off to the rains coming from the 
southwest, so that over the country lying east of the 
(xhauts the rainfall is much ' less than on the western side, 
and it decreases very rapidly as you go inland. Cotton, 
however, does not need an excess of rain, so that Dharwar 
and Belgaum, for instance, are benefitted by their situa- 
tion, being shielded from the force of the storms, and yet 
near enough to the coast to ensure about forty inches of 
rain during the year, the average for all the best cotton 
lands. 

For the sections south and east of the districts named, 
very little advantage is obtained through the rains from 
the southwest. In October, however, the northeastern 
monsoon begins, and continues along the Coromandel Coast 
into December and sometimes into January. This is the 
rainy season for a large portion of the Madras Presidency, 
upon which the success of its crops depends. But the 
rainfall from the northeast is never as abundant as from 



COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 



the southwest monsoon. The Eastern Ghauts, too, thoup-h 
not so high, yet act in some degree as the "Western Ghauts 
to keep back the rain, and frequently over a considerable 
section it is very liglit indeed. In this fact we have the 
explanation of the terrible famines, of which the past year 
has given us such a fearful illustration. Irrigation has 
always been practiced to a considerable extent in this 
Presidency, and, under the influence of late experience, 
renewed efforts are being made to extend the system, so 
that a recurrence of these crop failures over so large a 
section may be prevented. In the northwest is another 
extensive district, which also comes within what is called 
the " Dry Zone" of India. But to assist in understanding 
our map, and to make it more useful, we will give very 
briefly such data as we have been able to obtain with 
regard to annual rainfall and usual cotton production of 
each district, beginning in our review with those sections 
which contribute the least to the world's supply.* 

BENG.YL PRESIDENCY. 

Tlie cotton raised in tbis Presidency liiis iisuallj' been called by the 
general name of Bengal cotton. During our war the itroduction Avas very 
considerably increased under the influence of liigli prices; but since 
then grain, jute, sugar, rice, &c., have paid better and been raised almost 
to Ihe exclusion of cotton. There is a verj^ considerable portion 
of land in this Presidency suitable for this staple; with low prices, how- 
ever, there is little chance of its cultivation being again extended. 
The Presidency -is divided into Upper and Lower Bengal, or the Korth 
VV'est Provinces and the Lower Provinces. 

The North West Provinces embrace within their limits the celebrated 
Doab country, lying between the Ganges and the Jumna rivers. The 
Gauges Canal, which connects the Ganges and the Jumna, passes 
through the plains of Doab. The canal is used for irrigation and also 
for the transit of merchaudisc. In a great part of Upper Bengal it is so 
dry that cultivation is impossible, very little rain falling, and even in the 
Doab the rainfall is very uucertain and very irregular, so that the main 
dependence for water is irrigation. 

* The information contained in tliis summary of the India cotton dis- 
tricts has been dfawn from many sources, a'mi>ng them :— A series of 
a,rti(^h's on India in Loudon Cotloii ; Thornton's Gazetteer of India; 
Reports of the (>)ttou Gommissioners of tlie, principal cotton districts; 
Pulilie Documents of the Britisli-Indian Government; circulars of cotton 
merchants at the principal ports. 



rVD/J. eOTTOX SUPPLY. 51 

Of these North West Provinces the Doab couutiy (which includes the 
Ouclej iiml the Buii<lelkhimd country would appear to be the most prom- 
ising regions for cotton, and in fact the only ones where more is grown 
than sufficient for their own consumption. In times past much has been 
raised there, and now we suppose the small exports from Calcutta are 
shipred mainly from Calpee, on the Jimiua. As is well known, the 
Banda district in Bundelkhund gives its name to a good description of 
cotton. Altogether the North West Provinces raised during our war 
fully 250,000 bales, and in 1864 ran the production up to nearly if 
not twice that amount. But, of course, vcrj^ much of this was used 
within the Bengal Presidency, as they have always been large pro- 
ducers of goods in Bengal. H. Rivett-Carnac estimated the annual 
cotton consumption in the whole Presidency iu 1869 at about 180,000 
bales; others, however, put it higher. Now production is decreased, so 
that they export scarcely- any cotton. The reason for this is, as before 
stated, other crops pay better. 

Lower Bengal has much more rain ; it comes from the southwest mon- 
soon ; the northeast monsoon is the tlry one here, as it blows from the 
land. At Calcutta the rainfall averages about 75 inches, and on the 
Khassi Hills 600 inches have been measm'ed. Cutti:u is grown iu the 
uplands, not in the marshy deltas; it cannot be raised unless you get 
above the level of the Ganges. But Lower Bengal fiu-nishcs now no 
cotton for export, being reallj' a cotton-importing country, and is likely 
so to remain. The little that is shipped at Calcutta is, as we have said 
above, brought down the Jumna and the Ganges from distant provinces. 

MAUUAS rUESII):vN'CV. 

It is within the limits of the southern half of tliis Presidency that the 
severe famines have latelj' prevailed. Shut in bj' the Eastern and 
Western Ghauts near its coasts, and the Neilgherries uniting with the 
Western Ghauts iu Mysore, this section always has verj- little rain. It 
possesses good black, cotton soil, but drought makes production impos- 
sible. A system of irrigation has long been in existence, and at present 
there is a movement to extend it. Two tine rivers, besides lesser streams, 
pass through Madras from west to east— the Godavery and the Kistna. 
There are only aliout five or six States in the Presidency (if we except 
Berars, Central Provinces, and Hyderabad, elsewhere noticed) which 
produce cotton for export, and the principal of those are Bellary, 
Tinnovelly, Coimbatore, and Guntoor. The others, including IMysorc, 
are not to any considerable extent cotton-exporting, and the most of 
them are not cotton-raising States. 

Tinnvrdhj has an areaof 5,700 square miles. The Ghauts, on the west, 
are there only 4,300 feet high. Tinnevelly cotton is said to be the best 
staple raised in Madras Presidency. Tuticorin is the seaport through 
which shipments are made. The exports at Tuticorin in 1874 reached 
92,769 bales, which nmst have been the surplus production of Tinne- 
velly and neighboring States. 



52 COTTON FROM SEED TO L002L 



Coimbaforc lies a little north of Tiimevelly, and has 8,280 square miles, 
and some rich soil. A railroad to Madras passes through it. 

Bellary is between Mysore and Nizam's Hyderabad, and contains 
13,056 square miles. It ha.s a large quantity of good soil, and exports 
probably not to exceed 30,000 bales. 

Guntnor Ls 4,960 square miles in extent, and on the Bay of Bengal. 
It has good cotton land, but other crops pay better, so that cotton pro- 
duction has fallen off. 

IJENGAL AND BOMBAY FEUDATOUIES. 

Punjaub, Seinde, Cuteh and Central India (or, as the latter is some- 
times called, Rajpootaua) are only a part of the tributarj'' States of 
these Presidencies, but we group them together, as they are all in the 
Northern portions of India, and have conditions in many respects some- 
what similar. In the first place, Kurraehee is the port through which 
their products would naturally seek the outside world ; to some extent, 
however, the trade of Cutcli and of Eajpootaua has of ]ate years, we 
believe, been diverted towards Bombay. In the second place, the rain- 
fall throughout this entire district is very small, it all being within the 
"dry zone;" but Central India is far more favored in this respect than 
the others. Third — Irrigation is resorted to, more or less, in each ; and 
if cotton culture is to be extended, this system of watering the ground 
must receive farther attention. Fourth— They all have within their bor- 
ders excellent cotton lands, and yet they raise very little more cotton 
than to supply home consmuptiou. The prominent characteristics of 
each may be briefly stated as follows. 

Panjauh. — This is frequently called the Laud of the Five Rivers, and 
has an area of 135,000 square miles. It is almost rainless aud has 
extensive deserts, ten inches of rain being about the outside limit. There 
are splendid cotton lands near the rivers, and with a proper extension 
of the system of irrigation they might be brought under cultivation. 
Tlic Indus also furnishes excellent water carriage to Kurraehee, so that 
any surplus crops raised could be easily sent to market. Frost, however, 
in tliosc sections where the land is best would probably prevent cotton 
from ever being a profltal)le crop. They sow in February and March 
generally, but at points as late as June. 

Scindc.—T\\i^ State has an area of 52,120 square miles. Want of ra'in 
is the great enemy to production hi're; from three inches to ten 
inches is the extent of the fall for the year. Canals arc used for 
■watering. TLe sowing is from February to Juno, according to the time 
the rivers rise and till the canals. About 40,000 bales is the usual 
production of a good year, the yield being al»out 40 lbs. to the aci-e ; 
but much of it is used on native looms. An enlargement of the system 
for watering the fields is needed to extend cotton cultivation, and oven 
then the fi-ost would be a serious obstacle; besides, with present prices 
for cotton, other crops would pay better, for the staple is quite inferior. 
Culch.—X splendid strip of very rich rcynr soil lies between the two 



IXDIA COTTOK SUPPLY. 



53 



ranges of mountains wliieh pass througli Cntch from east to west, and 
there is anotliei- strip south of the lower range. But this State, like the 
last two, has very little rain, only a few inches, and must depend upon 
canals and wells for water. It produces now about 40 Ihs. to the acre, 
or say a total of 20,000 bales. The staple is said to he good, decidedly 
better than that of Scindc. The total area of Cutch is 6,744 square 
miles. 

Central India.— Thin State has an area of 118,947 square miles, and 
is more favored with rain than either of the others mentioned, though 
the rainfall (which is from June to September) seldom amounts to 30 
inches. In the valley of the Nerbndda the soil is rich and black, well 
adapted to cotton cultivation. The total production is said to be about 
50 lbs. to the acre, the total yield being about 100,000 bales. Under 
present prices there would seem to be no inducement for an extension 
of production in any of these States named. AVith irrigation, the yield 
per acre is in some sections increased, but at so great an expense that it 
appears to leave no profit. A collector of one of the North West Provinces 
made a calculation of raising an acre of cotton there, as follows: — ho 
put do-\vn the three ploughings at 3H rupees; three waterings at 2 
rupees; seed, ^i rupee; weeding, l-*4 rupee; picldng, 1 ^4 rupee ; average 
rental, 5 rupees;- making, altogether, 14 rupees, or 28s. per acre; so 
that at 3d. per lb., an average of 112 lbs. per acre would have to be 
raised to pay expenses. 

BOMBAY AND THE ST.\TES SHIPPING TO THAT PORT. 

Within the lunits of these districts, about all the cotton exports of 
India are now produced. The entire section receives, to a greater or less 
extent, the southwest monsoon. At Bombay the average rainfall is 
about 75 inches ; in the Central Provinces the average for 15 years was 
40 inches ; in Dharwar and Belgaum the average is about 50 iuches ; 
and in CTUzerat about 60 inches ; below Bombay, on the coast west of 
the Ghauts, it is verj' much more— too much for profitably producing 
cotton. The Deccan is an elevated plateau of varying height, generally 
described as extending from the Nerbndda to Cape Comorin. Through- 
out the Deccan country the celebrated 7-egnr soil is largely found, and 
within its limits ai'e the chief cotton-producing sections; if is very rich, 
retains moisture a long time, and is verj^ productive. We give a short 
statement of the leading features of the diiTereut sections. 

TJie Central Provinces have an area of 56,451,234 acres, of which 
about 20,000,000 acres are cultivated, and about 1,000,000 acres are in 
cotton. This shows that cotton is a secondar.y crop, grain taking nearly 
8,000,000 acres. The Hingunghant cotton comes from the Central 
Provinces, and is raised in the valley of the Wnrdah. Rivett-Carnac say^s 
that the great difficulty in the way of enlarging cotton cultivation in this 
country is the scanty population (the total population being only about 
10,000,000) and want of capital; until these increase he does not 



54 COTTOK FR02r SEED TO LOOIT. 

expect further extension of the cotton area. The present production is 
about 200,000 bales. 

The Berars adjoin the Central Provinces, and have the same i'ich soil 
as the Ilinguughant District. Oomraottee c.itton i.s rai.sed in the Berars. 
The total area is 10,916,797 acres, of which about -1,750,000 acres are 
cultivated, and of this the cotton area is about 1,700,000 acres. Thus, 
although it is only oue-flfth the size of the Central Provinces, it has 
under cotton 700,000 acres more. It raises about 300,000 bales. 

Guzcrat has an area of 41,530 square miles, including the Kattj^war 
Peninsula. The area in cotton is said to be about 1,500,000 acres. Dhol- 
lera is in British Guzerat, and gives the name to the cotton from the 
whole State, and to some also from neighboring districts. The rainfall 
averages about 40 inches. Production of cotton is about 70 pounds to 
the acre. 

Kaii'leish contains 9,311 square miles. It is a verj- good and promis- 
ing cotton-producing State, the soil through the valle3' of the Taptee 
being the rich iy:gur so favorable for cotton. About 1 ,000,000 acres are 
in cotton, and produce about 70 pounds to the acre. The Berar seed 
have been introduced during the past fifteen years, and the result is a 
great impiovement in the staple. The rainfall, it is said, averages 
about fiO inches. 

Siirctt.— This, collectorate has about 250,000 acres in cotton, producing 
about 55,000 bales, at an average of about 75 pounds to the acre. The 
town of Surat is at the mouth of the Taptee river, and for a long 
time was the leading India port. From this fact all India cotton was 
formei'lj' called Surats. The rainfall in this collectorate is about 40 
inches. 

Br:)%zh cont.aius 1,319 square miles, of which about 525,000 acres are 
cultivated, and about 120,000 acres are in cotton, exporting about 
35,000 bales. The rainfall averages about 50 inches. 

Hyderabad (Nizam's Dominions) bas an area of 95,000 square miles, 
forming part of the Drecan, possessing a large proportion of the rich 
rcjur cotton soil. The rainfall, however, is insufficient, as the south- 
west monsoon is in part cut oflf by the Ghauts, the total averaging less 
than 30 inches, and consequently irrigation is necessarJ^ Notwith' 
standing these disadvantages it exports considerable cotton in a favor- 
able season. 

Dharioar is one of the very best cotton districts in India, and is the 
chief one in which American seed has been successful. It has an area of 
3,837 square miles, two-thirds of it being under cultivation, and about 
600,000 acres under cotton, and more than half of it American seed. 
The yield per acre, however, is only 80 pounds "American acclinia- 
tized," aivl 60 pounds of native sorts, with a total both kinds of 100,003 
bales. It is within the Deccan country, and has the same regur soil 
which there prevails so largely. 

Belgaum is north of Dharwar, and has an area of 6,515 square miles. 



INBIA COTTON SUPPLY. 



and a rainfall of abont 40 inches. It is also vritliin tlie Deceau, but 
produces not over 45 ))ounda to the acre, as cultivation is very poorly 
conducted. Its aggregate production is not over 50,000 bales. 

Kolai)oor,Kulladget, a.n<i. Kitlonn a-Ach. raise some cotton. Kolapoor 
plants about 200,000 acres in cotton, and gets about 60 pounds to the 
acre ; Kulladgee plants 150,000 acres, and gets about 70 pounds to the 
acre ; Kittoon plants about 80,000 acres and gets about 50 pounds to the 
acre. 

Poona contains 5,298 square miles. It is not important as a cotton 
district. The rainfall is very deficient at times, being shielded from the 
monsoon. Grain ci-ops are more productive and pay better than cotton. 

Cotican, AhmcdniKjgur, Tanna and Rutnayhtmj, produce very little 
or no cotton. 

Satlara—Thm coUectorate is south of Poona. It is very wet on the 
western side, one of the wettest on the Malabar coast ; while the eastern 
side often suffers from drought. Some cotton is raised there. About 
GO.OOO acres is said to be given to cotton, with about 50 lbs. to the acre. 

With this very imperfect account of the cotton districts 
in India, we can arrive at an approximate statement of 
the limits, under present prices, of the cotton supply from 
that country. Formerly it was imagined that production 
might be indefinitely extended there; but our war dissi- 
pated that illusion. Under the influence of very high 
values and special encouragements from Liverpool and 
Manchester, it was at one period carried up, as is claimed, 
to the- neighborhood of 2,600,000 bales — that is, if we 
allow for home consumption at that time the usual estimate 
from six to seven hundred thousand bales. Many, how- 
ever, do not believe India ever raised so large a crop, 
insisting that during those years of largest export the 
high price was so strong a temptation to sell cotton that 
the family loom, in great part, lay idle, so that the ship- 
ments to Europe were swollen at the expense of home con- 
sumption. 

Without deciding which of these views is the correct 
one, the fact remains that the money received for the cot- 
ton sold was sufficient to induce the cultivators to push 
production to its utmost limits, exciting them even to such 



5G COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 



a degree that they committed all sorts of absurdities ; 
" silver ploughshares and tires of solid silver for cart- 
" wheels made their appearance here and there ; fancy 
"prices were paid for bullocks of a favorite color or pos- 
"sessing some peculiarities of tail, and enormous sums 
" were squandered on marriage ceremonies."* These acts 
vividly illustrate not only what large profits had been 
realized, but also furnish a fair measure of the stimulus 
which must have been applied to production. During the 
same time, also, the present railway system was developed, 
and connecting v/agon- roads were made or improved, so 
that extensive districts, hitharto almost beyond the reach 
of a market, became easily accessible ; while everywhere 
improvements in cultivation were encouraged and taught. 
In a word, about every conceivable force was applied to 
push India into a position for furnishing a large permanent 
supply of cotton to the world. But evidently the effort 
has failed. India, of course, has been vastly benefitted 
through the civilizing agencies England has so lavishly 
planted there ; still, not as a cotton-producing State will 
she repay the debt. She has an ample supply of suitable 
soil, but not the climate. Of two-thirds of India it may 
with too niuch truth be said that hot winds, drought, 
short crops and famine are certainties ; plentiful rain 
and prosperous harvests are accidents. Irrigation pos- 
sibly in time might cure these defects — though as yet it 
is a disputed question whether it is of any benefit to 
cotton — could it be attained and used without adding too 
largely to the cost. But that is not likely, except in 
special instances, since the same labor can produce what 
will pay better ; and for the very good reason that other 
commodities she raises are in quality equal to the best the 



* Report for 18(59 of Harry Rivett-Carnac, Cottou Coinmissioucr of 
India, page 132. 



ixDiA corrox suri'LY. 



57 



world affords. That is to say, lal)or in Bengal applied to 
wheat, linseed or indigo produces an article which in the 
markets of the world commands as high a price as 
any other wheat, linseed or indigo, but applied 
to cotton produces a staple only about two-thirds the 
value of other cotton. This is the explanation of the 
failure hitherto to respond to the stimulus applied, and is 
in truth a barrier which must ever check production except 
in sections wh3ra the soil is better suited for this staple 
than for other crops, or when an unnatural relation exists 
b3l;we3:i th3 prices for cotton and for her other produc- 
tions. 

But judging from the past, what may we take as the 
extreme outside limits of supply in India, with prices satis- 
factory and the weather conditions at their best in all 
sections ? The aljove details with regard to the various 
districts furni.sh an answer somewhat as follows. 




Exported 
from— 


For export. 


For home 
con.sumpt'n 


Total pro- 
duction. 


Bengal— 
Northwest Provinces 

Lower Provinces 

Briti.sli Bnrmali 

BI.\DR.VS— 

Guutoor ITyderabi.d, 

&c 

Godavery River, &e. 
Tinnevclly, &c 

BO.MIJAV— 

Punjaub 

Scinde and Cutcb . . . 

Rajpootana 

Guzerat, &c 

Broacli. Surat, &e... 

Centr'l Provinces and 

Bcrar.s 


Calcutta 

Calcutta.... 
Rangoon . . . 

Madra.s 

Coconada . . 
Taticoriu . . 

Kurracliee. 
Kurrachee.. 
Kurracliee.. 
Binnbay . .. 
Bombay . . . 

Bombay . .. 
Bombay . . . 
Bombay . .. 
Bombay . .. 
Bombay 


I 100,000 
25,000 

175,000 

20,000 

100,000 

1 

j- 25,000 

•1,150,000 
20,000 


225,000 
50,000 

1 

!• 75,000 

50,000 

f 

1 

400,000 

1 


325,000 
75,000 

370,000 

75,000 

375,000 
100,00^ 

500,000 
200,000 
150,000 
105,000 
20,000 


Kandeisli 


Sliolaporc, etc 

Dharwar, tfcc 

P^u-sia to Bombaj' 

Total 




1,015,000 


800,000 


2.415.000 










We give in the foregoing the home consumption at 





58 



COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 



800,000 bales. It was estimated by different authorities, 
seven or eight yeai's ago, at from (J25,000 bales to 750,000 
bales. Probably the development of the manufacturing 
interest at Boniliay and elsewhere since that date has added 
at least 175,000 bales to the home requirements. We 
make the total, therefore, at 800,000 bales. As an indi- 
cation of the extent to which home consumption is increas- 
ing, wo have the receipts and exports at Bombay the last 
two years, from January 1 to December 31, as follows : 


Bombay. 


Receipts. 


Exports. 


Differ'neo 


Froiu Jan. Ito Dl'c. 31— 

1877 Bales. 

1876 


1,107,101 
1,121,093 


888,829 
1.01.-.,i:?2 


218,272 
100,8(51 


Increase 






111,111 






These figures show that the Bombay mills must have 
taken from that port this year 111, -til bales more than 
for the same months last year. May it not be possible 
that this growth in spindles will have in the near future a 
material effect on the exports of the raw material from 
India. We see no way to avoid such a conclusion, except 
on the improljable supposition of an enlarged production of 
cotton. 

The statement of possible exports given above is made 
on the basis — First, of a favorable year in all })arts of India. 
The past two seasons have proved this to be the exception 
and not the rule. In fact, the whole histoiy of India 
shows, as we have before stated, that, outside of a very few 
districts, the result must ever be extremely uncertain, 
making almost impossible a union of favorable conditions 
such as we have supposed. Second, that prices are satis- 
factory and no special inducement exists to cultivate any 
other commodity. At present, wheat is at a premium, and 
cotton production therefore is at a discount. Third, that con- 
sumption will not grow faster than production will increase. 



INDIA COTTON SUPPLT. 



59 



What the actual European supply has been for five years 
may "be seen in the following, prepared from circular 
reports of sliipments from ;he different ports. 

EXPORTS OF COraON TO EUROPE FROM INDIA. 



Port and 
Year. 



Boinbiiy— 

1873 .... 

1874 .... 

1875 .... 

1876 .... 

1877 .... 
Kurraolice- 

1873 .... 

1874 .... 

1875 .... 
187G .... 
1877 .... 

Carwar — 

1873 .... 

1874 .... 

1875 .... 

1876 .... 

1877 .... 
Madras — 

1873 . . 

1874 .... 

1875 .... 

1876 .... 

1877 .... 
Cocoiiada— 

1873 .... 

1874 .... 

1875 .... 

1876 .... 
1877.-.. 

Tuticoriu — 

1873 .... 

1874 .... 

1875 .... 

1876 .... 

1877 .... 
Calcuttfi— 

1873 . .. 

1874 .... 

1875 .... 

1876 .... 

1877 .... 
Eansroon— 

1873 .... 

1874 .... 

1875 .... 

1876 .... 

1877 . . . . 



To 
Liver- 
pool. 



731,7'24 

831,781 

796,818 

3,301 

383,233 

4,890 

108 

6,010 

1,885 
1,450 



To 
Loudon 



2,54-; 
7,50. 



4,13 

10,133 

1,045 



100 



9,950 
13,100 



27,449 



500 

50 

1,283 

12,246 
7,498 

12,700 
4,664 

21,035 



2,150 

10,867 

13,286 

7,631 

5,772 

4,410 
475 

6,2B9 
647 

6,918 



112,318 

101,739 

131,067 

97,274 

2,804 

7,000 
8,000 

10,500 
6,070 

13,452 

65,841 
85,889 
41,127 
41,825 
13,007 

74,618 
7,814 
35,763 
18,414 
51,598 

3,587 

2,975 

6,55.T 

530 



Total 

Great 

Britain. 



733,874 
812,648 
810,104 
580,935 
389,005 

9,300 

583 

12,279 

2,532 

8,368 



2,54 
7,504 



116,451 

114,872 

132,112 

97,274 

2,904 

16,950 
21,100 
10,500 
6,070 
13,452 

65,841 

85,889 

41,12 

41,825 

13,0O 

102,067 

7,814 
36,203 
18,464 

52,881 

15,833 
10,473 
19,201 
5,194 
21,035 



To 
Franco. 



To other 

Continent 1 

Ports. 



58,637 
179,823 
182,264 
161,217 
172,836 



4,100 



1,366 

2,746 

37,141 

27,911 



5,000 
14,126 

28,800 

23,000 

1,712 

1,900 
6,880 



7,908 
5,460 

8,607 

300 

6,029 

1,577 
2,584 



166,300 
225,940 
273,701 
243,649 

278,328 



15 
1,098 



6,123 

19,127 

16,411 

26,38S 

6,410 



4,440 
810 



983 



6,050 
11,65L 



5,134 
2,66ti 
9,163 



1,799 
1,271 



1,312 
1.000 



Total all 
Europe. 



958,811 

1,248,411 

1,266,069 

985,801 

840,169 

9,300 

598 

17,477 

2,532 
14,491 

19,127 
18,958 
33,892 
6,410 
Nouc. 



60 



COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 



RECAPITDLATION. 



Port and 
Year. 


To 
Liver- 
pool. 


To 
London 


Total 

Great 
Britain. 


To 

France. 


To other 

Contiuent'l 

Ports. 


Total all 
Europe. 


AH Ports— 
1873 


790,392 


269,924 


1,060,316 


78,094 


192,815 


1,331,225 


1874 


865,167 


220,759 


1,085,926 


203,875 


245,032 


1,534,833 


187.5 


824,583 


244,567 


1,069,150 


258,334 


323,058 


1,650,542 


187G 


379,903 


172,391 


752,294J 


220,036 


262,521 


1,234,851 


1877 


407,101 


93,551 


500,652 


181,585 


287,250 


909,487 



These statements sufficiently show the capabilities of 
India, what she can do and what she has done in the way 
of cotton production. Of the actual exports to Europe 
previous to 1873 we have not the material at hand for pre- 
paring a full statement. The following, however, gives the 
imports of India cotton into Europe and the deliveries of 
the same to European spinners each year since 1865-C6. 

IMPORTS AND DELIVERIES OF EAST INDIA COTTON. 





Net Imports 


Deliveries. 


Total 




into Europe. 


Great Britain. 


Continent. 


Deliveries. 


1876-77-.-. 


1,136,000 


407,000 


862,000 


1,269,000 


1875-76...- 


1,220,000 


479,000 


916,000 


1,395,000 


1874-75.... 


1,544,000 


668,000 


947,000 


1,615,000 


1873-74...- 


1,421,000 


660,000 


874,000 


1,534,000 


1 -72-73-... 


1,270,000 


737,000 


790,000 


1,527,000 


1871-72.... 


2,039,000 


658,000 


726,000 


1,384,000 


1870-71.... 


1,202,000 


558,000 


753,000 


1,311,000 


1869-70.... 


1,419,000 


834,000 


623,000 


1,457,000 


1868-69-... 


1,856,000 


913,000 


850,000 


1,763,000 


13C7-68.... 


1,307,000 


799,000 


723,000 


1,522,000 


1866-67.... 


1,524,000 


815,000 


777,000 


1,592,000 


1865-66.... 


1,991,000 


878,000 


755,000 


1,633,000 


Total - - . 


17,929,000 


8,406,000 


9,596,000 


18,002,000 



The deliveries to spinners of India cotton for previous 
years will he found in a subsequent chapter on the con- 
sumption of cotton. 

THE BOMBAY COTTON MOVEMENT. 

In considering the India movement, special interest 
is of course felt in Bombay, as through that port the most 
of the supply must reach the Earopean spinner. The fol- 
lowing statement, therefore, of receipts for five years, will 
be of much interest, as it gives the amount of each descrip- 



IXDIA COTTOy SUPPLY. 



tion of cotton contained in the total arrivals. They are 
the figures prepared ]jy Messrs. AVallace & Co. of Bombay, 
and, on accouut of these details, are more useful and in- 
structive than any other compilation we have seen. 

KECEirXS OF COTTON AT BOMBAY, 1873-1877. 



In B.iles of 3^2 Cwt.s. 


1877. 


1S76. 


1875. 


1874. 


1873. 


From — 
Ooiiiraottec di.str's. . 
ninguii.i;h;iut (list's. 
Dhollci-:i districts . . 

Broacli districts 

Dliarwar districts. 1 
C'loiniita districts. J- 
Madi'as & Bengal. J 

Persia 

Kurraclico 


461,154 

30,589 

377,673 

175,052 

37,297 

14,533 
10,803 


40 -,529 

15,326 

416,106 

137,722 

133,473 

7,803 
9,034 


507,518 

22,753 

457,862 

167.62() 

141,039 

4,512 
12,409 


531,352 
37,217 

1 610,640 

122,065 

3,285 
1 n o:^« 


1 443,539 
458,198 

109,637 

6,289 
12,370 








Total ... 


1,107,101 


1,121,993 


1,313,719 I ■.^9,4-197 


1,030,033 









Through the kindness of Messrs. Wallace & Co. we are 
also able to furnish our readers with the following explana- 
tion of the sources from which these different descriptions 
of cotton are received. 

OoMRAOTTEE. — The cotton which comes under the head 
of Oomraottee comprises the production of Kandeish, 
the Berars, a portion of the Central Provinces, and portions 
also (th^ Barsee and Nagger districts) of the Sholapore and 
Ahmednugger collectorates. 

HixGuxauAUT. — This cotton is received at Bombay from 
the Central Provinces. 

Dhollera. — The Peninsula of Kattywar (in Guzerat) 
supplies the bulk of the Dhollera crop; the eastern half of 
the Peninsula produces the better style of cotton, whicli 
goes to make the higher classes, and the western half the 
lower grades of the description shipped under the name 
of Dhollera. The larger proportion of the production of 
the western half of the Peninsula is shipped under the name 
of and known in Liverpool as " Mangaroles." 

Brdacu. — Under the head of Broach is included the 



62 



COTTON FROM -SEED TO LOOM. 



production of the collectorates of Broach and Surat and of 
tlie native State of Baroda. 

CooMPTA AND Dhakwar. — The bulk of Coompta and 
saw-ginned Bharwar conies hy sea from the ports of 
C-()omT)ta, Carwarand Vingarlal>, but a portion also reaches 
Bombay by rail via Sholapore. 

The foregoing information with regard to the Bom- 
bay districts, with the help of the facts, figures and 
Map of India given pri>vioi;sly, should serve effectitally 
to disentangle the India.- supply problcniT., and enable the 
reader, with more satisfaction than has ever before been 
possible in America, to follow a,nd understand, year by 
year, the weather and crop reports from that country pub- 
lished during tlie cultivating and maturing season. We 
also give the figures furnished by Messi's. Wallace & Co. of 
Bombay ex}>orts to Europe each year since 1858 : 

COMBAT EXPORTS TO EUROPE. 





Great 


Con- 






Great 


Con- 




Year. 


Britain. 


tinent. 


Total. 
840,109 


Year. 

18(.;7. 


Britain. 


tinent. 


Total. 


1877. 


389,005 


451.104 


1,001,051 


73.302 


1,135,013 


1870. 


555,542 


427,943 


983,485 


1800. 


912,432 


35,945 


9 J 8,377 


1875. 


786,072 


455,454 


1,241,520 


1805. 


1.084,578 


35.570 


1,120,148 


1874. 


842.842 


394,040 


1,230,882 


1804. 


871,923 


57,073 


928,990 


1873. 


730.275 


208,598 


944,873 


1803. 


926,513 


48.604 


975,117 


1872. 


000,004 


247,737 


907,801 


1802. 


932,017 


23.453 


950,070 


1871. 


798,893 


334,570 


1,133.403 


1801. 


930.039 


20,980 


957.025 


1870. 


854,590 


104,530 


1.019,120 


1800. 


478,820 


17,773 


490.593 


1809. 


945,708 


175.209 


1,121,037 


1859. 


596,170 


20,143 


622,319 


1808. 


1,015.859 


109,539 


1,185,398 


1858 


338,224 


12,178 


350.402 



Total 19,103,820 

To the above we now add the receipts and exports at 
Bombay each month since 1872, and the }>ercentage of 
total receipts received at the close of each month. In this 
form the figures will bo of use in comparing and estimat- 
ing the movement during future months. The total's, it 
will be noticed, differ slightly from the above, having been 
prepared from the circulars of Finlay, Muir & Co. and 
Nicol & Co.; the differences, however, are immaterial. 



IXBIA COTTOX SUPPLY. 



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66 



COTTON FliOM SEED TO LOOM. 



BOMBAY' IlECEIl'TS AND EXPOUTS TO GUE.^T BRITAIN IN l^'t 



Mouth. 


Receipts of Cotton at 
Bomba}^ for 1877. 


Export to Great Britain. 




Month. 


Total. 


PerCt. 


Cape. 


Suez. 


Month 


Total. 


January 

rei)ruary . . 

March 

April 


98,000 
107,000 
226,000 
255,000 


98,000 

205,000 

431,000 

086,000 

890,000 

979,000 

994,000 

1,001,000 

1,005,000 

1,020,000 

1 ,040,000 

1.107,000 

1,107,000 


08-85 
18-52 
38-93 
01-97 
80-40 
88-44 
89-79 
90-42 
90-79 
92-14 
94-49 
100-00 

10000 


24,000 

58,000 

40,000 

8,000 

130,000 


31,000 

54,000 

57,000 

52,000 

19,000 

16,000 

0,000 

5,000 

2,000 

2,000 

2,000 

13,000 

259,000 


31,000 

51,000 

57,000 

76,000 

77,000 

56,000 

14,000 

5,000 

2,000 

2,000 

2,000 

13,000 


31,n00 

85,000 
142,000 
218,000 


May 

JUUI', 

July 

August 

September . 

October 

November.. 
December.. 

Total. . . 


204,000 
89,000 
15,000 
7,000 
4,000 
15,000 
26,090 
01,000 


295,000 
351,000 
365,000 
370,000 
372,000 
374,000 
376,000 
389,000 

389,000 



BOMBAY KXPOHTS TO THE CONTINENT, .tC, IN 1877. 



Mouth. 


Expoi 


t to Continent. 


Total Exports. 


Cape. 


Suez. 


Total. 


Cape. 

2,000 

19,000 

20,000 

41,000 

136,000 

74,000 

9,000 

1,000 


Suez. 

44,000 

89,000 

81,000 

129,000 

86,000 

32,000 

8,000 

11,000 

5,000 

9,000 

14,000 

27,000 


Month. 

46,000 

108,000 

101,000 

170.000 

222,000 

106,000 

17,000 

12,000 

5,000 

9,000 

14,000 

27,000 


Total. 


January . . 
Fcl)ruaiy... 

March 

April 

May 

Juue 

July 

August 

September . 
October 


2,000 
19,000 
20,000 
17,00:) 
78,000 
34,000 
1,000 
1,000 


13,000 

35,000 

27,000 

77,000 

67,000 

10,000 

2,000 

6,000 

3,000 

7,000 

12,000 

14,000 


15,000 
69,000 
116,000 
210,000 
355,000 
405,000 
108,000 
415,000 
418,000 
425,000 
137,000 
451,000 


46,000 
154,000 
258,000 
428,000 
650,000 
756,000 
773,000 
785,000 
790,000 
799,000 


November.. 
Deccpiber.. 




813,000 
840,000 


-Total... 


172,000 


279,000 


451,000 


302,000 


538,000 




840,000 



ACREAGE IX THE VXITED STATES. 67 



CHAPTER IV. 

ACREAGE IN THE UNITED STATES. 
18G9 TO 1877. 

How far can acreage figures be relied upon— Immaterial wliat ones 
are used, so long as they conform to tlic progressive conditions 
of tlie industry— How tlie figures of 1874-75 and 1875-76 were 
determined— Figures for 1869-- Total cotton crops show gTOwth in 
acreage — Crop of 1870-71 proves growth— Acreage from 18G9 to 
1S77— Yield per acre— Largest and smallest yield ou acri'age of 
1877 — Agricultural Bureau ligures — Percentages of yield and 
acreage in each State. 

AVe liave given in a previous chapter of this work sucli 
details as we could gather witli regard to tlie early plant- 
ings of cotton in the United States, and of each year's crop, 
and of the disposition of tlie same down to the present 
time. Much of interest will, we are persuaded, be felt in 
thus following the stream up to its source, and bringing 
before us anew the facts which show from whence and hj 
what steps tlie wonderful development in this countrv of 
this single industry has come. 

But, although such a liistorical review is inspiriting, the 
real purpose of this volume, as we have already stated, is a 
more practical one. The planter, the merchant, tlie spinner 
are all far more deeply interested in the events of to-day 
than in the past, e.xcept as that past bears upon the future. 
Tl)(.> hourly inquiry is, how are prices to rule ; and the lirst 
in interest, because the chief element in that problem, must 



68 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 

always bo the probable extent of the American crop. Light 
on that point is, as every one will admit, especially import- 
ant. But there is no royal road for obtaining it. We can, 
of course, easily jump at a conclusion in accordance with 
our wishes, as most do; \n\t if we desire to act intelligently, 
our only way is to begin at the bottom and work up. 
Hence, if we would reach an enlightened conclusion with 
regard to the extent of any growing crop, it is necessary 
for II.S to know at the outset the 'possibilities of the crop, 
and that involves a determination, as nearly as can be, of 
the amount of land which has been put into cotton. The 
preliminary question then at once arises: — 

HOW FAH CAN ACREAGE FIGUUES BE RELIED UPON ? 

And right here let us say that we have no regard or 
preference for any set of figures, representing the cotton 
area, except as they appear to be the true ones. If 
exception is taken to those we use, all we woiild say is, 
substitute any othei's you may see Ijetter reasons for adopt- 
ing. Our argument is in no way affected by the change. 
There is a maximum and a minimum yield from any given 
area planted. Deduce those results from your own figures, 
and then study tlie subsequent portions of this book on 
your own basis; only remember that the actual yield of 
the past seven years and the actual conditions of weather 
are fixed facts and relative facts, and the like results can 
and must always be predicated on the same facts, whenever 
they recur. If you take a smaller acreage than we give, 
the effect, as to the yield of previous years, will be that 
the pounds per acre are proportionably larger. We 
most earnestly hope, however, that the oljjector will not 
satisfy himself with objecting simply, but will accept 
some figures of acreage, and work out on them tlie very 
processes we have worked out on these. Tliis will at 
least servo to place limits to the guesses which fly about 



ACREAGE IX THE VNITED STATE. <>. 69 



our markets every year. "We repeat, therefore, tliat we 
do not wish any one to follow our acreage figures unless 
convinced that they are as nearly correct as it is possible 
for such statements to be; the rejection of them in no way 
weakens the force of the subsequent facts we present. 

But let us, before proceeding further, consider briefly 
what grounds there are for accepting as approximately 
correct the statistical results which have been current 
during late years as to the extent of land under cotton. 
It is well known that the first facts on this subject were 
supposed to date back to the census of 1870. If that 
supposition is correct, an error has always been made in 
the use of those figures. For if they were deductions 
from the census returns, they should have been applied 
to the summer of 1869 — as that is the crop covered by the 
census— instead of 1870; or, if they are not from the 
census, l)ut wei'o made up from returns obtained by the 
Agricultural Department, even then they could not have 
applied to 1870, as that year's Agricultural report is dated 
before that crop was gathered or even perfected, and hence 
before the yield per acre could be known or determined. 
It would seem, therefore, that the date of those figures 
should be changed to the crop of 18G9-70. With this 
amendment, may we not feel some confidence in their 
approach to accuracy. They were prepared at a time when 
there was no contest about them, and no interest to make 
the result large or small, and, as is believed, from data 
procured in gathering the census returns. AYe should say 
that sucli conditions make a presumption in favor of the 
substantial correctness of the statement. 

Nor does the fact (if fact it be) that the acreage is fixed 
now, through a second census or otherwise, at a consider- 
able increase, impeach the former census figures or negative 
the presumption in their favor. The two statements 



COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 



are not incompatible. Growth is plainly marked on 
every industry in this country. Compare the acreage 
in corn, oats, wheat, or the spindles in cotton or 
woolen factories, or the statistics of any other employment 
or business, from any two succeeding census reports, and 
rapid progress is everywhere the feature, and in a wonder- 
ful degree. Or, if we confine ourselves to cotton, only pass 
the eye over the following statement of the crops of the 
United States, and we cannot fail to see that the increase in 
acreage must have always been decided. 

TOTAL CROPS OP THE UNITED STATES. 



Years. 


Quantity. 


Years. 


Quaiititj-. 


Years. 


Qnautity. 




Bales. 




Bales. 




Bales. 


1826-27... 


957,281 


1842-43... 


2,394,203 


1853-59... 


3,994,481 


1827-28... 


720,593 


1843-44... 


2,108,579 


1859-60... 


4,823,770 


1828-29... 


857,744 


1844-45... 


2,484,662 


1860-61... 


3,826,086 


1829-30... 


976,845 


1845-46... 


2,170,537 


1861-65.. 


* 


1830-31... 


1,038,847 


1846-47... 


1,860,479 


1865-06... 


2,228,987 


1831-32... 


987,477 


1847-48... 


2,424,113 


1866-67... 


2,059,271 


1832-33... 


1,070,438 


1848-49... 


2,808,596 


1867-68... 


2,498,895 


1833-34... 


1,205,394 


1849-50... 


2,171,706 


1868-69... 


2,439,039 


1831-35... 


1,254,328 


1850-51... 


2,415,257 


1869-70... 


3,154,946 


1835-3(5... 


1,360,725 


1851-52... 


3,090,029 


1870-71... 


4,352,317 


1836-37... 


1,425,.575 


1852-53... 


3,352,882 


1871-72... 


2,974,351 


1837-38... 


1,804,797 


1853-54... 


3,035,027 


1872-73... 


3,930,508 


1838-39... 


1.363,403 


1854-55... 


2,932,339 


1873-74... 


4,170,388 


1839-40... 


2,181,749 


1855-56... 


3,645,345 


1874-75... 


3,832,991 


18 40-41... 


1,639,353 


1856-57... 


3,056,519 


1875-76... 


4,669,288 


1841-42... 


1,688,675 


1857-58... 


3,238.962 


1876-77... 


4,485,423 



* Ye^us of Civil War ; uo record of crop. 

The foregoing indicates certain seasons, all through the 
series, when there was a set-back in production, generally 
following an extreme crop. This has been owing in some 
cases to less favorable conditions of growth; and in other 
cases to a temporary decrease in acreage, succeeding an 
excessive increase of the previous years, or .to both these 
circumstances. Progress is never uniform; it is always 
secured by just such pulsations, not unlike the rising of 
the tide, first encroaching, then receding, but in each beat 
gaining. To see the net result take a decimal period; and 



ACREAGE IX THE VNITED STATES. 



clearly — looked at in that way — the teaching of this state- 
ment of crops secured, is, that there must have been in each 
period a very decided addition to the land under cotton. 
Nor are the figui-es for the last ten years any exception. 
The oltjector maj^ urge in opposition the large crop of 
1870-71 ; but the explanation of that is, we had an unusual 
season — every condition favorable — and the land planted 
produced all it was capable of producing. AYe have had 
no such season since, and still we raised in 18 7. 3-76 and in 
1876-77 several hundred thousand bales in excess of that year. 
Does not this very fact then, even if wo had no other, furnish 
positive evidence of there l)eing now considerably more 
land under cotton than in 1870-71, and of course, there- 
fore, a still larger excess over 1SG9-70. The argument is 
this — and we can see no escape from the conclusion — that 
if we could raise but 4,3.'32,317 bales in 1870-71, with the 
weather almost perfect everywhere throughout the season, 
an^ with a very free use of fertilizers in the Atlantic 
States, certainly there must have lieen a very decided 
increase of acreage between that date and 187r>-7'J (our 
figures show less than IG per cent) to produce in the 
latter year 4,609,288 bales, with the conditions venj much 
less favorable. This advance, of course, is never equal in 
all portions of the State. In fact, we are familiar with 
sections where there has been no increase of late years, but 
a retrograde movement, and yet for the State at large the 
result is progress. 

Thoughts like these led us in the spring of 1876 to re- 
examine the question of acreage. Up to that date the only 
information had with regard to the extent of the planting in 
any season was simply a result of comparisons — by means- 
of percentages of increase and decrease — with previous 
years, starting always with the accepted figures of 1869-70. 
Of course each succeeding spring we were one step further 



COTTON FROil SEED TO L002r. 



removed froin our base; and as in the percentages, during 
those years, we souglit never to over-estimate the planting, 
the resuhs W(>re constantly and obviously becoming more 
and more inaccurate. In the spring of 1876, therefore, we 
started an investigation for determining what was in that 
and the previous year the actual amount of land put into 
cott(m in eacli Southern State, and tlie yield per acre. For 
several of tlie States absolute proof was at once found of the 
inaccuracy of the figures being used: — in three cases the 
evidence was through the tax returns and the county assess- 
ors' statements; in one case the Agricultural Department 
of the State had revised and perfected the figures tlirough 
its agents; and in one other instance there was a complete 
State census. We not only obtained all tliis information, 
but also sent several letters of inquiry (with blanks enclosed) 
into every county of the Soutli; and the replies i-eceived to 
them, in each case contained six special instances, located 
within the county replying, of acres planted and bales raised 
on those acres for the two years, together with the estimate 
of two or moi'e persons as to the average yield per acre. 
And finally, through returns from the railroads, we sought to 
establish the actual crop of each section of each State. We 
are thus pailicular m re-stating these matters now, because 
our results have been lately attacked, and i'. is only proper, 
therefore, in \ising them as a basis for our calculations, that 
we should give our mode of preparing them and reasons for 
believing in their approximate correctness. We may add 
as a further proof of their substantial accuracy, and a very 
satisfactory confirmation of our work, that the June report 
of the Agricultural Bureau at Wasliington, contained this 
sentence, "the estimated area now in cotton sllglitlij exceeds 
" 12, 000, 000 acres." If the Department has really passed 
through processes similar to tliose we have recited, and 
reached a very similar conclusion, our readers will scarcely 



ACREAGE IN THE VNITED STATES. 



be able to hesitate longer, even if any of tliem have before, 
in fully accepting our figures. 

We start, then, with at least this fact clear we think 
to all minds — that the acreage statements for 1874-75 and 
1875-76, pi'epared as we have indicated above (although 
not free from error) are as near the truth as it is possiblq 
for such statements to be. 

EXTENT OF PLAXTING FROM 1869 TO 1877. 

No excuse is needed for dwelling at so great length upon 
the matters already discussed, since wo thus secure the 
means for impeaching or confirming the figures for 1869, 
and for establishing those for the intervening years. 
First, however, let us note the points in the problem 
which now appear to be clear. (1) The acreage results for 
1874-75 and 1875-76, which were reached through our 
investigations, are substantially correct. (2) If the figures 
of 1869 were prepared from census data or by means of 
any other thorough inquiry at the time made, there is a 
presumption in favor of their accuracy. (3) But whether 
there is any such presumption or not. the simple state- 
ment of the actual yield each year given above, shows 
that there must have been growth in acreage during the 
last nine years, and this conforms with the general truth, 
proved by each succeeding census, that every industry in 
this country is constantly on the increase. (4) Besides 
this, we have positive evidence of such growth in a 
comparison of the two crops of 1870-71 ami 1875-76; 
the figures we have adopted show an increased acre- 
age between the two periods of less than 16 per cent, 
and no statement which can be made of the weather 
and other conditions surrounding the two crops, taken 
in connection with the actual yield, can be reconciled 
except by admitting new land in cotton to tliat extent at 
least. 



74 



COTTON FROM SEED TO L002I. 



IN one of these positions can, we Lelieve, be questioned ; 
and yet, feeling that upon a point of this importance one 
cannot have too much evidence, we liave puslied our 
investigations one step further- and obtained whatever par- 
ticuLars we could on the subject of every previous year's 
planting, back to 1869, thus determining as nearly as 
possible what has been the actual percentage of increase or 
decrease in each State each season. And first, as a guide 
in this inqxiiry, we have taken the information gathered at 
the time by ourselves for the purpose of making our several 
annual acreage reports; and second, we have supplemented 
that with new facts where we could ol^tain them. In this 
way, and after a thorough examination of the data thus 
collected, we have reached the results as to acreage found 
on the next two pages. We do not, however, even now 
claim perfection for our work; only this is claimed, that 
we have given the surroundings of each year's planting 
season as careful a study as we were able to give them, 
and the conclusions reached are at least sufficiently accu- 
rate for the purposes of this inquiry. The annual totals 
may be stated m brief, as follows. 



YEAIJS. 


Acres 
plauted. 


Crop, 
pounds net. 


* 

3 » 


Bales 
iu the 
crop. 


Net 
weiglit 

per 
bale.* 


1869-70 


8,760,653 


1,369,200,000 


15S 


3.154,946 


434 


1870-71 


9,985,000 


1,906.300,000 


191 


4,352,317 


438 


1871-7i2 


8,911,000 


1,305,700,000 


147 


2,974,351 


439 


1872-73 


9,780,000 


1,729,400,000 


177 


3,930,-508 


440 


1873-74 


10,816,000 


1,830,800,000 


169 


4,170,388 


439 


1874-7.5 


10,9S'_',000 


1,682,700,000 


154 


3,832,991 


439 


1875-76 


11,635,000 


2,035,800,000 


177 


4,669,288 


436 


1876-77 


11,500,600 


1,964,600,000 


171 


4,485,423 


438 



* These are tlu> net weigl'.ts of American cotton inipfU'ts into Liverpool 
according' to tlie Liveriiool Cotton Brolcers' annual circular. 

The details of these figures will be found on the two 
following pages. 



ACREAGE IX THE VXITED STATES. 



75 



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COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 



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ACREAGE IN TEE V KITED STATES. 



77 



The preceding two pages show then sufficiently near, for 
all practical purposes, what have been the acreage planted in 
each State each spring since 18G9, the actual total yield of 
each State from such acreage, and the yield per acre in 
each State. The item usually put in under " Other States " 
is in all cases omitted, as we could obtain no sufficient 
information for late years to make a just comparison. It 
Avas small and immaterial even in the figures of 1869, and 
most think it smaller and of less importance now. From 
these statements we see how the production per acre 
differs in the various States and in different seasons- 
That this feature may be presented more clearly, we give 
below the pounds per acre each year, independently of the 
other figures, adding, however, the acreage in 1877, which 
does not appear in the previous tables. 

YIELD PER ACRE, 1869 TO 1877. 











Pounds Per Acre. 








1877-78. 

Actual 

Acreage. 


















States. 


I- 
I- 

I- 

GO 


1- 

in 

QD 
1-1 


I- 

CO 


I- 

CD 
r-l 


CO 
CO 

T-l 


I- 


l> 

c 
1- 

CO 
rH 


d 

I-;- 

05 

00 


No. Carolina 


577,2L'0 


163 


185 


203 


194 


176 


171 


223 


204 


So. Carolina. 


893,760 


148 


153 


183 


177 


136 


140 


170 


160 


Georgia .... 


1,612,620 


133 


109 


122 


129 


139 


101 


152 


115 


Florida .. .. 


220,500 


109 


117 


110 


165 


165 


122 


173 


140 


Alabama - . . 


1,981,350 


130 


143 


127 


140 


151 


155 


180 


154 


Mis.sissippi - 


1,995,760 


146 


155 


129 


156 


167 


146 


172 


134 


Louisiana . . 


1,285,250 


209 


229 


199 


204 


226 


181 


240 


203 


Texas 


1,441,300 


246 


234 


200 


220 


231 


140 


195 


157 


Arkansas... 


1,089,000 


238 


260 


185 


194 


227 


159 


260 


198 


Tennessee . . 


725,200 


184 


202 


100 


188 


190 


171 


213 


184 


Total... 


11,824,960 


171 


177 


154 


169 


177 


147 


191 


158 



Nothing could more plainly illustrate than the fore- 
going how diverse our climate is; and further — which is a 
fact of special importance in observing and interpreting 
weekly weather reports — that a good or bad season in one 
State by no means ensures, or is concurrent w4th, a good or 
bad season in any other. This latter point should always 



78 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 



be kept carefully in view, for very much of the error made 
in crop estimates has arisen from giving too extensive an 
ajjplication to comparatively local disasters. 

But suppose ^vith the present acreage (that is with the 
acreage of 1877), we should have in any year as successful 
a season in each State as the best in that State during 
the record we give, or as unsuccessful as the worst, what 
kind of croj), in each contingency named, would the year 
furnish us. This question is interesting and useful, 
because it covers a possible, though not a probable, con- 
tingency; that is to say, such a statement would give us 
the crop possibilities upon the present acreage in case of 
an extremely good year, and also the extent of dis- 
aster possible in case of an extremely bad year; or to 
express it briefly, it would show upon a fixed acreage 
what must be the actual extreme limits of the yield. 
Perhaps, however, it would be better, instead of taking in 
the whole eight years, to confine the inquiry to periods of 
four years, as that would give us two statements for com- 
parison, and one of them only would include the unusual 
figures of 1S70-71. Thus, for instanc3, the most per acre 
North Carolina has produced was in 1874-75 when the result 
was 203 pounds; South Carolina the same year returned 
183 pounds, which was her greatest yield during the 
same four years ; to indicate, therefore, the possibilities 
and capabilities of the country on the present acreage 
we have in this manner grouped together this best yield 
in each State for the last four years, and also the best 
yield in each State for the pi'evious four years, and have 
worked out the following results on that basis, which, as 
already stated, may be said to represent about the largest 
crop the land now planted is capable of yielding, pro- 
viding every condition was favorable from the beginning to 
the end of the season. 



A CUE AGE IN THE UNITED STATES. 



POSSII5LH CROP M'lTII I'RESEXr ACUEAGE ON THls 


BASIS OF 




Best yield from Ig 


73 to 1377. 


Best yield from 18C9 to '73. 








Pos.sil^ki 




S05 

■5 -r • 


Possible 


States. 


1877-78. 




crop, if all 


1877-78. 


crop, if all 




Actual 


?! i^l^ 


fouditions 


Actual 


3 5^1-1 


conditions 




acreage. 




are favor- 


acreage. 




are favor- 






1 ^- 


able. 




't i: 


able. 






Lbs. 


Bales. 




Lbs. 


liaies. 


No.Carolinii. 


577,220 


20.! 


266,308 


577,220 


223 


292,546 


So. Cai'oliiia. 


893,7(J0 


1S3 


371,723 


893,760 


170 


345,310 


Georgia 


1,612,020 


133 


487,450 


1,612,620 


152 


557,087 


Florida .... 


220,500 


165 


82,688 


220,500 


173 


86,696 


Alabama 


1,981,350 


143 


643,939 


1,981,350 


180 


810,552 


Mississippi.. 


l,9i)5,760 


156 


707,588 


1,995,760 


172 


780,161 


Lousiaiia 


1,285,2.50 


229 


668,914 


1,285,2.50 


240 


7ul,045 


Texas 


1,444,300 


246 


807,195 


1,444,300 


231 


758,258 


Arkansas 


1,089,000 


260 


043,.500 


1,089,000 


260 


043,500 


Teunes.see . . 


725,200 


202 


332,933 


725,200 


213 


351,003 


Total 


11,824,960 


186 


.5,012,538 


11,824,960 


198 


5,326,224 



The other contingency mentioned may Ije ilkistrated 
by tlie following statement, which may l)e called the worst 
crop that, under any circumstances of weather considered 
possible from past experience, the land now planted will 
produce. 

POSSIBLE CROP WITH PRESENT ACREAGE ON THE B.A.SIS OF 





Poorest yield from '73 to '77. 


Poorest sield from '69 to '73_ 






i £t^ 


Possilile 


1 




Possible 


States. 


1877-78. 




crop, if all 


1877-78. 


ci-op,if all 




Aetna! 


■(-* — +^ 


conditions 


Actual 


^'^ Zj ^ 


conditions 




Acreage. 




arc unfav- 


Acreage. 


\ 5 3 


are unfav- 








orable. 




2 5» 


orable. 






Lbs. 


Bales. 




Lhs. 


Bales. 


No. Carolina. 


577,220 


. 103 


213,834 


577,220 


171 


224,329 


So. Carolina. 


893,7(!0 


148 


300,()28 


893,760 


136 


276,253 


Georgia. . . - 


1,612,020 


109 


399,490 


1,612,620 


101 


370,170 


Florida .... 


220,.500 


109 


54,621 


: 220,500 


122 


01,139 


Alabama 


1,931,350 


127 


571,890 


1,981,3.50 


151 


079,964 


Missi.-^sippi . 


1,995,760 


129 


585,121 


1,995,760 


13t 


607,800 


Louisiana . . 


1,285,250 


199 


581,283 


; 1,285,250 


181 


528,705 


Te.\as 


1,444,300 


200 


656,500 


1 1,444,300 


140 


459,550 


Arkansas . . . 


1,089,000 


185 


457,875 


1,089,000 


159 


393,523 


Tennessee .. 


725,200 


100 


164,818 


1 725,200 


171 


231,839 


Total.... 


11,824,900 


148 


3,980,003 


11.824,960 


144 


3,883,272 



80 



COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 



Since the foregoing was in print the Agi'icultural Depart- 
ment has issued its annual volume for the year 1876, of 
which we have just received a copy. In it we find the full 
details of its revised acreage figures, now for the first time 
made public. Its report published in June, only gave the 
percentages of increase and decrease on last year's totals, 
with this sentence (which we have quoted above), that "the 
''estimated area now in cotton slightly exceeds 12,000,000 
"acres." In the present volume we have all the figures, 
which are as follows. 

AGRICULTURAL BUREAU'S ACREAGE FIGURES FOR 1870 AND 1877. 



STATE.S. 


Acres, 
1870. 


Acres 
per bale. 


Acreage. 
Per Cent. 


Acres, 

1877. 




Inc. 


Dec. 


North Carolina 


009,000 

945,500 
1,515,000 

105,000 
1,732,250 
1,970,000 
1,200,000 
1,483,500 
1,133,000 

741,000 

117,000 


2-9 

305 

3 

3-3 

3-25 

2-0 

2-25 

215 

2'2 

2-85 

2 


1 
1 
2 
4 

15 
5 
2 


4 
3 


584,040 


Soutli Carolina 


917,135 


Gcorj^ia 


1,530,150 


Florida 


160,0.50 


Alabama 


1,700,895 


Mississippi 


2,055,040 


Louisiana 


1,335,000 


Texas . ... . 


1,700,025 


Arkansas 


1,189,050 


Tennessee 


755,820 


Indian Territory and 
other districts 


117,000 










Total 


11,077,250 


2-03 


4 




12,124,005 





These results, made up by the Bureau independently and 
by a process in many respects quite different from that by 
which we obtained ours, and yet so close an approximation 
to them, show conclusively that our statements must be 
very nearly correct. It is satisfactory to have the ques- 
tions which have been raised on this subject thus finally 
and completely put to rest. "Wo close our analysis of our 
acreage figures by one more table, which is, we think, a 
very interesting exhibit, showing the percentage of total 
acreage and total cx'op raised in each State for eight 
years. 



ACREAGE IN THE UNITED STATES. 



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82 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 

We liave not compiled these figures with any purpose of 
expressing or intimating through tliern an opinion as to 
what the present crop is to be. Our processes and infor- 
mation are intended only as suggestions of thought to the 
reader, ratlier than as substitutes for tliought — to incite 
investigation, not to Kmit it. Thus far but one point in the 
problem has been presented, and the simple concUision 
from it is, that if an intelligent opinion is desired as to 
tlie probable results of any year, tiie actual acreage for 
that year appHed to the acreage and results of former 
years, as has be3n done here, would seem to be the first 
step in the inquiry;— an important step, however, as it 
sets absolute limits to the action of subsequent influence ;, 
favorable and unfavorable. But that is all it does. AVithin 
those extremes the final result is still in unrest; and to an 
extent this continues all the season through, yet not, as 
many appear to think, with the same I'ange of possibilities. 
The limits within which development or damage is possiljle 
narrow constantly as each stage of growth passes. And it 
is our object in future chapters to use the expei'ience of the 
past so as to detect its teachings 'on this very point; — that 
is, to learn from that experience, so far as may be, to 
what extent we may accept any fact or condition of growth 
as influencing or determining the season's yield. 



PLANTING— CULTIVATION— STAND. 83 



CHAPTER V. 

PLANTING— CULTIVATION— STAND. 

JANUARY TO JUNE. 

Importance of Signal Service Bureau data — Cotton lands, how divided — 
Produ(?tion of each — Mode of cultivation— Trees girdled and ground 
prepared— How seed planted and fertilized — Old lands being re- 
claimed—Early growth of seed— Chopping out— Securing a stand— A 
good stand a good yield, Ac— Cotton plant tender iu early life and 
tougli afterwards — Its early enemies and diseases— Crab grass — Wet 
May and June — Rainfall, thermometer. Chronicle weather reports 
and Agricultm-al Bureau reports from lilO to 1877— Deductions 
and conclusions. 

Cotton cultivation covers four stages of progress: — first, 
the planting period; second, the earl}^ development, includ- 
ing the stand secured; third, the summer growth; and 
fourth, the maturing and picking season. In each period 
weather is the prime factor. To collect, however, the facts 
forming a weather record of the Southern States for a 
series of years, is a work of much difficulty. This is so 
because the data preserved have generally been so partial 
and local in character that, although they may indicate, 
with some degree of accuracy, the situation in special 
districts, yet, as a guide for crop comparisons, they are 
almost valueless. Since the organization of the Signal 
Service Bureau this defect has in great measure been 
remedied. Through it we have the controlling conditions 
officially determined; and by supplementing their observa- 
tions with the Chronicle's weekly weather reports given 



84 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 



during the past seven years, the surroundings in each district 
are pretty faithfully indicated. Yet, even such a record 
requires an acquaintance with the nature and habits of 
the cotton plant and its modes of cultivation, before its 
teachings can be correctly r^d. Let us, therefore, first 
briefly consider these preliminary points. 

Cotton lands in the South may be grouped under two 
great divisions — the uplands and the bottom lands. The 
former are sub-divided into light sandy soils, and red or 
clay soils, and the latter embrace river bottoms, basins, the 
banks of small streams, the prairies and canebrakes, and 
the valleys of the Mississippi River and its branches. A 
still further division of the light sandy lands is sometimes 
made, it being stated that if the native growth on such 
soils IS pine timber, they will generally produce only one bale 
to three acres, but if the native growth is oak and other 
hard woods, commonly known as oaky woods, the pro- 
duction will be about one bale to two acres. Red lands 
or clay soils are usually in the hilly and rolling portions 
of the country, the native growth being hard wood, and the 
soil quite fertile, producing from one-half to two-thirds of 
a bale to the acre. The foregoing estimates of production 
are on the basis of good cultivation, and cover the third to 
the sixth year after being brought into use. Bottom lands 
will produce from one-lialf a bale to one bale (and some- 
times even two bales) per acre, according to the age and 
fertility of the lands. 

Since the war, changes have been made in the mode of 
managing upland plantations. Formerly every planter 
brought new land under cultivation every year, and left 
the used-up portion of his old land to go to waste. At 
present, fertihzers on the old land keep it productive, and 
new clearings, therefore, are much less frequent. When- 
ever such clearings are made, the first step is to girdle 



PLANTIKG-CVLTIYA TIoySTA NIJ. 85 



with the ax, two oi' three feet from the ground, all the 
trees over six inches in diameter ; and the next is to cut 
down the small ti-ees and brush, pile them in heaps and 
burn them. The Nortliern farmer thinks the sooner he is 
rid of the trees and stumps the better for his crops; but 
the Southern planter claims, that the decaying wood 
keeps his land fruitful, so the girdled trees are left 
to die and decay standing in the fields. There they 
remain for many years, dropping their branches from time 
to time with each succeeding storm of wind, until finally 
the old trunk falls, leaving the stump to waste itself away 
even more slowly. 

As soon as the girdling and brush-burning is completed, 
the earth is broken up watli a scooter plough, which is a 
long piece of steel, about four inches wide. This process 
is repeated several times, until the ground between the 
standing trees is pretty thoroughly pulverized. With such 
preparations, hardly half a crop can be expected the first 
year ; the next year, perhaps three-quarters of a crop or 
more W'ill be raised, and the third year a full crop. After 
that, for three or four years, the land will produce a full 
crop each season, but subsequently the uplands require fer- 
tilizing to make them pay for cultivation. The bottom 
lands will produce fine crops for many years by planting 
them in corn every three years. 

It will be seen, from this description, that the early cul- 
tivation of such a field must be largely with the hoe. 
After the thiixl year, however, the greater portion of the 
work can be done with the plough. A thorough farmer, if 
the weather gives him time, w^ill always use his turn plough 
in January to break up the ground. In March — or earlier 
or later, according to the section referred to — a shovel 
plough, which is like the scooter, except in being six inches 
wide, must be run through the field to lay off the rows 



S6 COTTOX FROM SEED TO LOOM. 



for the cotton, the distance between the rows varying j 
according to the quality of the soil; in rather thin uplands 
they are made three feet apart, on better soils they are j 
four to four-and-a-half feet, while in the valley of the Mis- : 
sissippi the distance between them is five to five-and-a-half 
feet. So, the richer the soil the farther apart the rows are : 
made. j 

Xext, the fertilizers are put into these furrows. Fertili- 
zers are used only in small quantities except in the Atlantic '• 
States, and are never put in with the seed, but in the 
bottom of this first furrow, as otherwise they would destroy i 

the germinating quaUties. They are supposed, in a general ! 

I 
way, to add to the out-turn of the crop fifty per cent. Xor ' 

does the effect all pass off with the first season, but in \ 
about the proportion of seventy per cent for the first year, I 
twenty per cent the second year and ten per cent the third ' 
year. Until the close of the war such a thing as putting 
manure of any kind on cotton fields was scarcely thought 
of. The plan previous to that time was to cultivate the 
land as long as it would pay; then let it lie fallow, and pur- 
chase and clear up new fields in the manner we have 
described above. Consequently, to-day thousands of acres 
are to be seen in the South thus thrown away, with the 
fences rotting down, the soil being considered too poor to 
cultivate. Fertilizers, however, have brought in a new 
era, and at present one by one the old fields are being 
redeemed from the briers, brush and young trees; for, 
when ploughed deeply and supplied with either home- 
made or commercial manures, though hitherto considered 
of no use for cultivation, they are made to produce now a 
half a bale or more to the acre. 

After the fertilizers have been put in as stated, a 
turn plough turns in the earth on each side of the furrow, 
leaving a bed or bank about two feet broad, raised two to 



FLA XTiy G— C UL TIT A TI OX—ST A XD. 87 



three inches, the ground between these beds being broken 
with the common shovel plough. This leaves the land 
ready for the seed. Planting opens, in the earlier sections 
] of Texas, in February, but later and later as you come east 
j and north, not beginning in North Carolina until after the 
tenth of April and closing after the first of May; so that 
the season may be said to be about two months and a half 
in length. Of course, in case of overflow or frost or a very 
backward spring, planting is continued later, sometimes 
even into June. When the farmer is ready to sow his 
cotton, he opens in the centre, with his scooter plough, the 
bed or bank we have described, and scatters the seed in ■ 
the bottom of ihe furrow sufficiently thick to ensure about 
fifteen or twenty plants to the foot. Patent planters, which 
open the furrow, plant the seed and cover them by one i 
movement, are sometimes used, but not commonly, on j 
account of the trees, stumps and general roughness in many 
of the fields. 

A cotton seed is something like a bean in its early 
growth. Within it are two leaves and a tap root, and after 
lying in the ground about a week the tap root strikes down 
into the earth while the two leaves open above, growing in 
a few days from two to three inches high, according to the 
strength of the land. During the next ten days two more 
leaves appear, and in the following two weeks from four 
to six additional ones. Then begins the process of chop- 
ping out. This work is done first by using a turn plough, 
with the bar side next to the cotton, and running it 
within a few inches and on each side of the young 
plants, so as to throw the earth and grass away from them 
and leave them standing in a ridge of earth only about 
six inches wide and two to three inches high. Immediately 
following the plough are the hoe hands, by whom tliese 

ridges are chopped through, cutting out the grass and i 
i 



88 COTTOX FROM SEED TO LOOM. 

leaving only three or four plants in a bunch, the bunches 
being from twelve to twenty-four inches apart, according 
to the poverty or richness of the land. After a few 
days the same plough is again used, but with the shovel 
side next to the cotton, and the earth which was taken 
away is thrown back to the plant, and then the plough- 
ing is continued between the rows until the land is all 
turned over and the grass is either cut up or covered up 
and killed. This is the first and most important working 
of the crop, for if it is done successfully there will be very 
little more trouble with grass in any ordinary season. 

For about two weeks the plants ai'e now left to grow, 
then the ground is again ploughed, and the hoe hands follow, 
cutting out all the grass they can find and all the plants 
bu.t one in a hill. When this is completed, the plants 
are standing in the row twelve inches apart in the j)oor 
lands and twenty-four inches in the rich lands. The inten- 
tion is to have the land entirely covered and shaded in 
July and August ; and as the poor soils will produce a 
plant aliout three feet high, witli lateral growth of limbs 
about eighteen inches on each side, and the rich lands will 
produce plants from five to six feet high, with limbs thirty 
inches long, the desired result is attained in each case. A 
stand is secured when this working of the crop is finished, 
and is said to be perfect when there is one stalk to every 
three square feet on the poor lands and one stalk to every 
ten square feet on the richest lands. 

Of course, it will never happen that a condition so 
faultless as W3 have described can be everywhere attained. 
Bat when only one plant is missing in a place, even though 
the total should reach to one-tenth of the hills in the field, 
the loss is not as serious as many would imagine, since if 
the remainder are strong and healthy, they will, with the 
additional light and air, develop into a larger growth, fill- 



PL A NTINQ— G UL TI VA T I ON— ST A ND. 89 



ing up, to a considerable extent, the vacant places, and 
thercfoi-e fruiting more abundantly. A much greater 
injury is sustained when two, three or more plants close 
together die out. One-tenth missing in that way would 
be an absolute loss, as there would be no compensating 
advantages. 

We have beau thus particular in giving these many 
details, because only through them can it be understood in 
what way and how easily the plant can be injured while 
young. In its early life it is very tender and delicate, 
but when well started it becomes tough and hardy, and 
a stand secured is a point of the utmost importance passed. 
In fact, we might almost say, as the stand is, so will the 
yield be ; that is, a poor stand ensures a short crop, and a 
good stand almost ensures a full crop. But this thought 
will need development later on, in connection with our 
weather record for the different seasons. Before we pass 
to that, let us notice the principal causes of irregularity and 
of sickliness in the plant at this stage of growth. 

These two defects are generally concurrent ; that is, a 
very irregular stand is also usitally a weak and sickly one. 
Yet it is quite possible to be otherwise, for irregularity 
may arise from several causes. First, the seed may be 
imperfect, either from not maturing jDroperly, or from 
being heated and partly rotted by lying too long in a very 
large pile when damp, or from injury received in some 
other way. This cause for a defective stand would be 
merely local in its operation, and not have any appreciable 
effect on the size of the crop. But, again, sometimes in 
the spring there are very heavy rains; these, niore especi- 
ally on the clayey and richer soils, cause the earth 
to melt, as it is called, and run together, making a solid 
mass, so that the seeds in germinating cannot bi'eak through 
the surface, and therefore die for long spaces together. 



90 



COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 



Then, too, the stand is often greatly injured by careless 
chopping out ; and sometimes on light sandy soils the 
moles in dry weather loosen the earth so that the sun 
bums the -roats_; or when the spring is backward and cold, 
tlie plant is attacked by the cutworm, a little later by the 
disease known as the sore shin, and by lice. 

All these troubles are as nothing, however, compared 
with the injury and harm done by wet weather through 
May and June. The greatest enemies of the young plant 
in the South, and also in India, are the tough native 
grasses. Crab-grass is the name generally given to this 
kind of growth in our Southern States. It runs along the 
ground, putting down its strong, fibroiis roots at every 
joint, so that one bunch soon covers and literally fills up 
several feet of ground in diameter. Of course, if this 
grass were left to develop itself, the more tender cotton 
plant would soon die out. We have already noticed the 
usual steps taken to clean the fields of this enemy. In dry 
weather there is no difficulty in doing this. But if the 
time for chopping out comes when it is raining, and the 
weather continues wet, this grass grows very rapidly, and 
it is almost impossible to kill it. A weed can be cut down 
and killed ; this grass, however, in rainy weather, does not 
seem to even have its growth checked by being cut up and 
moved ; it grows right on, and soon is as tall as the cotton 
above ground, and with roots deeper down in the earth. 
Under such conditions, the plant must necessarily become 
sickly; many die, others spindle up without branches, and 
consequently without fruit, while very many more are cut 
up by the cultivator's hoe. 

A wet May and June, therefore, are sure to be followed 
by a short crop. The only difficulty is to determine accu- 
rately the fact. Our cotton section is so large in extent, 
and so varied in climate, that exact information from all 



PL A XTTXn— C UL TIVA TIOX—STA XT>. 



91 



pai-ts of it is veiy hard to obtain, and a bad stand in one 
district is no indication of the same condition in another. 
But if we can be sure of our fact, we can, within well- 
defined limits, make some pretty safe deductions. 

For the purpose of illustrating this truth, we have 
brought together a detailed history of the weather and 
early surroundings of each crop since 1871. These 
records are made up from the data of the Signal Service 
Bureau, wherever they have a station, and where they have 
no station, from our Chronicle weather reports. 

1S71. 

For the first six months of 1871 the monthly record of 
rainfall and weather is as follows : 



Rainfall at- 



SaA'aiiiiali ... 

Atlanta 

Moiitfioiuerv . 

Mobile 

New Oi'leau.s. 
(jalvoston 



Jan. 



0-80 

4- 15 

fJ-50 

13(!3 



Fob. 



4-(>8 
6-20 
5-57 
30.'{ 
1-39 



Marcli. 



60.") 
601 
5-84 
9-7!) 
611 



April. 



4-28 
5-20 
6 63 
2-92 
2-75 



May. 



5-22 
7-47 
5-77 
6-lS 
5-72 



June. 



8-20 
5-97 
4-31 
5-18 
9-89 
11-74 



CIIUOXICLB VYEATHEU REPORTS SUMMARY. 

Jamianj. — Weather generally pleasant, and favorable for farm work. 

Fcbruari/. — Weather more rainy in Atlantic States and iutei-ior of Gulf 
States, but le-s.s rain on the Gulf Coast. 

Ifrtrc/f.— Weather too wet for active farm work, except the third week 
of the month. Thermometer averaged 60 to 6'} in all the Atlantic States, 
aljout 60 at iAIempbis, and up as high as 69 at Galvesrton, until the last 
week, when it went down to 52 at Galveston, 56 in the Atlantic States 
and 49 at Memphis. 

April. — First week of April weather greatly improved ; A'cry little rain 
fell, and the thermometer went back to an average of about C6 through- 
out the greater portiou of the cotton belt. After that it was somewhat 
rainy again, except in a portion of the Southwest; but tlie last week 
rain was eonflued mainly to the coast half of the States. But little rain 
at Galveston ; more needed. Tliermometer averaged in the cotton belt 
about 68 to 70. The mouth was, ou the whole, favorable for an early 
start. 

Jfaj/.— Weather generally cold and rainy for the season. Rain in 
the Atlantic and Gulf States on about ton days of the month, and 
cloudy more days. May 11 it was so cold at Macon Georgia, that 
otu- correspondent telegraphed they had to have fires. The same 
was true at other points. Our Charleston correspondent wrote, under 
date of May 22, that " there has hardly lieen a night when flres have not 
" been found comfortable, and in no case has thick covering for beds 
"been discarded." Thermometer was reported at 52 at Memphis in our 
telegram of May 5, and averaged 59 for week ending May 12. Our 
Columbus, Georgia, correspondent wrote, May 15: "Continued excessive 



92 COTTOX FROM SEF.D TO LOOM. 

" r;iiu8 iiiul coliT, frosty uiglits have created a uecessity for replautin-^, 
" some havinj; been ix'plauted a third time;" and ou May 12, oiir Memphis 
correspondent stated '• tliat the cohl, wei weather is making the young 
"plant die ont." 

Jane. — A very .stoniiy month o\<;r much of tlic South, with excesaive 
rainfall at many points Grass complained of greatly in parts of South 
Carolina, almost 'all of Georgia, and .nbont ha.lf of AUibama, Mi8sissii)pi 
and Louisiana, the plant looking weak and sicklj'. Our Macon corre- 
Rpcmdent states that the *' crop is complcti^ly overrim with grass," and 
that is a got)d sample of all the information from the districts iiaim-cL 
Galveston had some very hard rains, but the interior of Texas still com- 
plains of droaight. Memphis, Nashville and the most of Ax-kansas send 
much more favorable reports the last three weeks. 

FROJt THE AGRICULTURAL BUREAU REPORTS. 

The June report (iov the month of May) says— "The condition of the 
" grow iug crop i» below average in nearly every State. The spring has 
" been unusually \\ et and cold, retarding growth, causing tlie plants to 
"turn yellow and die, and obstructing cultivation. To a large extent 
" replanting has i-etilled the vacant spaces oi iniiKn-fect stau^ls. The 
'• weather has recently been more favoniljle, and ii is not imiiossible 
"that an average condition may be attained by the commencement 
" of the picking season. * * * * The percentage l)elow an aver- 
" age couditioDi is respectively as follows iu the several States — North 
" Carolina, 10 per cent; South Carolina, 8 ; Georgia, IS; Alabama, 17; 
"Mississippi, 10; Louisiana, 10; Texas, 7; Arkansas, 17; Tenitessee, 10." 

The July report (for the month of June) says — '" The July returns do not 
" materially change tlic cotton crop prospect reported iu June. Severe 
" raiu storms have cond)incd to obstruct cultivation and check growth in 
" the States upon the Gulf coast. The States of Louisiana, Mississippi, 
" Alabama and Florida average lower ui condition than at the date of tlie 
" last report ; the Georgia and Texas averages remain imchauged, and au 
" improvement is" indicated in the Caroliuas, Tennessee and Arkansas." 

The foregoing statements establish certain important 
facts ; — 

First — Tliat three weeks of April, and the whole of May 
and June (except the last three weeks of the latter month 
in the Memphis and ISTashville districts), were cold and rainy 
in every Southern State but the upper half of Texas. 

Second — In Texas a drought began in April, and, with 
the exception of tlie coast belt, continued with but little 
interruption through May and June, in the latter month 
becoming very severe. 

Third — As a result of these facts the plant eveiywhere 
(except in the upper Iialf of Texas) was first stunted, 
checked and largely killed by tlie cold, and after that by the 
very grassy condition of the fields; consequently the stands. 



FLA XTIXG— CTJLTIVATL OX— ST A KD. 



93 



proved in June to be weak, sickly and very imperfect. In 
the Memphis and Nashville districts an impi-ovement was 
recorded during the last three weeks of June. 

It will be remembered in this connection that the crop 
in 1871-72, on a decreased acreage of 10 percent, was over 
31 per cent less than the previous crop, being only 
2,974,000 bales, against 4,352,000 in 1870-71. 

1872. 

The average thermometer, rainfall and weather conditions 
for the first six months of 1872 were as follows : 



187 


2. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mareh. 


April. 


May. 


June. 


Wiliniui^tOQ.. 


. Kainfall . . . 


3-62 


5-20 


6 42 


0-97 


4-89 


2-8/ 


" 


Ay. tlieriii. 


43-5 


45-9 


48-8 


63-2 


73-2 


78-3 


Cliarlestou. .. 


..Kainfall .. 


3-78 


513 


9'78 


2 46 


6 30 


1-87 


• ' 


Av. therm 


450 


48-5 


5 10 


65 6 


74 9 


79-7 


Augusta 


.Rainfall... 


5 20 


5-87 


10-88 


2 95 


536 


4-77 


" 


Av. therm 


41 


4«0 


500 


660 


740 


79-0 


Atlanta 


.Kainfall... 
Av. tlierm. 


2 94 


5-28 


7-66 


309 


3 75 


1-82 


Savaunali. .. 


.Kainfall... 


2 Oi) 


405 


10-18 


2-75 


5 22 


9-52 


" 


Av. therm. 


4()-0 


50 


535 


670 


76 


. 800 


Montgomery. 


.Kainfall... 
A v. therm 


5-83 


675 


8-50 


417 


4-29 


2-68 


Mobile 


.Rainfall... 


's'eo 


8-00 


12 76 


4-33 


378 


'6-33 




Av. tlierni. 


45- 1 


51-7 


51-4 


69 2 


75-7 


80-6 


Xt",w Orleaus 


.Ka nfall... 


510 


4-77 


9-18 


5-01 


3 14 


5-34 


" 


Av. therm 


48-7 


5(i-2 


59 2 


70-4 


75-8 


80-5 


Viclcsliurg . . . 


.Kviiif.ill... 


3-24 


5-34 


7-82 


7-79 


13-23 


3.82 


" 


-\v. the I'm 


42-7 


52-6 


56-0 


69-2 


75-2 


81-6 


Shreveport- . 


.Rainfall... 


5-23 


5-89 


411 


7-18 


910 


2-70 




Av. tiierm. 


40-7 


50 


54-4 


605 


73-5 


80-4 


ML'uiphis . . . 


.Rainfall... 


217 


4-24 


5- 19 


6-99 


416 


4-44 


'• 


Av. therm. 


35 


430 


47-0 


640 


71-0 


760 


Nashville . . . 


.R linfall... 


2-32 


211 


3 09 


5-91 


3 09 


5-17 




Av. therm. 


350 


43 


44-2 


621 


71-8 


77-4 


Galveston. . . 


.Rainfall... 


4G1 


2 27 


2-77 


5-96 


2-21 


339 


*' 


Av. therm. 


500 


550 


61-4 


71 7 


78-1 


83-0 



CHROXICLE AVE.\THEK EEl'OUTS SUMM.\UY. 

Jaiiutry.—Bn,v\y in month mild, -with rain; la.st week cokl, with snow 
and sleet almost everywhere, from Galveston to Memphis and from 
Mobile to Charleston. 

FcbriicD-y.—A eold month. Early in the mouth snow and sleet almost 
everywhere; thermometer, for instanee, averaged 38 the week ending 
I<\'.bruary 3 at Galveston and 37 at Mobile, &e., and 26 at Memphis. 
Subsequent weeks cold, but moderating gradually, thermometer iiver- 
aging at Galveston the next week 47, and 56, 59, 62 the three follow- 
ing weeks. 

Ifrtrc/i .—Planting in Te.Kas at end of month nearly completed; else- 
where backward, with weather eold and rainy, except the early part of 
the month. Four inches of snow at Memphis the third week and flurries 
of snow the last week of March. 

April.— Tho second week there was a severe storm in Alabama, which 
extended into aJjoiniug States but was le.s.s severe there ; and apparently 
another st orni from the northwest, which extended into Tennessee. 
Rivers overflowed m Montgomery district and very high in Memphis 



04 COTTON FJi02I SEED TO LOOM. 

district, but soon re-ceded. Balance of mouth wcatlier very mucli 
improved everywhin-o, so that phmtiug made good i>rogre.ss.. Iii the 
Atlantic States fairly favorable all the month. 

Ji«.?/.— Texas reports crop developing promisingly. Very hoiivy 
showers in the upjier half of Louisiana, extending through the Vicks- 
burg and Shrcveport districts. Elsewhere, the first three weeks too 
dry; but last week splendid showers almost everywhere, having a 
magic effect on crop, and the montli closed with the start good and the 
tiolds clean. 

Jane. — Until the last week weather favorable, wich occasional show- 
ers, and stand reported good. Towards last of month complaint.s of too 
much raiu at very many points, and caterpillars at several points, 
but no injury done as yet was the general report, the fields being clean 
and well cultivated. 

FROM THE .\GUICULTtJR.VL ntJRE.VtJ REPORTS. 

The June report (for the month of May) says : * * * * "Planting 
"was generally delayed by a protracted season of drought, and flelds 
"that were planted late occasioned some trouble in obtaining perfect 
"stands; but the recent rains and renewed efforts in planting have 
" finally secured stands of average completeness." * * * * " The condi- 
"tionof the plant throughout tlie cotton section is very nearly a full 
"average. Separatiug the Atlantic from the more western States, the 
"former stand a little bs'low an average; the latter are fully up to a 
"standard of a fair condition- Tiie drought which prevailed in April 
" an 1 th.5 first half of May delaj'cd the growth, and the cold nights in the 
" more northern belt had a further retarding effect; but the abundant 
"rains and genial temperature which followed, have wonderfully 
"invigorated and advanced the crop." 

The July report (for the month of Jun(;) say.s: "The past month has 
" been generally favoral)le to cotton. Limited area.'* have been affected 
" by drought, but rains wei'e cpiite general during the latter part of June. 
" On the Atlantic coast, showers have been so frequent and heavy since 
" June 20 as to delay cultivation and promote the growth of weeds, and 
"grass. Before that date a season of comparative drought of seven or 
"eight weeks had been suflfere'l in a portion of this district, while other 
" counties represent the weather as having- been uniformly unfavorable." 

These statements sliow :— 

First — Tliat the weather during April^ May and June 
was on the whole very favorable for the development of 
the cotton plant, far more favorable than during the same 
months of the previous year. 

Second — That the stands in June were reported very 
good from almost all parts of the South. 

The crop grown during this year of 1872—73 was (on 
about 10 per cent more acreage) 3,930,500 bales, agtunst 
2,974,000 bales the previous year. 

1873. 

For the first six months of 1873 the rainfall, average 
thermometer and weather summary were as follows. 



PLAXTIXa-CTLTirATIOX-STAXD. 



95 



1873. 



Jan. 



Wilmiuytou.. 
Charleston .. 

Auj^ustii 

Atlanta 

Savauuuh. ... 
Montgomery. 

Mobile 

New Orleans. 
Vickslnu'g . .. 
Slireveport.- . 

Mempljis 

Nasliville 

Galveston 

ludianola 



.RaiulalL. 

Av. tlicrui 
.Kuiiitall . . 

Av. tlicriu 
..Kaiufall.. 

Av. tlieriu 
..Rainfall.. 

Av. tlieriii 
..Raint'alL. . 

Av. tlierin 
.Rainfall... 

Av. tlicriu 
.Rainfall.. . 

Av. ilicrni. 
.R;iiiit'all.. . 

Av. tlicriii 
.Rainfall... 

Av. tlicrni. 
.Rainfall.. . 

Av. tlicnji. 
.Ktiinfall... 

Av. tlicnii. 
.Rainfall.. 

Av. tlierni 
.Rainfall.. 

Av. tlicrni 
.Rainfall... 

Av. therm. 



4-13 
50-'_' 

413 
48-1 

503 
44-8 

3-36 

" '3-56 
49 

4-i)7 
53-3 

4-lo 
46-3 

5-OG 
49-.J 

4-.S7 
43-1) 

313 
42-.! 

5-85 
330 

2 -90 
3.")-4 

3-13 
4!»-8 

1-81 
51-5 



Feb. Mareh April. Maj'. ] June. 



5-.i5 
51-(i 

2-27 
53-4 

4-1(3 
40-9 
12-04 

' d-99 
55-0 

9-1)7 
52-1 

3-15 
5()-l 

1-93 
60-5 

4-4G 
54-0 

7-47 
52-!) 

8-98 
44-0 

7-14 
43-(! 

(»-.")0 
59-3 

1-13 
GO-3 



1-OS 
02-9 

3-(»5 
53-() 

3-05 
.'j2-.> 

2-5S 

4-37 
55-1 

4-.->l 
G4-2 

3-80 
57-0 

.-vlO 
60-1 

l-<7 
58-5 

2-67 
58-9 

3- 14 
50-0 

4-11 
47-4 

2- SO 
6,J-2 

2-.U 
6,"r3 



1-75 
71-2 

1-33 
64-5 

2-00 
64-2 

1-96 

4-37 

67-0 

.^-57 
67-1 

0-88 
65-7 

1-71 
66-9 

1-76 
G(i-2 

1-94 
G4-8 

4-87 
60-0 

3-59 
59-4 

2-27 
G8-0 

0-32 
67-G 



8-63 
78-0 

4-90 
74-9 

8-63 
72-4 

6-05 

5-12 
71-0 
10-23 
79-2 
11-47 
73-9 
18-68 
73-7 

8-79 
73-0 

4-58 
72-9 

4-32 
69-0 

4-11 
70-0 

5-36 
73-0 

6-90 
75-5 



3-60 
81-4 

6-29 
78-1 

3-12 
78-6 

6-86 

' '4-6 i 
78-8 
11-08 
81-8 

9-87 
79-4 

6-68 
80-1 

4-16 
80-0 

7-94 
79-6 

6-o6 
79-0 

4-20 
77-9 

S-61 
82-1) 

3-74 
82-3 



ClUtOXICLE WE.VTUlill UEPOKTS .S[J.M.M,VU V. 

Ju>inar;/.—X cold month. On the 29tb thermometer at Indiauola, 
Texas, went down to 15. Ou the 19th it tonched 19 at Mobile and 14 at 
Montgomer3-, etc. 

i'V^;-(«fn-y/.— Continued cold west of the Alleghauies. At Memphis 
three day.s suow in the first week, and excessively cold and snow at 
Nashville aa I below. Subsecpieutly temperature moderated. The first 
WJjlc therm )metor averaged at Memphis 23; second week, 41; third 
week, 42, and fourth week, 51. In the tliird week there was an unusual 
rainfall, and the rivers in Alabama overflowed, and also the Mississippi 
at a few points. 

M tixh. — Weather generally favorable for crop prei)arations, the rivers 
fuUiug and temperature gradually moderating until the last week, when 
there was a cold tarn again, with snow at Memphis and Nashville, and 
frost at Sclma, &c. 

April. — A g.)od month for getting ia the crop, though too cold ani 
too dry for au early start. In the second and third weeks slight frost 
w.is reported as far down as Mobile, and some small amount of re- 
planting made necessar3' in several districts. 

Ifay. — Tlie first two weeks favorable, the flue showers doing good, 
except in the second week au unusually severe storm in the Gulf, 
especially at New Orleans. More rain than necessary the balance of 
the month, but not to any considerable extent actually injurious until 
the last wi^ek, and then mostly in the lower half of the Gulf States 
an:l the lower half or two-thirds of (reorgia. In those sections the 
grass had at that time become very troublesome; elsewhere the stand 
secured was from fairl3- good to e.^ccelleut, though generally backward 
and late in portions of the Gulf States ou account of the lower tem- 
perature in those sections during the month. 

JitHc— Too much rain this month in the lower half of the Gulf States 
and Georgia, and in the coast counties of South Carolina and through 
a comparative!}^ narrow tract from Galveston over Shreveport to 
Memphis. Grass troublesome in all those districts ; but as the rain wa.3 



!)G 



COTTOX FROM SEED TO LOOM. 



(over much of tlic territory named) not continuous but in the shape of 
sliower-s, better progress than anticipated Avas made in fighting the 
grass. Tile last week hi the Gulf and Atlantic States weather improved 
materiallj'. 

Chronicle acreage report, (sec Clirouiclc, June 11, l'w3), gives the 
weather up tv) June 1st in different StatL'S as follows. 

j'g_t.f(,._Early Weather cold, plant very backward in sDUthcru half of 
State, but less so in upper lialf. SIuco from about the 5th of May the 
weather has been all that could be desired. Loniniaiia—EM-ly weather 
very similar to the weather in Texas. Siuce lir.^t week of May there 
has been a decided improvcuient, and in the northern half of the 
Srate up to the last of May every tiling was progressing favorably; 
SDUthern half of State more rainy, so that in some .sections quite clicked 
up witli grass. Mississippi and Alabama— VAivly weather better than 
in last two States, but since then too much rain in tlic lower half of the 
State. In the northern portions there has been much less rain, and 
CDuseiiuantly the condition at present is good. Gcoroia—EiU-ly weather 
cold and plant backward, but by last of May condition of crop good, 
nearly all bciug chopped out, the plant small but strong and healthy. 
South and North Carolina— yivi^h the same report as given for Georgia. 
Tenncissi and Ar:cansas—£a\i.'mg whole of these States together, we 
should pronounce the present condition of the cotton plant good. 

FROM THE AGRICUI-TURAL BUREAU REPORTS. 

The June report saj-s : " Twelve months ago an increase over the 
" previous year in the cotton avea was reported in every State; an in- 
" crease over that of last year is now reported in every State." * * « * 
" The acreage ciiltiruted will fall considerably below that planted. A 
" cold, backward spring, causing much seed to rot in the ground, a 
" verj' wet May preventing woi-k and increasing the suliseiiuent demand 
" for it, and the impossibility of ol)taining sutlicient labor to subdue 
" over the whole breadth sown the excessive weeds and grass coiise- 
" quent upon tlie extraordinarily wet season, conspire to make this 
" result inevitable." * * * " But it will be seen from tlie extracts 
•" below that very generally the weather in the last days of May wa.^ 
" favorable, and there was a hopeful prospect that tlie contlitiou would 
" rapidly improve." 

Tlie July report 8a3's: * "■■ * " But throughout the cotton States, 
" tor a pe. iod varyiiig ftoni twenty-five to thirty-t ve days, according to 
" loealitj', and ending between the 20th and 30tli of June, the weather 
" was wet beyond precedent." >■ * * "In cousequence of this excess 
" of rain and lack of labor, weeds and grass have been overshadowing 
" the cotton plant in every State, and in almost everj' county reported." 
V,'o add the Bureau's liguves of condition for June and July since 1871. 





1877. 1870. 


1875. 


isr-i. 


1873. 


1 
1872. i 1871. 


States. 


s 






6 

3 


>^ 


c 


>. 


a 


^' 


6 


t.^ 


6 


i 




►-5 


►-5 t-S 


1-3 


1-5 


^ 


*-5 


H; 


1-5 


H5 


>-! 


•-5 


^-> 


►-5 


North Oaiolina. 


82 


8S 101 


101 


92 


95 


-9 


102 


85 


91 


m 


94 


<)0 


99 


houthCarolina . 


.)1 


87 1 t>8 


90 


9'/ 


!ti! 


SI 


88 


8S 


82 


92 


9/ 


92 


100 


Gi^'jrgia 


Sit 


90 UKi 


ur.i 


91 


9/ 


so 


91 


9t 


94 


90 


l(tl| 82 


82 


Florida 


!)2 


931 8-' 


9S 


91 


I'll 


90 


Jt() 


102 


9i) 


!t5 


102 


103 


88 


Alal)ama 


!)() 


9l! 91 


100 


101 


102 


82 


92 


93 


85 


105 


10(5 


83 


81 


Miss.ssippi 


!>1 


9,S 92 


it I 


100 


io;j 


78 


87 


92 


83 


100 


109 


84 


80 


Jjouisiana 


its 


102' 89 


i)2 


it.) 


105 


70 


73 


ttl 


80 


104 


103 


90 


75 


Texas 


i>l 


9 1 90 


itit 


9() 


tt;j 


its 


102 


8«! 


7s 


Uto 


l(t5 


t»3 


!t3 


Arkansas 


;)1 


91' 95 


97 


90 


104 


75 


it! 


!t2 


i)(i 


its 


95 


83 


ito 




'tl 


9o OS 


lOJ 


!t9 


100 


90 


y; 


90 


90 


101 


104 


90 


its 









PLAXTIXG—CrLTITATIOXSTAXD. 



97 



"We may gather from the above : 

First. — That tlie start was everywhere late. April was 
a cold and dry month. The warm rains of the early half 
of May were therefore needed. Subsequently during 
May, and also during June, there was too much rain in the 
coast half of the Gulf and Atlantic States, and in large 
sections the plant was choked with grass. Upper half of 
all these States and the whole of Tennessee and Arkansas 
was in good condition. 

Second. — The text of the Agricultural Bureau Reports, 
makes the condition everywhere very bad, but its figures, 
even for whole States, show very great differences, and are, 
exc3pt for Tennessee, North and South Carolina and Texas, 
much more favorable than for 1871; its statement also that 
June " was throughout the Cotton States wet beyond prece- 
dent" would seem from the official reports of rainfall to 
be inaccurate. There was a great excess of rain at Mobile, 
Montgomery and New Orleans in May, and also at the two 
former places in June ; but elsewhere it would appear that 
the average for the two months, though large, was by no 
means so extreme. 

Third. — That the stand in June was good in the upper 
half of all the States, and m the most of Arkansas and 
Tennessee, and generally poor and gi-assy elsewhere. 

The crop grown during this year, 1873-74, was (on 
about 11 per cent more acreage) 4,170,000 bales, against 
3,930,500 bales last year. 

1874. 

The temperature, rainfall, number of days of rain and 
weather summary for the first six months of 1874 were 
as follows : 



1874. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


March 


April. 


M,i^y. 


Juue. 


Norfolk. 


. R;ihir:ill 

No. days niiu. 

CHUh 

Ther...' Low. 

( Avor 


11 
"3 
150 
4-y2 


4-79 

11 
77-0 

a9-o 

43-1 


4-2G 
10 
7-0 
83- 1 
48-9 


5-97 
14 
8n-o 
sa-o 

5i'2 


3-97 
10 
910 

4s-a 


3-49 

12 
]02-() 
S.o-O 
77-7 



98 



COTTON FMOM SEED TO LOOM. 



187-4. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Marcli. 


April. 


May. 


June. 


Wiliuiiigt'u 


.Rainfall 


5-14 


6 -.54 


3-72 


2-88 


5-07 


2-81 




No. da}-.s rain. 


7 


10 


12 


13 


9 


12 




( fiigh 


73 


740 


80-5 


f.2-n 


PI--. 


67-.-> 


(> 


Tber... •; L"w 


19() 


81-. 


3'-0 


34-0 


.)K-0 


B3-0 




1 Aver 


50 \ 


48-1 


f7- 1 


6-2-8 


70-1 


80- 1 


Cliarlcston 


Rainfall 


3-15 


10-4.5 


3-4.5 


2-95 


5-50 


2-29 




No. day.'^ rain. 


7 


14 


10 


7 


9 


9 




( Hu-h 


6 


:6-o 


i^VQ 


82-0 


9:5-0 


98-0 


« 


Ther...^ '"W 


21-0 


3 


40- 1 


4 -0 


: l-.J 


6"- J 




( .Wer. 


f2-l 


51o 


:9-9 


67- r 


71-4 


81-0 


Augusta. . 


Rainfall 


314 


7-22 


7-78 


G-23 


3-8S 


3-29 




No. days rain. 
Tlier... ^ Low. 


12 


11 


17 


13 


7 
ovo 

5-0 


8 
99-5 
6v » 




f ve . 


5r-2 


5(1-5 


-90 


63-3 


7-2- i 


8!-4 


Athuitii .. 


. Runfall 


3-14: 


C-8G 


7-38 


10-42 


3-00 


7-71 


»• 


No. day.s rain. 


4 


ft 


10 


12 





13 




(Hi 11 


63r 


720 


760 


770 


9 ^0 


9r0 


II 


Tlier... ■ '.^vv 


IvO 


!iS-0 


3»-0 


400 


SO- 1 


7.,-0 




i Aver 


500 


6 ■ 1 


57-0 


650 


78-0 


Mf-O 


SavaimaU 


Rainfall 


2-07 


9-71 


2-85 


2-69 


4-85 


4-85 




No. d.iy.s rain. 


12 


13 


8 


11 


11 


14 




(l.-h 


7.S-1 


73-0 


86- 


84-.) 





9.)-n 


<< 


Thor... ■ uow . 


&90 


3 -0 


;70 


46-0 


520 


«6-0 




( WdP. 


52-4 


5 --3 


• 2- J 


o«-o 


722 


8 -7 


Columbus. 


Riinfall 












G-.55 


" 


No. days rain. 


"q 


"l6 


' 14 


13 


" 8' 


27 




(Hgh. 














«( 


Tlier... Lon-. 
















r -ivei'. 


olio 


550 


61 


67-0 


72-0 


82-6 


MacDU 


.Rainfall.... 
No. days rain. 


1-77 


G-SO 


7-8S 


9-2G 


1-45 


3-48 




f il'^ii. 


780 


7(3'r 


78-0 


8.S0 


92-0 


9 ■■ 


>> 


Tlier... • I.OW.. 


28-0 


3i)0 


360 


400 


4 ■() 


70-0 




i .Vve . 


57-0 


5.0 


6 


71-0 


^0■0 


81-0 


Mimtsoiu'J 


.Riinfall 


3-69 


G-57 


10-GG 


9-45 


2-03 


4-31 




No. days rain. 


« 


11 


13 


15 


7 


22 




( .ii^ii 


77-0 


7 •'! 


83- .i 


f2-0 


f55 


H5". 


II 


Ther... ■ L-w 


270 


H;-0 


11-0 


420 


1 1-0 


70-5 




( iver 


5:-3 


545 


61-0 


«:• I 


73- i 


.9-7 


Mobile .... 


Rainfall 


2-48 


2 "2 


10-57 


1092 


1-2:5 


5-G9 




No. days rain. 


8 


"9 " 


15 


15 


.5 


12 




( 'll^ih. 


710 


75-0 


8M) 


8>-0 


9'-0 


93-0 


*1 


Ther... ■ b"W 


310 


3.i- ' 


4:5-0 


4-0 


!0-J 


700 




( Aver 


r33 


5H-7 


6:1-3 


64- f 


7 -i5 


80-1 


N. Orloaiis 


Riiinfall 


1-(H 


3-G8 


7-57 


13-G2 


0-22 


9-G2 


** 


No. days rain. 


10 


12 


12 


12 


3 


17 




C auh. 




77- (i 


81- • 


7.t-0 


^9-0 


91-0 


n 


Ther... \ b-w 




4>-i) 


5 -0 


4 -0 


5V.I 


72-0 




( Avor. 


560 


59- 1 


66-2 


63-6 


75-7 


81-3 


Vicksburg. 


Rainfall 


5-27 


3-47 


9-8G 


22-24 


0-lG 


3-43 


" 


No. days raiu. 


13 


10 


15 


IG 





9 




C High. 








8ro 


95"l 


940 


'< 


Tlier. . . L w . 








41-0 


520 


67-0 




( .\ver 


52-2 


54-d 


62-5 


57-7 


7J-4 


81-9 


Shre.vcn'rt 


.Rainfall 


3-.)l 


7-.58 


9-27 


10-G4 


1 19 


1-35 




No, days rain. 


12 


11 


14 


10 


.5 


3 




( H'gh. 


72- • 


7(i-0 


820 


82-0 


950 


960 


<• 


Tlicr... I LOW 


2 -0 


310 


440 


4 


•30 


630 




r iver 


50-4 


■:.i-6 


60-5 


61-0 


75-2 


82-7 


Meuiphi.s . 


.Rainfall 


2-83 


4-10 


G-Gl 


10- IG 


0-G3 


• -22 




No. days raiu. 


U 


7 


7 


8 


3 


"5 




i ^igll 












94-5 


** 


Ther... ^ Low . 












60-0 




( Aver. 


4-0 


45-0 


530 


55-'0 


720 


810 


Nasliville. 


.Rainfall 


5-22 


9-23 


5-26 


11-8 4 


1-19 


2-87 


" 


No. days rain. 


IJ 


14 


19 


15 


7 


7 




(HI ill. 












990 


" 


Tbcr. . . \ Low . 












6i)-0 




( Aver. 


ii-'i 


44 5 


51-7 


54-7 


720 


83-5 


Galvostou 


.Rainfall 


1-37 


3-11 


3-09 


3-38 


5-80 


1-G8 


'• 


No. days raiu. 


9 


10 


10 


8 


3 


G 




(Hgh 










89-0 


92-0 


II 


Ther... ^ Low 










6S0 


730 




(Ave 


55-'o' 


580 


670 


660 


7 


81-7 


luilianola 


. Rainfall 


1-18 


2-92 


4-30 


0-74 


018 


G-80 


•' 


No. days raiu. 


G 


7 


14 


5 


3 


8 




(High 


74-5 


70-5 


81-5 


830 


90-5 


92-4 


•* 


Ther... 'l^.w 




3(50 


450 


410 


5!>0 


70-0 




( vver. 


55> 


5.-i-4 


67-3 


66-1 


74-9 


81-2 



FLA NTIN G— C UL TI VA TIOX—STA ND. 99 



CHKOKICLE WE.VraiiR REPOUTS SUM.MAKY. 

Januarij.—'TXui tirst ami last weeks but little raiu fell ; the balauee of 
tlie month there was more ; geuerally, however, not enough to interfere 
materially with the marketing of the crop. Mouth opened eoM and 
closed warm. The second week there were sleet and snow at Galveston. 

Fe')ruciri/. — Wea^hjr sija.souable, with considerable raiu, but no ex- 
oe.ssive cold. Plantation work made good progres.s. 

Mai'ch.—yevy he.ivy riiius this month, especially in the Gulf and 
Southweiteru States. Tha Mississippi River very high, and in the 
third week breaks were ropoi'ted in the levee on the west side below 
Mj:uphis. Planting much delayed, being pushed forward under great 
dillieulties in all that section. 

Aprl'. — Ooutiuue 1 lieavy rains tlirough the month (reaching 22 inches 
and 2 4 huudrolths of an inch at Vicksburg), closing up with a frost the 
last of the. month, from Mobile to North Carolina ; the frost was rex^orted 
killiug in the ua/t-ioru parts of Georgia, South Carolina and North 
CaroUua, maklug replauting uocessary to same extent iu the two former 
States, but much of the seed was not sufficiently started to be harmed. 
Nearly all the Southern rivers overflowed— b.)th the Mississippi aud its 
tributaries and the Alabama and its tributaries— being one of the most 
extensive overflows on I'ccord, the iiiunher of acres umler toaler in the 
Mississippi Vullei/ not haring bnii equaled probably during the last 
thirtif years, aud did not fully subside until iu Juue. 

J/a.y.— The last few daj's of .\pril the weather changed to dry, and 
contiuuad with but very little raiu the first week of May, aud in some 
considerable sections throughout the entire mouth. For instance, the 
rainfall for the whole month of May was only 22 hundredths of au inch 
at New Orleans, 16 huudi-odths at Vicksburg. aud G3 hundredths at 
Memphis. As a result of such prolonged drought following the excess- 
ive rains, the groimd became l>aked and the scad could not germiiuito, 
except very irregularly; or where the plant was up it did not tlevelop 
healthfully, djing out iu many cases and making very imperfect stands. 

J(«He.— Weather during Juno was more favorable, especially the last 
half of the mouth, showers then becoming finite general. The dry 
weather enabled the planters to keep tlie fielils clean, but the stands 
were, as a rule, imperfect, and the plant not strong and stocky. Plant- 
ing iu the overflowed districts not-completed till after the first of Juue. 

FROM THE AGRtCULTDRAL BUREAU REPORTS. 

Tho June report says (reporting the condition to June 1st) : " The sea- 
" son has been remarkable for heavy andfreaueut rains during tho mouth 
" of April throughout the cotton States." * * * * " From the first 
"week in May to its close drought was almost universal." * * * * 
"The staud is therefore very poor, mauy plants not having made their 
" appearance on tho 1st of June." 

The July report says: "The cotton planters report" * * * * " au 
"improvement in the condition of tlie plant iu every State." * * * * 
" As compared with July of last year, condition is higher, except in 
" Florida, Louisiana and Arkansas." 
From tlie foregoing we learn : 

First. — That there were all through April excessive rains, 
resulting in the most extensive overflows known for thirty 
years. 

Second. — That throughout the whole of May there was 



100 



COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 



scarcely any rainfall west of Georgia and North Carolina, 
only sixteen hundredths of an inch at Vicksburg, and 
sixty-three liundredths of an inch at Memphis, &c. 

Third. — That in the overflowed sections in the Mississippi 
Valley planting was not completed until after the first of 
June. 

Fourth. — That on account of the excessive rains, and then 
of the excessive drought, the stands in a very considerable 
section wore very irregular, imperfect and poorly rooted ; 
and, further, that the late start in the Mississippi Valley 
made the crop late, and the early frost in the Fall cut the 
plant before it had matured. 

The crop grown during this year (1874) was only 3,833,- 
000 bales, against 3,930,500 bales in 1872, although the 
acreage was over 12 per cent in excess of 1872. 

1875. 

The weather summary, including temperature, rainfall 
and number of days on which it rained, is as follows for 
the first six months of 1875 : 



1875. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


March. 


April. 


May. 


Jiino. 


NorfDUc. 


.. R:iinf lU.iuch. 


5-8t) 


2-95 


8-00 


2-24 


2-29 


1-38 


'* 


No. days rain 


18 


10 


19 


12 


8 


H 




iHtrh 


54-0 


7()-0 


7t-0 


80-0 


95-0 


98-5 


•' 


Tlier... < o\v 


;40 


9-0 


2fV0 


870 


450 


570 




( wei- 


3tt-2 


37g 


4ii-7 


52-2 


65-2 


74-9 


Wiliuiu,i;i: 


n.Rainfalljurli 


5-52 


1-97 


4-55 


3-;i2 


2-84 


11-07 


" 


Ko.tlavs i-itin. 


18 


9 


19 


11 


8 


12 




(Hi'h. 


70-0 


7^-0 


750 


8U-0 


90-0 


910 


" 


Thcr... > i.ow 


ai'O 


15-0 


280 


28-0 


43-0 


5S-0 




r We 


4;i'3 


4.-)-;) 


54-4 


58-5 


08-4 


74-2 


C'jarlosto 


I. Rainfall, iiicli. 


7-77 


4-27 


6-.i7 


4-5G 


8-51 


3-15 




No. day.s rain. 


IS 


10 


ir> 


10 


1') 


9 




I Hi li. 


07-0 


73-0 


730 


82-0 


sfi-n 


95-0 


** 


Thcr... ■ Low 


3;)-0 


2S-0 


3-.() 


3;)0 


500 


61-0 




i >e 


473 


i\)-i 


57- 1 


(50-8 


71-7 


78' a 


Augustix. . 


..Rainfall, inch. 


G-77 


5-17 


11-88 


4-71 


1-10 


G-59 


" 


No. days I'aiii. 


17 


9 


15 


10 


G 


14 




\ " e'l 


«S-0 


7.S-0 


7ri0 


830 


91 


97-0 


" 


Ther,.. ■! ow. 


2.S0 


230 


3!-0 


35-0 


490 


58- 




i V..., 


44-9 


4i>'y 


.5,-)-4 


CO' 9 


73'0 


7.S-4 


Atl;iJit:v . . 


..Rainfall. inch. 


5-«0 


092 


10-27 


4-79 


1-84 


4-58 




iNo. days ruin. 


11 


7 


11 


7 ■ 


5 


8 




iH sh. 


6V0 


070 


70-0 


7S-0 


920 


930 


" 


Thcr... j\v. 
( We 


11-0 


140 


3.>0 


32 


: 0-0 


(53-0 




44-0 


4150 


500 


B.0-0 


77-0 


CoO 


Savannah 


..Rainfall, inch 


8-^4 


3-50 


C-88 


511 


3-20 


4-10 


" 


No. day.s rain 


17 


9 


12 


8 


12 


G 




{ High 
Ther... > a' . 


74-0 


80-0 


810 


84-0 


TOO 


9J-0 


'* 


330 


80-0 


3;)-0 


400 


510 


(530 




^ ^ ve . 


4i)-7 


50-7 


59-2 


03-5 


72-9 


79-4 


CoUmilnis 


. Rainfall, in 'li. 


5-.^-< 


5-57 


14-44 


3-47 


3-(!8 


3-(>2 


** 


No. day.s rain 


1!) 


8 


12 


8 


■5 


8 




iHitrh. 


7.30 


020 


760 


800 


9o-0 


980 


*' 


Ther... -^ l-ow . 


3'50 


220 


•6i0 


400 


.560 


(520 




' \' . 


470 


49 


570 


020 


7(50 


82- (5 



































FLA XTIXG~C VLTIVA TIOX—STA XU. 



101 



1875. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


March . 


April. 


May. 


June. 


Miii'oii 


.Rainfall, inch. 
No. davsiiiin. 


5-33 


4-37 


12-95 


5-56 


2-43 


316 




iHi^li. 


■JOO 


78-0 


79o' 


ao-o 


;-;9-o 


'.8-b" 


'' 


Ther... • i.ow. 


200 


18-0 


300 


3 -0 


4H-0 


639 




( .We . 


52-0 


560 


65-0 


72-0 


fOO 


ST'O 


Moiit.iroiu'j 


.Rainfall, inch. 


G-71 


7-StJ 


11-56 


3.54 


l-.i7 


1-..4 


" 


No. days rain. 


21 


16 


16 


9 


7 


14 




^ " «"• 


74-5 


78-5 


78-5 


860 


98-0 


99-5 


** 


Ther...- ow . 


180 


220 


34-5 


390 


510 


61-5 




/ < vr. 


47-2 


49-6 


57-4 


62-6 


74'5 


80-7 


Mobile. ... 


.Rainfnilineh. 


570 


7-15 


8-3) 


7-51 


1-46 


2-45 


** 


JS'o.(la\s rain. 


^2 


9 


13 


6 


5 


8 




<"sh. 


720 


740 


78-0 


77-0 


91-0 


950 


" 


Ther... ow. 


25-.) 


28-0 


3ro 


41-0 


5(50 


03-0 




' ,\ver. 


49-8 


50-9 


602 


63-2 


73-3 


80-8 


N. Orleans 


-Raiiifall.ineh. 


8-4:4 


13-85 


10-84 


8-05 


2-53 


4-92 


" 


JSo. days rain. 


'2'2 


9 


15 


8 


8 


16 




C i h. 


75"o"' 


770 


790 


79-5 


8S-3 


930 


** 


Ther. . . ■< ow . 


28-5 


.S2-5 


38-0 


49-5 


650 


6S-0 




} vvpr. 


54-2 


5J-9 


63-5 


65-3 


76-2 


80-1 


Slirovcport 


.Rainfnll.luch. 


3-i)3 


267 


4-!t4 


3-46 


O-itl 


1-79 




No. days rain. 


20 


It 


16 


11 


;") 


9 




™ { isli- 


750 


780 


89' 


90-0 


1010 


1040 


" 


Ther... • i ow. 


130 


22-0 


270 


390 


4S'0 


59-0 




( \ve>-. 


410 


500 


5?-0 


63-0 


75 


83-0 


Vickslmrg 


. Riinfail.inch. 


5-48 


7-01 


14-51 


5-07 


1-69 


4-05 


*' 


No. days rain. 


10 


13 


17 


R 


11 


12 




^, (I'lgli- 


7,50 


760 


7-^-0 


83-0 


94-0 


98-0 


** 


Ther... J Low. 


1 -0 


210 


330 


430 


• 510 


600 




(Aver. 


429 


5'JO 


5,S-4 


61-8 


74G 


80- J 


Columbus, 


Mi.ss.— 














" 


Riiinfall.ineh. 


8-14 


11-45 


7-61 


6..52 


1-30 


8-39 


" 


No. dn\s rain. 


7 


7 


13 


7 


4 


8 


Na.slivillo . 


.RaiiitVill.inch. 


6-13 


3-06 


8-14 


4-25 


2-03 


5-63 


'• 


No. days rain. 


15 


12 


15 


13 


10 


13 




( Hiph. 


600 


750 


740 


80-0 


89-0 


920 


•' 


The:-... Low. 


-2- 


9- 1 


24-0 


25-5 


40-0 


530 




i ' ve . 


JJ3-7 


3*2 


49-1 


56-3 


68-3 


76-9 


Memphis . 


-Rainfall.inch. 


7-43 


3-34 


8-60 


3-48 


4-21 


2-72 




No. days rain. 


16 


13 


19 


10 


12 


"6 " 




(II P''. 


68-0 


720 


790 


Sl-0 


91-0 


950 


" 


Ther... ow . 


20 


130 


260 


350 


44-0 


53-0 




/ V„T. 


341 


40-2 


50-6 


5<-7 


()8-6 


79-1 


Galvestou . 


.Rainfnll.iueli. 


4-31 


2-!)4 


3-51 


2-55 


1-50 


0-89 


" 


No. days rain. 


13 


10 


9 


8 


4 


5 




( llig ■ 


700 


74-0 


78-0 


80'0 


91-0 


97-0 


'* 


Ther...' ow . 


240 


30-0 


340 


48-0 


62 '0 


72-0 




f \ve-. 


4i-3 


53-3 


62-1 


659 


77-0 


83-5 


Indianola 


Rainfall.inch. 


1-17 


:.-23 


1-02 


2-51 


1-45 


0-35 


" 


No.d.iys r lin. 


8 


8 


(> 


6 


4 


3 




( H gh. 


750 


80-0 


»00 


82-0 


89-0 


95-0 


" 


Ther...- ow. 


17-0 


33-0 


370 


320 


.590 


71-0 




f »vef. 


4(30 


56-4 


63-4 


68-4 


763 


82-2 


Corsicana . 


.Rainfall.inch 


1-0^ 


0-76 


2-33 


2-26 


2-03 


0-79 


" 


No. days rain. 


11 


10 


11 


8 


9 


2 




( t iBh. 


73-0 


790 


86-0 


87- n 


930 


102-0 


*< 


Ther... Oow. 


3-0 


19-0 


240 


.330 


43-0 


5 7-0 




<Avei. 


36-8 


49-5 


55-8 


61-3 


72-9 


79-5 



CHRONrCLE WE.lTHEll KEPOUTS SUM.\I.\.RY. 

Ja(iMrt/-(/.— The ^yhole month of January was rainj'. It opened warm, 
sultry and wet, with heavy r:i,in in Texas and Gulf States, becoming 
more seven;, not only in the Gulf States, but also in the Atlantic States, 
clo.siug vip with ice and snow at Galveston. Balance of the month was 
di.sagroeable. with light rains or drizzle at all points, making roads in 
many .sections impassable. 

February. — The first week the rains wore light at all points, but subse- 
quently there were heavy r.iin.^, especially in the Gulf States, followel 
by ice and snow in the north of Te.xas. 

2L ifch.—Xcvy heavy rains in the South this month. Weather cold. In 
the second week there was a very hi'avy snow-storai, snow falling to the 
depth of 14 inches at Menphis, and in the north of Te.\;as was the hard- 
est known for 3'cars. 



102 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 

April.— Tho first week of April w vS unfavorable for plaiitins, it being 
quite 01)1(1, witU frost near Slireveport. Mississippi Kiver overflowed 
and Arkansas River threatening. Seco-^d and third weelcs were more 
favorable, although the temperature continued lower tlian desirable. 
Some, but little, replanting was necessary in portions of Texas, on ac- 
count of previous frost. Fourth week the weather was satisfactory, ex- 
cept some severe frosts, doiug, however, very little damage. Tlicro were 
fr.)sts during tho mmitU at Galveston, M'mphis, Augusta, Charleston, 
Shreveport, Selnia, Macon and Atlanta, which were killing at some places, 
but no material damage done, as cotton was not geueral'Ly up. 

Jff(.)/.— The early part of month Avas cold, but subseriuentlj' it txirned 
warmer and moi-e favorable, with seasonable rains, but not excessive, 
and tlic plant made very good progress, the fields being kept clean. 

June. — Weather was very favorable almost everywhere, the tempera- 
ture being higher and showers very general. Crop reports, therefore, 
were satisfactory, growth 1)cing rapid, stands unusiially good, with the 
fields remarkal)ly clean. A bloom was reported in Monroe county, Ala., 
Juno 8. In our acreage report on the I'JtIi June, we state that the 
condition was very satisfactory. "Without doul)t, taking tlie country 
"as a whole, there has not been since the war a more' promising crop 
" than this one. Tlie stand is as nearly perfect as possible, &c." 

FRO.n THE AGRICULTURAL BUREAU REPORTS. 

T!ie June report says : " In a larger portion of the cotton area, at tho 
" u ^ual time for planting, the soil was wet find cold in Atlantic coast dis- 
" ti'icts, and in a less degree in more western areas, and germination was 
" rstarded, but not destroyed. Afterward the weather became more fa- 
" vorable for growth and the chopping-out process, with a tendency in 
"places to an injurious lack of moisture." * * * " The stand is much 
" better than that of last year, and the plants are more advanced in 
" growth, notwithstanding their late start, and the crop is generally quite 
" clean." 

Tho July report says : " Tlie condition of tho crop approximates a full 
" average, showing au liuprovemont during J m;^, in all the cotton States 
"except Texas, where tho prevalence of drought in some localities, and 
"some local injuries by cut-worms, cotton-caterpillars and grasshop- 
'* pers, reduced the promise of the crop 3 per cent." 

From the foregoing we learn : 

First — That the weather was cold in April and during 
the first week of May, hut subsequently was very favora- 
ble. 

Seconds— That the stands secured were excellent, the 
best since the war, and the fields were very clean and well 
worked. 

The crop grown during this year ('1875) was 4,669,000 
bales, against 3,833,000 bales in 1874, on an acreage in- 
creased only about 6 per cent. 

187G. 

The temperature, rainfall and number of days of rain 
for the first six months of 1876 were as follows : 



FLA XTiy G~ C ULTITA TIOX—STA XD. 



103 



i 


1876. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


March. 


April. 


May. 


June. 


Norfolk Rain fall, iiifii. 


l-:!7 


3-OG 


4-10 


0.72 


4-42 


5 -09 


" Iso. days rain. 


7 


11 


9 


~14"' 


11 


a 


iHig-.. 


7r-0 


730 


730 


83-5 


89-0 


100 


" Tlier... ^, . I w . 


210 


190 


190 


370 


380 


."-^O 


' Aver. 


47-7 


4.'50 


46-5 


553 


65-7 


78-1 


Wiimingt'n. Rainfall, iufb. 


or)'2 


304 


4.54 


2-82 


3-44 


12-44 


" No. diij'8 rain. 


»> 


10 


11 


8 


9 


9 


.Hifrh. 


76-0 


77-0 


75-0 


870 


930 


990 


" Tber...^ ow.. 


200 


240 


220 


3 


380 


530 


' Ave-. 


51-9 


5M 


52-6 


60-8 


67-5 


76-6- 


Charleston .Rainfall.inch. 


0(;3 


2-43 


2-54 


4-93 


3-77 


14-98 


" No. days rain. 


7 


6 


11 


9 


10 


11 


' iH h. 


760 


78-0 


760 


830 


88-0 


970 


TUcr... Low.. 


as-0 


310 


280 


460 


470 


660 


/ Ave . 


55-4 


54-6 


56-6 


64-3 


71-4 


79-9 


Angusta Rainfall, inch. 


1-JO 


2-98 


2-96 


4-72 


1-97 


7 96 


" No. da\'.^ rain. 


() 


12 


10 


8 


12 


10 


^ " S"- 


780 


780 


810 


850 


950 


97-5 


Thor... Lo . 


220 


250 


250 


4-20 


43-0 


620 


f ver 


5^-6 


52-3 


54-8 


6:3-9 


721 


78-7 


Atlanta Rainfall, inch. 


3-32 


5 -.37 


5 91 


6 01 


5 00 


3-25 


No. days rain. 


6 


9 


6 


7 


10 


10 


', ^' -"• 


710 


740 


74() 


800 


860 


9,3-0 


Thcr. . . ] L"w . 


200 


160 


22-0 


42-0 


460 


620 


r ver 


5(50 


510 


550 


660 


750 


80-0 


Savannah.. Rainfall, inch. 


•2-;59 


2-21 


2-71 


5-74 


2-25 


18-80 


" No. days rain. 


(! 


9 


9 


9 


9 


20 


\ngh 


78-0 


800 


80 


86-0 


940 


990 


" Thcr... \ i.ow . 


27-0 


290 


300 


4H0 


500 


650 


( \ver. 


56-8 


56-5 


58-7 


66-7 


740 


80-6 


Columbus . . Rainfall.inch. 


4 03 


2-42 


7-90 


9-19 


4-45 


481 


" >■(). days rain. 


4 


.5 


9 


7 


7 


11 


^"'-" 


700 


730 


78-0 


82-0 


88-0 


960 


Ther...- L..W. 


250 


220 


260 


440 


460 


640 


/ Ave 


520 


520 


50-0 


640 


730 


800 


Macon Rainfall, inch. 


1-46 


4-23 


406 


7 10 


1-85 


5-88 


" No. ilays rain. 














cm h. 


760 


7'-0 


77-0 


t-s-o 


92 


9--0 


Thcr... V "«■■ 


31 


230 


i^4-0 


400 


460 


640 


' Ave . 


6 


600 


6 -0 


74 


8 -0 


8 -0 


Mont.ffom'y.Rainfall.iiicu. 


3-70 


.')07 


7-33 


10-99 


6-55 


4-85 


No. days rain. 


n 


12 


9 


9 


14 


10 


(Hgh. 


770 


78-0 


77-0 


89-0 


92-5 


990 


Thcr... a. w. 


27-0 


240 


28-0 


450 


46-3 


61-0 


/ .VVPr. 


54-8 


545 


54-6 


65-4 


73-5 


79-6 


Mobile Rainfall.inch. 


314 


4-32 


8-01 


3-88 


4-33 


3 35 


" No. days rain. 





11 


9 


10 


6 


7 


1 High. 


720 


750 


760 


820 


890 


98-0 


Ther...; ow . 


320 


28' 


310 


42-0 


48-0 


630 


1 Av,-.. 


56-6 


55-3 


55-8 


66-2 


700 


80-3 


N. Orlean.s .Rainfall.inch. 


4-43 


8-20 


11-32 


6-41 


7-10 


6-20 


" No. days rain. 


7 


16 


11 


8 


15 


14 


■ (High. 


770 


78-0 


790 


82-5 


860 


9.3-5 


" Ther... < Low. 


38-5 


36-0 


36-5 


53-5 


540 


68-0 


(Ave . 


603 


590 


599 


69-1 


74-8 


80-6 


Shreveport- Rainfall.inch. 


7-26 


2-68 


11-67 


5-83 


9-47 


2 08 


" No. days rain. 


14 


8 


14 


10 


12 


10 


( Hifrh. 


78-0 


80-0 


790 


88-0 


900 


950 


Thcr... Low.. 


300 


240 


26-0 


470 


47-0 


610 


^ Ave . 


540 


550 


540 


670 


730 


790 


Viclcsbur.ij . Rainfall.inch. 


3-81 


518 


11-21 


4-^(9 


6-24 


1-74 


" No. days rain. 


() 


8 


14 


10 


12 


7 


( High. 


790 


770 


81-0 


85-0 


89-5 


970 


Ther... ■ I.ow. 


2S-0 


240 


270 


470 


490 


6H0 


( Aver. 


561 


55-4 


54-2 


660 


72-8 


794 


Columbus, Miss.— 














Kainfall.incb. 


4-69 


3-41 


9-57 


6-79 


4-96 


1-80 


" No. days rain. 


9 


6 


9 


8 


7 


7 


Little Rock. Rainfall. inch. 


S-47 


2-56 


9-05 


4-02 


5-96 


3-71 


Nasliville ..Rainfall.inch. 


5-10 


2 32 


5-70 


2-86 


4-94 


5-76 


" No. da\s rain. 


10 


5 


11 


9 


11 


14 


(Hish. 


730 


730 


700 


80-0 


900 


940 


Ther... ^ Low.. 


170 


90 


140 


37-0 


420 


580 


t Avei . 


47-3 


46-2 


46-6 


60-5 


70-3 


76-5 


Memphis... Rainfall, inch. 


7-65 


1-33 


11-03 


4-51 


8-49 


2-70 


" No. days rain. 


6 


4 


14 


6 


9 


13 


( H gh. 


7.30 


750 


78-0 


850 


88-0 


970 


Ther... Low.. 


230 


17-0 


18-0 


440 


48-0 


58-0 


( .wer. 


47-9 


48-6 


47-4 


03'2 


70-9 


771 


_ ^ '1 



lOi 



CQTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 



187G. 



Galvi'8toii..rjniiifiill,uu'li.| 
" Ko. (lays rain. 

(High. 
" Tlier... • Low . 

/ ^\ev 
ludiaiiola . . Rainfall. iiicli. 
" No. clays rain.' 

(Hi^h. 
" Tlier... ]Low. 

r "Wei-. 
Corsicana .. Rainfall, iucli.' 
" No. (lays rain. 

(High. 
" Tlier. .. < ow . 

/ \er.' 
Ballas Rainfall, inch 



Jan. 


Feb. 


Marcli 


April. 


May. 


Jnne. 


1-49 


4-79 


5-94 


2-65 


10-27 


2-03 


7 


8 


9 


(i 


8 


11 


750 


740 


76-0 


81-0 


89-0 


94-0 


43-0 


350 


360 


55-0 


540 


700 


60-9 


800 


61-0 


69-7 


76- 1 


83-2 


i-SO 


189 


5-80 


0-32 


0-32 


1-19 


S 


9 


6 


2 


3 


9 


7S'0 


790 


80-0 


85-0 


87-0 


94-0 


43- 1 


.s;30 


410 


510 


58-0 


700 


61-5 


600 


03-9 


t94 


75-5 


82-5 


y-4(; 


1-84 


3G1 


3-90 


4-.J6 


309 


13 


ry 


9 


5 


12 


8 


7-'0 


7H'0 


81-0 


CO-0 


9.50 


990 


260 


240 


250 


410 


430 


58-0 


5a-3 


551 


53-9 


670 


7r8 


77-3 


()19 


:5 0.-) 


1-82 


0-84 


83 


3-.il 



CIIHONICLt; WEATHER REl'ORTS SUMMARY. 

Ja iiua)-i/.~T>uvmiX i\m latter part of December, 1875, there -vyero heavy 
rains in the Southwest, and these were continued in the second, third 
antl last weeks of January, the greatest rainfall being in the section of 
country marked off by taking in Dallas, Shrcveport, Little Rock, Mem- 
phis and Nashville. Crop movement was interfered with in much of 
that district by bad roads. 

Fchruary. — Rains continued in portions of the South during much of 
this month, but covering a different section, being chiefly conflned to the 
lower half of the Gulf States. On the 19th our Galveston correspon- 
dent telegraphed that they had not had a particle of frost yet ; oranges, 
figs, grapes, apples, peaches to a moderate extent still maturing. 

March. — Tlio greater portion of the first two weeks of ^farch was fa- 
vorable, with seasonable showers, and satisfactory progress was made in 
farm preparations. The third week was rainy, and diu-ing the following 
week a very severe storm passed over a large portion of the South, at- 
tended with snow. It snowed 8 inches at Little Rock; (> inches at Co- 
lumbus, Miss., >tc.; and was followed by severe frosts everywhere, except 
in some of the extreme southern sections. 

April. — Excessive rains in the West and Northwest early in the month 
resulted in an overflow of the Mississipi)i which at one time threatened 
to l)e the most disastrous ever known. There were also rains in Ala- 
bama, causing the rivers there to overflow. But the waters (piickly re- 
ceded, and towards the end of the month the fears had subsided, though 
the Mississippi had not wholly returned to its banks again. Subsequently 
the weather was almost everj-where favorable, and good progress was 
made in getting in the crops, so that the mouth closed with the condition 
good, though the start, especially in the Gulf States, was late. 

Mai/. — The weather during May was (piitc favorable everywhere and 
the plant made good progress. A limited portion of the Mississii)pi Val- 
ley between Memphis aud Vicksliurg remained overflowed till towards 
the close of the month. But this did not materially decrease the plant- 
ing. The cotton came up well and the fields were clean. 

.^HMC.— There was a very heavy rainfall at many places this mouth, 
but it came in severe local showers and did not appear to harm cotton 
much, as the fields began the month well worked and clean, and the rain 
was generally conflned to the Atlantic co.ast.' In Georgia and South 
Carolina there was a flood which carried away bridges and destroj-ed 
wheat and corn, but not mur-h cotton. Elsewhere the showers Avero 
mostly niported as beneficial. The month closed with good stands everj-- 
where, thoug'.i not (piite eipial to the condition of the i)ri'vious year, as 
that was very perfect. Our Galveston correspondent telegraphed June 
17 that; " crop accouuts throughout the State are surprisingly favorable, 



PLANTING— C TIL TI VA TION—STA ND. 



105 



" niid, despite the late planting, the prospect is, up to this date, the best 
" wc have eiijoj-ed for years." 

FI!0.-\£ THE AGIJICCLTURAL BCUEAtT REPOnxS. 

The June report says: " The June returns indicate a slight reduction 
" of area in cotton, comparatively late planting, good stands, except in 
" casesof too early ])lanting or inundation; gi'owth not up to the average 
"for the season; healthy and improving condition, and clean culture, 
"with the exceptions caused by heavy rains stimulating growth and 
' ' preventing work." 

The July report says : " Cotton in the first week in July is in a condi- 
"tionof healthy growth— less favorable than in July of last year— well 
" cultivated and reasonably clear of grass." 

From the foregoing we learn : 

Fir.sr. — That the weather early in the season was verv 
rainy, especially in portions of the Southwest. This 
weather culminated in an overflow of the Mississippi and 
the Alabama rivers in April, subsiding rapidly, however, 
and almost wholly in April, 'though not entirely until late 
in May. During May good weather prevailed almost every- 
where, and in June, also, except along the Atlantic coast ; 
and even there the showers did not work much harm, as 
the fields in those States were in excellent condition. 

Second. — That the start was late in the West and South- 
west, but the fields were clean and well worked every- 
where, and the stand, though not as perfect as in 1875, 
was yet very good. 

1877. 

The temperature and rainfall for the first six months of 
1877 have been as follows: 



1877. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


March 


April. 


INIay. 


June. 


Norfolk.. 


.. Rainfall, inch. 


3-85 


1-47 


4-8.'> 


9-98 


2-84 


4-79 


" 


No. davs rain. 


14 


5 


1« 


17 


13 


17 




iHifjIi. 


73-0 


66-0 


'.7-0 


83-0 


9H-0 


ro-u 


'< 


Ther... < Low . 


16-0 


270 


29-5 


3.N-0 


43-0 


590 




( Aver. 


39- » 


43- ■ 


47-4 


5.5-0 


63-1 


75-5 


Wilmingt 


n. Rainfall, inch. 


2-37 


1-65 


4-52 


6-GI 


2-36 


7-48 


'< 


No. days rain. 


10 


6 


12 


11 


10 


13 




I High. 














•* 


Ther... ^ i-.w . 
















1 Av. r 


46-1 


4S-1 


5S-4 


6'M 


64-5 


■re- 5 


Charleston. .Rainfall.inch. 


4-44 


2-9G 


7-86 


15-00 


2-71 


10-31 


" 


No. days rain. 


11 


8 


12 


12 


9 


12 




iHMi 


71- 


70-0 


74-0 


85-0 


90- > 


100-0 


" 


Ther... ^Low. 


260 


350 


320 


43-0 


100 


63-0 




f Aver 


t^Vi 


51-7 


56-8 


63-0 


-8 


8^•2 


Augusta . 


. .Rainfall, inch. 


4-70 


4 -.SO 


5-98 


5-63 


1-18 


6-67 


" 


No. dajs rain. 


l.-> 


7 


11 


15 


8 


1 




( ^1 Kh 


7-t-O 


730 


79 


85-0 


94- ' 




*< 


Ther... 'Low. 


ai-0 


820 


3'-0 


420 


4.-0 






i ve.. 


43-1 


49-5 


56-0 


t.4-1 


70-2 


81-7 



106 



COTTOX FBOM SEED TO ZOOM. 



' 


) 


■ ' 1-—. 


Jan. 


Frh. 


March. 


ApnL 


31ay. 


Jnne. 




' ATlaiiLa RaiTif.i11.iiich- 


4-45 


, 217 


5-35 


6-14 


0-95 


4-07 




1 " Xo. days rain. 


13 


* 


"7 


1 13 


6 


9 




vHUh. 


63-0 


! efi-» 


70^) 


9rrii 


8-0 


9Ht 




' i " Ther...- Li» . 


.'0-0 


j 31-0 


ai-0 


40-0 


46-0 


60H» 




i 1 ( - Te-. 


53-0 


I 5.-0 


5 -0 


67-0 


V^■0 


tS^ 1 




' Savannah. .Kaiafell.int-b. 


2-63 


Ijl 


4-25 


882 


2-04 » S-52 ' 




>>'.•. (Livs rain. 


10 


7 


12 


14 


8 ' 


14 1 




■ . H ^ :.. 


■7^-0 


1 Ti^ 


7»0 


re-0 


94-0 


9-0 




Tht-r... lV. 


27^0 


3S-.I 


31-0 


42t> 


48^ 


f»0 




' Arer. 


5*-; 


' 58-5 


5 « 


«=-« 


70-* 


81-3 




Columbas. .Rainfall.int u. 


6-SO 


3-99 


10-17 


7-96 


1-00 


7-16 




Xo. (LiTs rain- 


8 


8 


7 


8 


o 


8 




, ^ High. 


7S-0 


<Er0 


TOD 


aH» 


9/0 


S&i> ' 




1 " Ther... - low . 


l«-0 


3^0 


ai-0 


46-0 


4S^0 


6-0 




' Ter. 


4 -0 


4M-0 


»-o 


eo<i 


72^1 


t»0 




Macon TUjinfalLincli. 


4-40 


2-20 


5-23 


4-ft4 


120 


4-39 




Xo. davs rain. 




.... 












■ »H:ga. 


TsrO' 


70-0 


74-0 


8!'-b' 


9;0 


^0 




Ther..." c». 


l&O 


300 


240 


4JD 


420 


6 -0 




'Ave . 


4T-0 


4 ^ 


3S-0 


S -0 


6 


«(H» 




Montgom*y.E;unfalL.inch. 


6-67 


2-68 


7-17 


10-36 


0-'*2 


2-94 




>"o. davs rain. 


15 


8 


9 


16 


3 


13 




yOUh. 


7 -0 


«^s-0 


76-0 


K-0 


94-0 


w-- 




" Ther...-, ow. 


JfrO 


31-3 


2:0 


4^-5 


4~-0 


37-0 




^\-e . 


^o 


52-3 


5 -3 


64-4 


7»-0 


H>-d 




MobQe Rainfall.inch. 


6-30 


1-40 


5-94 


8-40 


1-68 


7-07 




" Xo. darsrain. 


16 


5 


9 


11 


3 


9 




Ther... •' LOW. 


TftH 


79-0 


T6-0 


ism 


95-0 


10»« 




1-0 


3 -0 


33-0 


49ii 


51-0 


^*0 




' Aver. 


50-1 


33-4 


57-3 


69r9 


;*-» 


SM 




X. Orleans.. KainfalLincb. 


5-30 


0-98 


4-94 


4-79 


1-48 


2-75 




Xo. davs riiin. 


16 


8 


10 


14 


8 


8 i 




™^ * ^^^^ 











.... 


.... 






Ther...- ot. 








. 


... 


j 




( Wer. 


sKt 


53i> 


eo-7 


« •• 


7 -5 


I-1-9 




. Shreveport.RainfalLinch. 


2-54 


2-4»S 


3-87 


5-42 


1-24 


2-55 




• : " Xu. days rain. 


4 


4 ' 


12 


16 


.«i 


14 




! 1 i nigh. 


T2-0 


7>^ 


8»« 


8-0 


W-0 


9M 1 




1 " Ther... bow. 


iv-O 


K-0 


31-0 


48-0 


4ro 


5 -0 ! 




( ve.: 


44-0 


i2-0 


a»-o 


o- 


4-.--. ' 


8IH) 1 




11 Ticksbnrs-.KainfalUnch. 


3-61 


3-26 


4-83 


8-S8 


0-69 


3-76 ! 




Xo. davs rain. 


IS 


12 


12 


16 


4 


13 




(Hifrh. 


Ta^) 


73^) 


7V-0 


T9-0 


s»--o 


97^» 


) 


Ther... Low. 


V-0 


31-0 


29^ 


4T^ 


46-0 , 


f*X> 


1 


f-Ae . 


t-6 


5.-3 


57-3 


64-1 


TS^ ! 


79^4 


j 


Coiombas. Miss. — 
















BainfalUnch. 


2">2 


3-01 


5-04 


9*22 


2-51 


2-33 




Xo. davs rain. 


~ll" 


5 


9 


11 


3 


10 > 




1 little Kock. Rainfa.Linrh. 


3-02 


3-01 


2-90 


13-84 


O-70 


10-64 i 




' ' " Xo. davs rain. 





---. 










.... i 




1 . V »?>»- 


... 






---- 


, 


1 




', - Ther...' .V. 


.... 


.... 




-..- 




:::: 




! I '. ver. 
















1 , JTashvme ..KainfalLinch. 


4-i(»5 


1-06 


4-95 


9-47 


i^ 


6-02 




X". dav«rain. 


12 


5 


12 


14 


5 


14 




p . _-v 


66-0 


«-0 




F(N> 





.— . 




Tner... 'lcV . 


— T-0 


2 -0 




3M> 








'.\\r-. 


3T-0 


4 -0 


47-4 


iSr2 


67-3 


rf* 




Memphis. ..KainfalLinch. 


431 


1-54 


4-24 


13-90 


1-81 


18-16 




Xo. davs rain. 


17 


9 


17 


17 


8 


17 




X igis- 


69^ 


6T-0 


79-0 


8(H> 


9i^ 


94-0 




" Ther...- Low. 


7-0 


30-0 


2*« 


«H> 


4 -0 


f3^> 




i ' ver. 


39-3 


46-1 


5<H> 


W--3 


70^5 


77-8 




' G«dTeston..RainfaI!.in<->!. 


4-^3 


1-12 


1-35 


8-36 


1-80 


2-68 




'' •• Xo. day=- ' 


- 


" 


5 


9 


.5 


8 










■r-O 


8^ 


P--0 


^rO 


j 


Ther... 






3 -0 


54-0 


S£HO 


64-0 










62-1 


es-s 


-4^ 


81-3 




1 1 Indianola...BainfaU.lijcii. 


oyl 


l^i* 


2-74 


1-64 


2-20 


4-81 




Xo. davs rain. 


9 


7 


10 


6 


5 


8 




■ vH?l. 




rm 












• " Ther... > Lew. 




■ 4V0 












' Aver. 


^^i 


£7-0 


63« 


70-1 


73-3 


81-0 




■ Oorsieana...Kainfallanch. 


1-06 


6-84 


4-<l 


6-01 


4-75 


4-56 




•• Xo. davs rain. 


12 


9 


12 


14 


12 


10 




" vHz^h. 


74-0 


! 7i^ 






S6-0 


S6^> 




" Ther... - low . 


1-0 


' yj-0 






47-0 


500 




' \T r. 


4<H) 


5J-3 


as-"i 


63-5 


71.3 


-.s^s 




j DaI1a.s Rainf all.ineL. 


0-33 


i 2-77 


2-87 


t;-o.-> 


435 


2-60 


















1 

J 

















PL A XTISa— C VL TI VA TIOX—STA XD. 



107 



For the sake of easier eoiuparisou. we here iusert the rainfall each 
mouth for the pa.st four years. 

KAIXF.VLL FOR FOUR YEARS, JANTART TO jrXE. INCLUSIVE. 



STATION'S. 



Jan. I Feb. March. April. ', May. : June. 



Wilmington. ... 

CTiarlfston 

Augusta 

Atlanta 

i ' Savannah 

Coltunbu-s Ga.. 
3tacon 



Mont^'omerv. 



Mobile 



Xevr Orleans 



Shreveport . 



Tiefcsborg 



Colaiubos, Miss. 



Little Roct 
Xashviile . . 



ISTtJ. 
1S7.5. 
1S74. 
.1S77. 
1<7«. 
1^7.5. 

l'^74. 

.1S77. 

ISTti- 

1S75. 

1S74. 
.l-<77. 

1S76. 

1876. 

1874. 
.l-<77. 

1S76. 

lS7i5. 

1S74. 
.ls77- 

IS7«. 

l*7.'j. 
.1S77. 

1??76. 

]>i74. 
.l-<77. 

1S76. 

l'?7.5- 

1^74. 
.1S77. 

l'?7»J. 

1S7.5. 

1^74. 
.1<77. 

1^76. 

l-?7.5. 

1^74. 
.1^77. 

1>7G. 

1<7.>. 

1S74. 
.1S77. 

1S76. 

1<?7.5. 

l-i74. 
.1-77. 

1S7»J. 



I Memphis . . . 



1x76. 

1~77. 

1^76. 

l-'7.5. 

l'*74. 

l-<77. 

1^7«. 

lr'7.5. 

1~74. 
Galveston 1*77. 

1<7»;. 

lr'7.5. 

1S74. 
Indianola l'*77. 

1^76. 

l-<7.5. 

1-74. 



iHC/lfx. 


Iwhea. 


Inchea. 


Inches. 


Ituhe-f 


2-37 


1-65 


4-52 


6-61 


2-36 


052 


304 


4-54 


2-S2 


3-44 


5-52 


1-97 


4-55 


3 92 


2-84 


5-14 


6-54 


3-72 


2-88 


507 


4-44 


2-96 


7-86 


1500 


2-71 


0-63 


2-43 


2-54 


4-93 


3-77 


7'77 


4-27 


6-37 


4-56 


8-51 


315 


10-45 


3-45 


2-95 


5-50 


4-76 


4-30 


5-98 


5-63 


118 


1-20 


2-9S 


2-»6 


4-72 


197 


6-77 


517 


11-88 


4-71 


110 


344 


7-2-2 


7-78 


6-23 


3-88 


4-4i 


2-17 


5-35 


8-14 


0-95 


3-32 


5-37 


5-91 


t;-oi 


500 


5-60 


6-92 


10-27 


4-79 


1-84 


314 


6-S6 


7-38 


10-42 


300 


263 


1-71 


425 


8-82 


2-04 


2-39 


2-21 


2-71 


5-74 


2-25 


SHi 


3-50 


6-88 


5-11 


3-20 


207 


971 


2-85 


2-69 


4-85 


680 


3-99 


10-17 


7-96 


1-00 


4-63 


2-42 


7-90 


919 


4-45 


5-SS 


5-57 


14-44 


3-47 


3-68 


4-40 


2-20 


5-23 


4-64 


1-20 


1-46 


4-23 


4-06 


7-10 


1-85 


5-33 


4-37 


12-95 


5--36 


243 


1-77 


6-HO 


7-88 


9-26 


1-45 


6-67 


2-6S 


717 


10 36 


0-82 


3-70 


507 


7-33 


10-99 


6-55 


6-71 


7-S6 


11-56 


3-.5i 


1-67 


3-69 


6-57 


10-66 


9-45 


2 03 


6-30 


1-40 


5-94 


8-40 


168 


314 


4-32 


8-01 


3-88 


4 33 


5-79 


7-15 


8-39 


7-51 


146 


2-4g 




10-57 


10-92 


1-23 


5-30 


09S 


4-94 


4-79 


1-48 


4-43 


S-20 


11-32 


6-41 


710 


8-44 


13-35 


10-84 


8 05 


2-53 


i-es 


3-6.S 


7'57 


13-62 


022 


2-84 


2-48 


3-87 


5-42 


1-24 


7-26 


2-68 


11-67 


583 


9-47 


3-93 


-2-67 


4-94 


3-46 


0-91 


3-51 


7-58 


9-27 


10-64 


1-19 


3-61 


3-26 


4 83 


3-88 


069 


3«1 


518 


1121 


4-89 


6-24 


5-48 


7-01 


14-51 


507 


1-69 


5-27 


3-47 


9-86 


0'->-'>4 


0-16 


2-22 


3-01 


5-64 


^9-22 


2-51 


4-6^ 


3-41 


9-57 ' 


6-79 


4-96 


814 


11-45 


7-61 


6-52 


1-30 


302 


3-01 


2-90 


13-84 


0-70 


8-47 


256 


9-05 


402 


5-96 


405 


1-06 


4-95 


9-47 


1-25 


516 


2-32 


5-70 


2-><6 


4-94 


6- 15 


3 06 


8-14 


4-25 


2-03 


5-22 


9-23 


5-26 


11-84 


1-49 


4-31 


1-54 


4-24 


13-90 


1-81 


7-65 


1-33 


11-03 


4-51 


8-49 


7-45 


3-34 


8-60 


348 


4-21 


2-«S 


410 


6-61 


10- 16 


0-63 


4-53 


112 


1-35 


8-:-i6 


1-90 


1-49 


4-79 


5-94 


2-65 


10-27 


4-31 


2-94 


3-51 


2-55 


1-50 


1-37 


3 11 


3-09 


3-38 


5-sO 


0-91 


1-58 


2-74 


1-64 


2-20 


1-30 


1-89 


5-86 


0-32 


0-32 


1-17 


2-23 


102 


2-51 


1-45 


11« 


2-92 


4-30 


0-74 


018 



liiclieJi. 
7-48 

12-44 

11-67 
2-81 

1031 

14-9.>> 
315 
2-29 
6-67 
7-96 
6-.59 
3-29 
407 
3-25 
4-58 
7-71 
8-52 

1880 
4-10 
4-85 
7-16 
4-81 
3-62 
4-39 
5-88 
3-16 
3-48 
2-94 
4-85 
1-94 
4-31 
7-07 
:t35 
2-45 
5-69 
2-75 
6-20 
4-92 
9-62 
2-55 
2-08 
1-79 
1-35 
3-76 
1-74 
405 
3-43 
2-33 
1-86 
8-39 

10-64 
3-71 
6-02 
5-76 
5-63 
2-><7 

18-16 
2-70 
2-72 
f>.02 

2-68 
2-63 
0-89 
1-68 
4-yl 
119 
0-35 
6-80 



108 COTTOX FROM SEED TO LOOM. 



CHUOMCLK WEATHKU EEI'OUTS SUMJIAKV. 

Janiuirij.— The -weatlicr during January was unprccedontccl for sever- 
ity, it bcin.i; extremely cokl all tliroagb the, month, with heavy snow and 
rain at very manj^ points, interfering with the movement of tlie crop and 
mailing the roads impassable. Snow fell to tlie depth of several inches at 
Shrcveport, and ii'o formed three iaches thiolv. Killing frosts were 
reported from Texas an;l Florida. The snow in the northern part of 
Texas was eighteen inches deep, the heaviest ever known attliat point. 
The cold was especially remarkable in the Strnthwest ; the thermometer 
at Little Rock fell to 4 degrees below zero. Ice and frost were general. 
There wei'c also very heav}' rains in some sections later in the month. 

Febiiianj.—Wtinther seasonalile and warmer, with liglit rains through 
the month. Ploughing and other preparations made good progress, and 
an early start was anticipated, especiallj' in the Southwest. Ploughing 
was slightly retarded by rains in upper Texas the latter part of the month, 
and at Dallas by frost. Hatching out of grasshoppers ^\ as leperted 
from Texas and caused considera))le anxiety. 

March. — Weather fairlj' favoi'able during the month. The rainfall was 
quite large in the Atlantic States, reaching at Columbus, Ga., a depth of 
10"17 inches. Grasshoppers were etill very abundant in Texas, and caused 
considerable uneasiness, but very little harm had been done. There were 
killing frosts during the month at Corsicana, Dallas and Moliile, but no 
harm done. Ice in Alabama and Corsicana, and snow at Little Rock. 
Cold interfered a little with progress in Mississippi and A.rkansas. Work 
generally well advanced, and ciops made good progress. Month closed 
warmer. 

April.— The month opened with seasonable weather and farm work well 
advanced. After the tirst week lieavj' rains were very frequent, causing 
a suspension of planting in npjK'r Mississippi, Arkansas and Tennessee. 
At Columbus, Miss., the lowlands were under water, and from Alabama 
and Tennessee also came reports of lowlands submerged, and damage 
was feared by overflow of the Mississippi and tril)utarics. The last of 
the mouth the grasshoppers in Texas took wing and commenced migra- 
ting northwest. The condititms towards the close were generally favor- 
able in the Atlantic State* and Alabama, aud lower half of Louisiana 
and Mississippi. The heaviest rainfalls of the nnonth were at Charleston, 
15 inches, and Montgomery 10-3G inches. Also a severe storm at Gal- 
veston. 

May.— The first two weeks of May continued rainj', but much less so 
than during April, with temperature somewhat higher, though too low 
at some points. During the remainder of the month the weather was 
decidedly more favorable, there being very little raiu, but the crop was 
everywhere at least two weeks late. This dry time gave good oppor- 
tunity for chopping out, and our correspondents generally reported the 
fields well cultivated and the plant developing promisingly, though 
small and backward. 

.Jmic— The month of June was showery everywhere, with very heavy 
rains at a few places. Memphis reported thirteen inches and forty-four 
hinidredths on the 8th and 0th of June. It proved to be quite local^ 
however, and crop reports continued increasingly favorable luitil to- 
wards the close of the mouth, when some sections began to c(miplain of 
too much rain. The Ai-lcausas River overflovred the first of the month, 
covering a very considei-ablc section, but receded, and the land was again 
planted, though late. 

Chronicle acrca'je report for June 10 sajs (see Chronicle, June 23): 
" Generally speaking, the crop is everywhere, exce])t in the lower half of 
" Texas, more backward than last year, say from ten to twenty days. 



plaxting~cultiyat:ox~stani>, loo 

* - 

"That, ]iowevo,r, is, wg thiulc, the only unfavorable circumstauce in the 
" present surronndings, ontside of North Carolina, a part of South Caro- 
" liua, and the flood in the Arliansas Valley. Excluding these limited scc- 
" tions, the plant is almost everywhere strong, healthy, unusually clean, 
" and well cultivated, though tsmall, but growing vigorously since the 
"late rains." 

TltOM Tllli AGRICUI.TUItAL liUREAU liEPOItTS. 

The June report (for the month of May) says: "The condition of 
" cotton was lower in June tlian at that date in the two past years, 
" but liigher than in 1874." ***** " in ^ word, the season 
" lias been too cool for cotton, too wet at the time of planting, and too 
" dry since in all of the area except Texas. The plant is now gencr- 
" allij small, but hcalthi/, free from loeeds, and in condition to improve 
" rapidly with favorable weather." 

The July report (for the month of June) says : " The July returns, 
"covering an area of 361 of the best counties in the cotton belt, and 
" representing six-tenths of the entire production, indicate a general 
" condition reprcjsented by 93 4-10— four per cent less than the July 
" condition of 1870, and seven per cent better than the returns of 1873 
" and 1874." 

From the foregoing we learn : 

First — That the early season was cold and rainy, and 
the seed was, in general, planted late ; that the crop was 
two weeks late in starting. Good weather in May gave 
opportunity for chopiping out, so that on the first of June 
the fields were clean and well worked, and the showers 
in June, though very heavy at places, were more local 
than usual and developed the plant, while sufficient time 
was found to keep the weeds down. 

Second — That the stand, though late, was at the same 
time very satisfactory, with the fields almost everywhere 
well worked and clean. 

DEDUCTIONS FROM THE ABOVE STATEMENTS. 

AYe have, in the above, brought together all the import- 
ant details of weather and crop development during the 
first six months of each year since 1870. For the earlier 
portion of this record some of our data are less full than 
for later seasons, but they are all sufficiently complete to 
illustrate the importance of special conditions in the culti- 
vation and growth of the cotton plant. The account we 
gave, in the opening of this chapter, of the habits of the 
plant and modes of cultivation, prepared us for the results 



110 COTTON FROM SEIID TO LOOM. 

wlncli are hero made evident. A growth so tender in its 
early life showed that it required careful working and 
watching, and favorable conditions every way until it had 
safely passed its younger days, to bring out its highest 
capabiUties. If the reader will recall the trials from seed 
to stand, enumerated in previous pages, and interpret each 
season's weather record, given above, in the light of those 
facts, the connection between those conditions and the 
final results will be easily and clearly understood. To see, 
however, just where our facts lead us, let us recapitulate 
the leading features of the planting and germinating 
season each year. 

1871 April was more favorable than the last half of March, the whole 

of March being cold and raiuj". May very cold and rainy, except 
Texas, where there was very little raiu. Jane very vaiiij' every- 
where, except a portion of the interior. 

1872 April very favoraV)le, except the second week, when there was a 

severe storm, making the rivers overflow. Mui/, first three weeks 
too drj-, but iho last week splendid showers everywhere. Jane, 
tine month for growth and cnltivation. The lust week some com- 
plaints of too nnich raiu. 

1873 ^J9>v7 cold and dry. 2Ia)j,iivfit two weeks favorable everywhere, 

l>u^ last two weeks I'aiuy, more especially in coast hiilf of States. 
June, too rainy in al>out same lialf of the Atlantic and Gulf 
States, but upper half, and almost all of Arkausiis and Tennessee, 
favorable. 

1874 4^;rt7, like March, was very rainy. All rivers overflowed. Worst 

flood for 30 j'cars. Ma if, a severe drought in almost all the South, 
except Atlantic Statics. June, more favorable, especially last 
half of month; but planting in the flooded district of the Missis- 
sippi Valley and it-i triluitaries not completed till after June 1st. 

1875 April, like March, was all of it too cold, cspociall3'- the first week ; 

otherwise the nmuth favorable, the temperature gradually mod- 
erating. 21(11/ continued cold first two weeks, but subsequently 
was warmer and otherwise verj- favoi-able. June, line growing 
weather nearly everywhere. 

1876 Ajrril, excessive rains in the Western and Gulf States early part of 

nmuth, causing rivers to ovei-flow, but they quickly receded in 
good part; last twenty days gtmerally favorable. Mai/ very 
favorable almost everywhere, ex<!ept heavy local showers at few 
lioints ; fields well worked. June, some very heavy showers, but 
almost wholly confined to the counties near the Atlantic coast ; 
elsewhere favorable. 

In connection with this summary of the weather con- 
ditions for the months named, let its bring- before us in 
concise form the results as to each crop. We omit from 



rLANTIXG-CVLTIYATION—STAND. 



Ill 



this table, as well as from the previous statement, this year's 
record; as the actual yield is still a matter of estimate. 



Year 


Stand. 


Acreage 
Planted. 


Total Crop. 


Yield per 
Acre. 


1870 


Plant Avell acvanced and 
stand e.xcclleut. Fields 
clean. 


9,985,000, 

13-90 p. ct. 

ihci ease on 

1869. 


4 352,000, 

37 94 p. CI. 

increase 011 

1869. 


191 lbs. 


1871 


Stai-t early, but stand very 
poor. Fields grassj". 
Plaut weak aud sickly. 


8,911,000, 

10 75 p. ct. 

decrease on 

1870. 


2.974 (K)u, 
3 1 00 p. c- 
decrease on 
1870. 


147 lbs. 


.'^tart aVxnit average date. 
1872 Wfiiii'l vi'iy good. Ficl(l.s 
"^ weU worked aud cleau. 
Plaut strong. 


9,780,1)00, 

9 75 p. Of. 

incr use on 

1871. 


3.930,500, 

32-13 p. Ct. 

increase on 

J8n. 


177 Iba. 


1873 


Start was late. Stand was 
good aud fields elean in 
two-thirdsot tlieSontlr, in 
tlie otlier third, poor aud 
grassy. 


JO 810,000, 
10-59 p. ct. 
increase on 

1872. 


4,170,0U0, 
6-09 p. ct. 
increase oi. 

1872. 


169 Ibp. 


1874 


Start late everywliere. 
Stand generall.v very ir- 
legnlar and iinpcrl'ect, 
aud in the Mississippi \'al- 
ley very late. Fields elean. 


10,982.000, 

1 -54 p. ct.. 

increase on 

1873. 


3 8;J3,o00, 

8 08 p. ct. 

decrease on 

1873. 


154 lbs. 


1875 


Start at first late, but sub- 
se(iuent itrogress rapid. 
Stand excellent —the best 
since the war. Fields 
clean and well worked. 


11 035,0(10, 

5-95 p. ct. 

increase on 

1874. 


4,(i69,00 , 

21-81 p. ct 

increase on 

1874. 


177 lbs. 


1870 


Start late in West and 
Southwest, iiut elsewhei-e 
earl 3-. Stanil veiy good, 
but not (|nite as good as 
last .vear. Fitlds generally 
clean and well cultivated. 


! 1,500,000, 

1-lG p. ct. 

decrease on 

1875. 


4,485,000. 

3-94 p. ct. 

decrease on 

1875. 


171 Ibi. 



This table is very interesting. Of course, untilthe weather 
data and progress of the plant during the subsequent 
six months have been similarly analyzed, we cannot fully 
read the lessons of the record before us. Yet, even now, 
we can see that there is a wonderful coincidence between 
a stand gained and a yield secured, the former being appar- 
ently a guaranty of the latter. We can imagine, however, 
that the conditions subsequent to June might be such as to 
destroy this guaranty. ' All that can be absolutely affirmed 
at this point in our inquiry, is, the subsequent conditions 
never have been sufficiently unfavorable durmg the years 
covered by our record; on the contrary, there is a constant 



C'OTTOK FROM SEED TO LOOM. 



and remarkable relation each, season between the final yield 
and the reported stand. For instance : 

In 1870 when the Stand was perfect au increase in the acreage com- 
pared with the previous j'car of 13'90 per cent gave au increase 
in the yield of 37'94 per cent. 

In 1871 when the Stand was j>oor, sickly and grassy, a decrease in acre- 
age compared with the previous year of 10'75 per cent gave a 
decrease in the yield of 31-66 per cent. 

In 1872 when the Stand was very good, an increase in the acreage com- 
pared with the previous yeiir of 9*75 per cent gave an increase 
in the yield of 32'13 per cent. 

In 1873 when the Stand was two-thirds good and one-thiid jjoor, an 
increase in the acreage ef 10'59 per cent gave au increase in the 
yield of 609 per cent. 

In 1874 when the Stand was irregular and imperfect, hut clean, an in- 
crease in the acreage of 1-54 per cent gave a decrease in the yield 
of 803 per cent. 

In 1875 when the Stand was excellent, an increase in the acreage of 5'95 
per cent gave an iticrease in the crop of 21'81 per cent. 

lu 1876 when the Stand was very good, a decrease in the acreage of 
1'16 per cent gave a decrease in the crop of 3'94 per cent. 

But we shall gain more light on these points in subse- 
quent chapters ; and before dwelling longer upon this 
feature of the earlier growth, it will be desirable, perhaps, 
to bring out in the same manner the later development. 



SUMMER AND FALL GROWTH. 113 



CHAPTER VI. 

SUMMER AND FALL GROWTH. 

JULY TO DECEMBER. 

Formation of the l)iul, it.s shape, etc.— The blossom, cliauges iu color, 
wheii it shuts and talis— Formation of the boll— Habits of the blossom 
and plant iu relation to the stin— Tlic roots and tlielr growth— The 
tap root and what develops it— Definition of bottom crop, middle 
crop and toil crop— Cotton one-mies, lice, rust, shedding, boll worms, 
caterpillars, etc.— Nnmlier of bolls to make a pound of lint, etc.— 
"Weather data from July to December, 1S70 to 1877— Dat<' of killing 
frt),st and end of picking season iu each State— Explanation of 
intlneuces alFecting each crop, from seed to picking, etc. 

We have next to consider the summer growth of 
cotton, in conjunction with its later progress and ingath- 
ering, that we may know the precise effect on the crop 
of each successive condition, and may measure accurately 
the relationship between the earlier and later develop- 
ment. 

When the cotton plant is about twelve inches high it 
begins to throw out limbs, with leaves about four inches 
apart, having at every joint a form, square or shape; — 
all these names being used for what is really the 
bud. This bud, on its first appearance, is triangular in 
outline, with three leafy bracts on the outside, the same 
green leaflets so often found in the lint, being carelessly 
picked off with the cotton. The blossom opens after 
sunrise m the morning, pure white, with three petals, 
being not unlike the hollyhock in appearance, though 



11-1 COTTON FBOM SEDI) TO LOOM. 



more delicate. It begins to close at about two o'clock, 
when a pale-red streak may be seen running up each 
petal, and at sundown it is wholly closed. The next 
morning, at about sunrise, it is again open as fresh as 
ever, but, instead of being white, is now a beautiful 
pink. It lasts the day out, but with the setting sun 
again closes, — this time, however, wilting and falling off, 
leaving at its base a little boll about the size of a small 
bean. 

Cotton is truly a sun plant. Cloudy, rainy, wet weather 
is, at every stage of its growth, undesirable. Thus w^e see 
the blossom opening and shutting with the sun; — a very 
necessary provision, for if dew or rain falls into it, a gluey 
substance forms at its base, wliich makes it stick to the 
boll, and it all rots together. The whole plant also 
shows its nature and its longings by turning even its 
green leaves toward the east in the morning, and follow- 
ing the sun in its course, until they face the west as it 
sets ; and then they droop, as if the day's work were 
finished, and nothing remained but to rest and await the 
coming of the sun again. With its long tap-root deep in 
the ground, it flourishes even when the weather is so dry 
as to be very harmful to most other vegetation; and after 
its limbs are grown so that the whole ground is well 
shaded, it becomes even better able to endure prolonged 
drought. Yet through the summer, showers are very 
needful to secure the full fruit-bearing capacity of the 
plant, that the development of fruit may be rapid and 
uninterrupted after the blossoms once begin to set. About 
six weeks are required for the little boll, which we 
stated was found at the base of the flower when it dropped, 
to mature and open, ready for picking, the general rule 
being, during summer and early fall, from square to 
bloom three weeks, and from bloom to open boll six 



SUMMER AND FALL GROWTH. 115 



weeks. The cotton usually planted (the green seed or 
short staple) displays in each boll, when it opens, from 
four to five se^^arate locks of the staple, though some 
descriptions show from eight to ten. Sea Island (the 
black seod or long staple) has a much larger stalk, 
fewer and smaller bolls, with three locks, and a light- 
yellow blossom, never changing. Of the green-seed 
cottons there are many kinds, some of them very pro- 
lific in the production of lx)lls, but for good reasons their 
cultivation has not extended. 

The terms of bottom crop, middle crop and top crop 
are in common use. To some minds tliey convey the idea 
of distinct and separate growths. They are, however, 
only imaginary lines. We may define them pretty accu- 
rately by saying that the bottom crop is produced by all 
the blossoms that come before or about the 20th of July, 
and if the crop has a good, strong, clean start, this is 
always a full one ; the middle crop is the portion which 
blooms subsequent to that date and up to about the 1st 
of September, and is frequently shortened by long- 
continued drought, and this is especially so in seasons 
when the stand was grassy and poor ; the top crop is the 
portion that blooms after September 1st, and is often cut 
off by an early frost or wholly destroyed, with a portion of 
the middle crop, by the caterpillar. Of a good year's full 
production, we may call the middle crop one-half the total 
}T.eld, and the top and bottom crops one-quarter each. 

Many are the enemies of the cotton plant during the 
summer and fall months. First are the lice, which come 
upon it when it is from twelve to twenty-four inches in 
height; they cover the plant entirely, and temporarily stop 
its growth, sometimes killing it, but not often. At a 
later period is the disease called the rust, or, more properly, 
the blight. Its nature apparently is not clearly under- 



11<} COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 

stood, as people accounl for it in different ways. Gen- 
eral Toombs, whom many call the best planter in Georgia, 
,says "rust means poverty." Others claim that a want of 
moisture and an excess of moisture are both at times its 
cause. However this may be, its effect is to make the 
plant drop its leaves, and the fruit withers and dies. Gen- 
erally the damage done from this cause is not serious — 
being less than reported under the influence of the fears 
it excites; yet there have been occasions when the injury 
was great. Next comes shedding; this is the same thing 
that always happens to every kind of fruit-bearing tree 
or plant, wlien fruit forms in excess of its strength to 
ripen. Not more than a half to two-thirds of the blooms 
make cotton. It would be impossible for the plant to 
mature them all, as a square forms at every joint on every 
limb. First, many of the buds fall; next, some die while 
blooming; then the bolls drop at all stages of develop- 
ment. This is a natural and healthful mode of relief for 
the over-burdened plant. Of course, very frequently the 
shedding is in excess of the necessities of growth, as, for 
instance, when a long wet period is followed by an 
unusually dry time. But the harm done even then, is 
seldom as serious as imagined, though the occasions when 
it proves very serious are just frequent enough to make 
the "scare" always effective. 

It is evident from this brief description, that all these 
disorders would attack much less virulently a vigorous, 
firmly-rooted plant, than one which, although apparently 
healthy (for so long as it has moisture enough it may 
gi'ow luxuriantly), has less vigor because less depth of 
root. In our previous chapter we have shown that rain 
and grass in May and June prevented, or at least discour- 
aged, the full growth of the tap root and induced a larger 
development of surface roots. This is only the common 



SVMMER AKD J ALL GEOWTH. 117 



course of nature. The object of the tap root is to obtain 
moisture. When the ground is full of it everywhere, 
there is no need for deeper growth; the causes which 
necessitate it are not present; hence it does not develop 
fully. This same habit pei'vades all vegetable life, and 
even may be observed in trees grown in swamps, the 
excessive moisture resulting in great increase of surface 
roots and very little root lower down. We readily see 
that such a tree or such a plant never can be strong to 
resist disease, and especially such diseases as are intensi- 
fied by the heats and droughts of summer. A study of 
the seasons and of the trials cotton passes through every 
year, will, we think, be much simplified if we keep in 
mind the fact here illustrated. 

But of all scourges cotton endures, none equals in 
destructive force the ravages of the caterpillar. We nuist 
not confound this pest with the boll worm. The latter is 
a small worm that cuts a hole in the boll itself. As one 
worm, however, is said by some to destroy only one boll, 
and the worms are never very numerous, they cannot be 
very injurious. The caterpillar or army-worm, on the 
other hand, has an appetite which is never satisfied, and 
destroys every green thing, sweeping through a planta. 
tion from one end to the other in an incredibly short space 
of time, leaving not a leaf, nor a small boll, nor a twig 
behind. Their first appearance any season, is the very last 
of June or in the early days of July. When fully grown 
they are about one-and-a-half inches in length and as 
large ai'ound as an ordinary lead pencil. As soon as 
hatched they begin to eat and continue to eat until they 
web up. In a few days the moth is out again, lays lier 
eggs and dies. The successive broods follow one another 
at intervals of from three to four weeks, and it is only 
when they have reached the third generation that they are 



118 COTTON' FROM SEED TO LOOM. 



sufficiently numerous to wholly strip the leaves from the 
plant. Then tliey become an army, indeed, and well 
deserve the name, for they leave absolute desolation behind 
them, and can be gathered up by the bushel. In case 
they come in full force as early as the tenth or fifteenth of 
August, they are very destructive to the crop. When, 
however, it is not till the first of September that they 
appear as an army, their power for evil is much shortened, 
though still gi'eat. 

Fortunately the caterpillar does not flourish in all kinds 
of weather. Every year they are to be found in the cotton 
fields, but they never multiply largely except In rainy 
seasons. A wet July and August are pretty sure to fill 
the fields with them. Experience, however, would seem 
to teach that even caterpillars never make as thorough 
work when the spring start and stand are perfect. There 
may be several reasons for this. In the first place the 
more natural and healthful the early growth is, the 
more abundant the early crop must be, and, as the 
caterpillar eats only the leaves and young fruit, in such 
case there are more bolls matured, and hence more left 
uneaten. Then again any shrub with a good root may be 
cut, bruised, eaten off, and yet give it favoral)le weather 
and it will send out a strong new growth bearing fruit, 
while under similar circumstances a less sturdy weed 
would die. But whatever the I'eason or reasons may be, 
the fact remains that a plant well started in the spring 
never suffers so fatally even from caterpillars' visits, as one 
that had an unfavorable beginning. They are very 
destructive always, but fairly extingiiish a weak plant. 

In this connection it will l)o of use to remember that a 
good crop can be made off of fewer bolls to each stalk 
than many imagine. About three hundred full bolls, such 
as an average season produces, will turn out a pound of hnt. 



SrMMER AND FALL GnOWTR. 



119 



Hence if on the poor soils there was a plant in every three 
square feet, and nine M'ell-developed bolls on each plant, 
the pi'oduct would be about a bale of cotton to the acre.* 
Of course, there never is a good plant to every three 
square feet, so the proposition is defective ; but it at least 
serves to illustrate the possibility of some recovery in a 
strong plant, if so small an average of fruit produces in 
the aggregate so much ; also it explains why the farmer 
after telling us, and honestly too, that all was lost by shed- 
ding — because he saw so many bolls upon the ground — 
often wakes up subsequently to find, perhaps hidden away 
beneath the leaves, bolls enougli to surprise even his prac- 
ticed eye. Before, however, pursuing this thought further, 
it is necessary to analyze the weather data during the 
summer and fall of the years covered by our previous 
inquiry. 

1871. 

For the last six months of 1871 the monthly record of 
rainfall and weather is as follows : 



Rmnt vi.i,. 


Jnly. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


Cliiirlestou 


1-V2 
1-H7 
4-24 
6'42 


isb'i 

(i-4!) 
G-OO 
•J -71 
8-61 

'i-32 


6 -4 '2 
4-44 
2-10 
3-9r, 
6-!)3 

"3"66 


4-76 
1-62 
3 -.5 .5 
2-09 
0-.53 
.5-33 
9-09 

' 4 04 
1-31 

17-81 


4-09 
7-. 8 
2"22 
3-40 
5-S() 
6(58 
714 
304 
2-23 
213 
5-G7 


3t>7 


Auijustu 


4-9S 

i-r-i9 


Atlanta 


3-30 


M()iitu:()iuei'y 


3()0 


Mobile 

New Orleans 

Shrevepoi't 


]-3« 
l-4() 
1-30 






l-(;2 


Nashville 




1-65 


Galveston 


2-63 


2-40 



OIIKOXICLK WKATIIEH UEl'OKTS SUM.MAUV. 

Jiili/. —Dnring this month the weather everywhere was extremely 
favorable, exeept a dronght in Texas iuul an exeess of rain at New 
Orleans; consequently enltivntion and giowtli progressed satisfactorily 
and ci-op accounts greatly improved. The rains at New Orleans were 
conlined almost wholly to the immediate coast. From the interior of 
Texas complaints of drought continued. 

A ufjiist.—'Vevy heavy rains the fourth week of this month (from the 
19th to the 26th) at Savannah, Charleston and Wilmington, l)ut did not 
extend inland ; on the contrary, a want of rain was complained of at 

*Tnere being 43,560 square feet in an acre, one plant to every three 
square feet would give 14,.520 plants to the acre; 9 bolls to a plant, 
therefore would make 130,680 l)olls; which divided by 300 (tlie number 
required to yield one pound), gives the result— 435 pounds to the acre. 



120 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 



almost all other points (except in the iinmediate viciuity of New 
Orleaus), accoiiipanyiiig shedding and rust. 

September. — Texas injured very materially by tlio continued drought. 
Some counties scarcely any rain from May to the midille of September. 
Heavy rains along the Gulf and Atlantic coasts, but generally (piite local 
and not extending inland, except in the Atlantic States. The S(!a Islands 
of Georgia and Florida reported greatly injured from the. rains and wind 
of August and September. Frost, but not a killing frost, at Memphis and 
Nashville, Septembei' 30. 

October. — During the tirst week of October a very severe storm, begin- 
ning in the Gulf aiul decreasing in violence, passed up the Atlantic ; was 
not felt far inland. The remainder of the month the rainfall was 
generally small, except in the vicinity of Galveston and New Orleans. 
Cold weather on the 12th, with slight frost over a large portion of the 
South; we see it mentioned at Montgomery, Mobile, Columbus, Macon, 
etc., but everywhere stated to be of no importance. 

iVoyewfie/'.— Slight frost at Galveston Nov. 1. A killing frost and 
freeze on the nights of the 13th, 16th, 17th and 18th over almost the 
entire South, entirely destroj'ing vegetation. Snow fell at manj- points — 
at Nashville, for instance. Picking generally finished before the close of 
the month, except in Memphis district and in the neighboring sections. 

December. — Fallot snow at Mcm))his, ten inches deep, on the last day of 
November. On the 7tli and 8th killing frost in Northern and Middle 
Texas, and very cold all over South; for the week ending December 8, 
average thermometer at Memphis 31. Last half of mouth weather 
much more favorable and less severe. 

FIJOM TIllO AfiUICUr.TUUAL lUJUEAU I5EPOKTS. 

From the August and Scpteaiber reports, issued as one: "There ai'O 
•' reports of injuries by the l)oll-worm and caterpillar, mainly iu Missis- 
" sippi and I/juisiana, l)ut no evidence that a general or very serious loss 
" from insects is probable. Rust is common in the Atlantic States an 1, 
'•tosomeextent, on the Gulf coast. Drought has been injurious in the 
"Carolinas and iu Texas, though the reports of raliifatl thrnufjh the 
" South Imlicute a fair siippl// of moisture, the distribution of which has 
"been somewhat more nnecpial tlian usual." 

From tin; October report : "The cotton returns are no more favorable 
"than those of the preceding mouth. * * * * The injuries reported 
" are from rust, shedding of bolls prematurely, snfficientlj' low tempera- 
"turc to check the «levelopmcnt of bi)lls in uiore northern latitudes, 
"floods and inundation in Florida and Geoigia, sprouting or rotting of 
" bolls from rains, drought in some sections of Georgia, and the boll and 
"army worms in portions of Mississippi and more western States. It 
" does not appear that the losses from insects are general or very serious, 
"with a few isolated exceptions. Drought should be credited icilh a 
"larncr proportion of the depreciation than any other assigned cause, 
"n;)twithstandiug the fact that cotton endures lack of moisture better 
"than any other crop." 

From the November and Deceml)cr reports, issued as one: "The 
"November returns relative to the condition and yield of the cotton 
" crop indicated a larger product than was expected in O.'tober, prom- 
"ising fully to make good the moderate expectations of July and 
"August. There were no killing frosts up to the date of these reports. 
II * i * 'pi,j, cotton returns received in December are similar in tenor 
" to the November reports, fully sustaining the moderate promise of 
"improvement upon the somcwliat gloomy views in October. Ytt the 
"change in condition is not so marked as to modify materially the pros- 
"pect foreshadowed iu the monthly reports for JiUy and September, 



Sr2IMEIi AXD FALL GROWTH. 



121 



"exeept that the ffrowlnf season has been from seven to ten days longer 
"thiin the average of seasons, increasing the crop prospect at least 
" 200,000 bales." 

From the foregoing we learn — 

First. — That July was generally veiy favorable ; that 
Angust was also favorable, except — (1) a severe storm 
along the Atlantic coast, not extending far inland ; (2) a 
severe drought in Texas ; and (;^>) severe shedding and 
rust almost everywhere, the latter the result of too little 
rain, although the records show that there was no want 
of rain, and the Agricultural Bureau says, " the reports 
" of rainfall through the South indicate a fair supply of 
" moisture." 

Second. — That the picking season was entirely satis- 
factory. 

Tliird. — That the short crop of this year can therefore 
only be accounted for by the fact that the stand was 
defective, grassy and sickly, and, as a consequence, poorly 
rooted ; so that when the ordinary summer weather came, 
although the plant looked well, it succumbed and dropped 
its fruit under conditions of weather which to a vigorous 
plant would have been satisfactory. 

1872. 

The weather record, rainfall. &c., were as follows for the 
last six months of 1872: 



187 


2. 


July. 


Aug. 


yei)t. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


D(!C. 


Wilniiugtou.. 


. Rainfall . . . 


554 


1115 


8 22 


2-83 


3-37 


410 


" 


Av. therm. 


83(5 


80-8 


75-7 


62-4 


51-7 


41-5 


Charleston... 


..Rainfall. - 


230 


7-81 


7-88 


4-21 


3 40 


2-46 


" 


Av. therm. 


81-1 


81-S 


77-8 


64-8 


53 8 


45-8 


Au^ista 


.Rainfall... 


87 


410 


1-33 


136 


3-90 


3-48 


" 


Av. therm. 


810 


800 


75 


620 


48-9 


41-7 


Atlanta 


. Rainfall . . . 
Av. therm. 


3-91 


5-84 


2-26 


0-74 


212 


4-48 


Savannah . . . 


.Rainfall... 


'4'3G 


i2'3i 


3-52 


3-85 


2 43 


O.Qf) 


" 


Av. thei-m. 


83-0 


840 


7G0 


640 


54 


46-5 


Montgomery. 


.Rainfall... 


10-50 


2-30 


3-65 


53 


5-73 


408 


** 


Av. therm. 








63-3 


50-2 


45-5 


Mobile 


-Rainfall... 


i"3"37 


1«9 


2 15 


2-77 


5-65 


3-70 




Av. therm. 


80-7 


81-2 


77-6 


656 


540 


47-9 


New Orleans 


.Ranfall... 


(3-43 


3-75 


210 


318 


7-43 


5-25 


" 


.\v. therm. 


821 


82-6 


79-3 


68-4 


57-4 


51-4 


Vicksburg . . . 


.Kaiuf.iU... 


2-11 


0-49 


0-72 


1-74 


1-85 


10-41 


** 


Av. the"m. 


83 5 


8iG 


79-7 


651 


51-3 


450 


Shreveport... 


.Rainfall... 


162 


040 


2-91 


3-41 


1-39 


703 




Av. therm. 


840 


84-5 


78-6 


65-5 


.500 


420 



12i 



COTTON FliOM SEED TO LOOM. 



187 


2. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


Mciuphis . . . 


.Raiufall... 


4-2.3 


0-54 


3-62 


3-23 


1-67 


3-47 




Av. therm. 


83-0 


81-0 


730 


59-0 


440 


340 


Nashville . . . 


.Kaiiitall... 


4!)0 


1-G5 


450 


l-.'JS 


2-25 


2-48 




Av. therm. 


79-() 


80-5 


71-7 


58-5 


42-8 


33-y 


Galveston... 


.Rainfall... 


0-34 


2-63 


2-33 


1-86 


7-98 


5-37 


" 


Av. therm. 


85-(> 


84-9 


82-1 


71 9 


58-2 


51-4 


luiliauola 


.Rainfall... 


1-49 


2-84 


0-81 


1-32 


1-72 


6f.5 


" 


Av. thei'm. 


84-8 


83-4 


81-5 


71-5 


57'5 


50-3 



CHRONICLE WEATHER RErORTS SUMJIARY. 

Julij. — Very heavy rains this mouth, especially during the second and 
third weeks, over about one-half the South. They were most severe in 
Alabama, the lower half of Louisiana and Mississippi, and a))out a third 
portion of the Atlantic States; our Selma, Montgomery and Mobile 
cornwpoudents speak of the great damage done by the overtlow of the 
Alabama, Bigbee, Warrior, Coosa and Tallapoosa rivers and their tribu- 
taries ; oiher sections also complained of damage from rain, but the 
better weather the la.st of the mouth relieved the fears. Caterpillars are 
repwrted from Alabama and a few other points, but no damage as j'et. 

A «//««<.— Complaints of damage by caterpillars in Montgomery dis- 
trict and fears expressed elsewhere, but all the wet section during July 
was comparatively free from rains during August, so that the caterpillar 
scare grew less thi-eatening, except in that portion of Alabama through 
which the Selma, Rome & Dalton Railroad passes, and a few other 
limited sections, wh,ire considerable damage was done. In August there 
were very heavy rains in Georgia, North and South Carolina, far more 
severe on the coast, however, than inland; but from all parts of those 
States, and also from some other disti-icts, injury from shedding and 
rust was reported. 

September.— O'.w Mobile and Montgomery correspondents telegraphed 
the first week of September that the rains, the flood, the caterpillars, 
and the rust have worked with prettj^ severe effect on the cotton plant, 
in some portions of the State leaving very little. Damage from same 
causes also reported from Mississippi and parts of Georgia ; and from 
the Memphis district in the same week our correspondent stated that 
by reason of drought, rust and worms the crop in that section would 
be one-fourth less than anticipated August 1st. Unfavorable estimates 
of the yield continued to be received later in the month, buttlie weather 
was fairly favorable for maturing and gathering the crop. 

Of to6er.— Weather everj'where fairly favorable for picking, and good 
progress made. A frost, but not a killing frost, except at Memphis, 
reported as low down as Mobile during week ending October 19. 

Kovembcr.—A. cold mouth, particularly in the Gulf States, with con- 
siderable rain in the same sections ; but picking progressed favorably, 
though only moderately fast. The horse disease (epizootic) prevented 
free marketing of crop from September to December. 

Dccc/>(?>cr.— Considerable rain in sections and weather cold through 
much of month, and closed very cold, with snow and sleet over a very 
considerable portion of the South. 

FROM THE AGRICULTURAL BURE.VU REPORTS. 

August and September reports in one.—" The county reports of the 
"couilitiou of cotton are less favorable in September than were the 
" returns made in the earlier part of the season. Vigorous growth, stimu- 
" lated l)y fertilizers and sufficient moisture, characterized the fields of 
" the Atlantic States up to the season of the tirst picking, and gave 
" promise of unusual f ruitfuluess. The plants were in many fields too 
" stocky and succulent to withstand well the recent local droughts or to 



SUMMER AXD FALL OROVTin, 123 



" endure the draughts upon vitality consequent upon the maturing of 
" their heavy burden of bolls, causing forms to drop and young bolls to 
" wither. In exposed bottom lands whero sudden and heavy rains 
" occurred, damage by flooding i-esulted. While a few reiwrts allude to 
" the presence of insects injurious to cotton, losses from that cause, in 
" all the States cast and north of Alabama, are less than usual. Local 
" droughts of considerable severity have prevailed for several weeks in 
" portions of the territory west of Alabama, while a sufficiency of 
" moisture has been reported of the Atlantic States, and in many iilaces 
" an excess of rain is ol)served. * * * * * * Thus the prospect 
" througliout the entire cotton area, which favored (August 1) a yield 5 
" per cent larger than an average product, promises at the present time 
" (September 1) 9 per cent less than an average." 

October report: "The weather has been generally favorable for 
" picking. No violent storms are reported, and drought has not pro- 
" vailed. * * * The devastations of the caterpillar have extended 
" farther north, even into North Carolina, and have involved the top 
" crop partially and in many places wholly. The influence of drought 
" in the later summer months has been cumulative in its efTects, and 
"exhausted vitalitj' is nu)re apparent than in Septeuilier; yet tliere are 
"districts which report exemption from this premature decay, and 
" promise enhanced results." 

November and December reports iu one. — " The present maj'be classed 
" with the unpropitious seasons for cotton production, but it is not a 
" more unfavorable year than the preceding one. It has been pro- 
" ductive of somewhat less than average results, not from the failure 
"of the stand of plants nor from excessive cold and moisture in the 
" spring, * * * but from the wide prevalence of insec* depredations 
" and from local droughts of more or less severity. » * * The weather 
" has been fine for picking." 

From the foregoing we learn — 

First. — That July and August were much more rainy 
in certain districts than July of the previous year, and 
that the drought of August, 1872, was more severe over 
a large section than the drought of August, 1871, the" 
rainfall at Vicksburg for August, 1872, being only forty- 
nine hundredths of an inch, at Shreveport forty hun- 
dredths, at Memphis fifty-four hundredths. 

Second. — That caterpillars did more harm in 1872 than 
in 1871, and the fall seasons were not very dissimilar 
being fairly favorable in both cases. 

Third. — Under these circumstances can we account for 
the difference in yield the two years — being on 9-75 per 

cent increased acreage, 32-13 per cent increased crop 

except from the fact established in the last chapter, that 
the stand in 1872 was very good, strong, clean and well 



COTIOX FROM SEED TO L002I. 



rooted, caud the very opposite of those conditians the pre- 
vious year. 

1873. 

For the last six months of 1873 the monthly record of 
rainfall and weather is as follows: 



187 


3. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sopt^ 


Oi-t. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


Wilmiuston.. 


.Rainfall.. . 


4-93 


7-42 


9-97 


2-79 


3-18 


4-69 




Av. therm. 


81-4 


79-G 


74-1 


Gl-4 


52-5 


49-2 


Charleston .. 


.Raiut'all... 


<)-97 


12-94 


8-18 


2-07 


5-08 


4-94 




Av. therm. 


80-9 


77"7 


7«-0 


63-9 


54-8 


51-4 


Augusta 


.Rainfall... 


3-34 


5-36 


3-27 


2-58 


4-70 


2-66 




Av. therm. 


80-8 


78-8 


74-4 


60-7 


51-5 


48-1 


Atl.anta 


-Rainfall... 
Av. tnerm. 


3-87 


2-08 


5-40 


1-23 


315 


2-41 


Savauuali- .. 


.Rainfall. . . 


5-44 


5-45 


4 03 


l-'o'9 


5-74 


3-6 S 




Av. therm. 


81-0 


80-0 


76-4 


63-4 


55-3 


51-8 


Moutgomc.ry 


.Rainfall... 


4-17 


2-50 


2-38 


0-47 


4-58 


2-()l 




Av. therm. 


Sl-rt 


80-2 


75-0 


64-4 


54-2 


50-2 


Mol)ilo 


.Rainfall... 


s-75 


10-35 


8-07 


1-85 


3-23 


2-97 




Av. therm. 


82-2 


80-2 


761 


65-2 


57-7 


54-1 


New Orleans. 


.Rainfall... 


(J-27 


8-30 


3-19 


1-89 


5-95 


1-79 




Av. therm 


82-4 


81-2 


7S-7 


08-2 


61-2 


56-6 


Viclvsburg . . 


.Rainfall... 


2-8G 


3-(>7 


1-60 


2-20 


2-91 


2-05 




Av. therm. 


82-0 


82-0 


7(5-0 


63-0 


570 


52-4 


Slireveport. . 


.Rainfall... 


3-31 


l-.->9 


2-31 


4-15 


8-35 


4-93 




Av. theriii. 


81-(i 


81-7 


75-7 


G2-G 


56-5 


49-9 


Me.mpliis.. .. 


.Rainfall... 


0-82 


4-53 


3-53 


5-95 


3-87 


3-18 




Av. therm. 


78-0 


79-0 


710 


56-0 


49-0 


44-0 


Nashville 


.Rainfall... 


4(i3 


2-3G 


1-81 


4-26 


4-36 


5-94 




Av. therm 


8()-() 


80-1 


72-5 


50-8 


47-1 


44-6 


Galves.tou. .. 


.Rainfall... 


(5-83 


8-04 


7-37 


2-26 


8-91 


2-53 




Av. thei'ra. 


83-0 


83-0 


80-0 


71-0 


77-0 


77-0 


Indiiiuola . . . 


.Rainfall... 


3-49 


500 


9-18 


2-42 


3-35 


3-53 




vVv. therm. 


82-2 


82-1 


79-8 


70-1 


63-0 


58-3 



CHRO.\ICI-E WE.VTIIEU KEI'OIITS SU.MMAKY. 

juIj/.—Thi' first three weeks of the month were quite favorable, e.xcept 
too little rain at Memphis, giving e.xecUent opiH»rtiinitie.s everywhere to 
clean and cultivate the fields; after that it turned rainy, but did no 
harm, as the showers were needed, and the crop elo-sed the month in 
apparently good condition in almost every section. 

August.— Vov the first three weeks of Ausrust there was too much rain 
in the lower half of the Gulf States, and ctHisiderable injury in all that 
section and parts of Georgia by caterpillars was reported. In the other 
portions of the South the weather was satisfactory. 

Septe)nbcr.—£iw,ve was generally less i-aiu-fall daring September, 
especially the last half, but the caterpillars were stiil complained of in 
limited districts; the drier weather, however, in some sections made 
them less destructive than feared. Rust and shedding reported in 
Memphis district. This was the month of the great panic in AVall strei-t ; 
the failure of banks and bankers North and. South interfered nu-iterially 
with the early nK)\ement of the crop. 

Octo&c/-.— This month was almost ever>'where favorable for maturing 
and gathering the crop, and crop reports grew increasingly favorable. 
The yellow fever at Shreveport and vicinity and the derangeini^nt in 
money matters in couserpience of the panic and failures, check the 
free movement of the crop. 

A'oi;(';)i?)e>-.— Considerable rain fell the first and third Aveeks in Novem- 
ber, and the weather was cold through the month, but picking made 
about average i)rogres8. 



SV2n[ER AXD FALL GROWTH. 



123 



December.— A fairly favorable nioutli for pickius- Generally speaklug, 
but little rain fell, tliougU there were rami}^ eold days. 

FROM THE AGRICIII.TUR.VI, 15URKAU KEl'ORTS. 

Eepoi-t for August-September : '• Tlie present season can scarcely bo 
" deemed quite an average cue for cotton ; but wlieu we recall the fact 
"that drought, severe rains, wind-storms, insects, rust— all these, or 
" most of them— are recorded of every crop that is made, it will be seen 
" that seasons worse than the present arc almost as numerous as those, 
" that are better. Should the antumu prove unusually favoral)le, an 
"average yield might yet be obtaine.il. Tlie onl}Mlrawl)aclvS are rains 
" and worms— the former no more destructive than severe droughts of 
" some former years, the latter less so than In some former visitations. 
"While caterpillars have been more abundant than last year, then* 
"ravages have been really disastrous or sweeping in few locations." 

From Oetolier report : "The average condition of cott(m in the first 
" week of October, as compared with October reports of 1871 and 1S7'2, 
"stands as much higher than that of the former sis it falls below th.e 
" records of the latter. * ^^ * * The average this j'ear has fallen ofT 
" * * toTSifj. * * * The general average in October, 1871, was 
"70; it was 82 in October last year. * * * " The season must be of 
"average length and comparatively favorable for picking to ensure a 
" crop equal to that of last j-ear." 

From Novemlier and December report: "The weather has been 
" gencrallj' favorable for cotton picking during the past month, as well 
"as for ripening of the later bolls. Some of the reports are exeeption- 
" ably favoraltle. In the more northern portion of the cotton belt, fields 
"that were planted late were caught by the frost, but the area thus 
" injured has nowhere been large." After .some other remarks and a 
detailed estimate by States, the Bureau continues: "This aggi-egate, 
" with the small quantity grown outside of the limits of the cotton 
"States, will make the total estimate of the November returns as nearly 
" as possible 3,700,000 bales." 

From the foregoing we learn — 

First. — That the weather during the months of July and 
August, 1873, was every way about as favorable to the 
development of the crop as the weather during the same 
two months of 1872. To compare the rainfall for the two 
seasons, we bring together the following data: 



Monthly 
Rainfall at- 



Wilniiugton . 
Charleston . . 
Augusta. .. . 

Atlanta 

Savannah ... 
INIoiitgomery 

Mobile 

New Orleans 
Vicksburg. .. 
Sl)revcpoit .. 

Memphis 

Nasliville 

GalA'estou .. 
Indiauola 



1872. 



July. 



2-30 
6-87 
3-91 
4-30 
10-50 
13-37 
6-43 
2-11 
l-ti2 
4-23 
4-90 
0-34 
1-49 



August. 



11-1.5 
7-81 
4-10 
5-84 

12-31 
2-30 
1-69 
3-75 
0-49 
0-10 
0-54 
l-lio 
2-63 
2-84 




1873. 



August. 


Total. 


7-42 


12-35 


12-94 


19-91 


5-36 


8-70 


2-08 


5-95 


5-45 


10-39 


2-56 


6-73 


10-35 


19-] 


8-30 


14-57 


3-67 


6-53 


1-59 


4-90 


4-53 


5-35 


2-30 


6-99 


8-04 


14-87 


5-00 


8-40 



126 COTTOX FROM SEED TO LOOM. 

From this statement we see that rain was in some sec- 
tions in excess of the needs of the plant both seasons, but 
that where it was in excess, except on the very coast of 
South Carohna, Alabama, Louisiana and Texas, less rain 
fell in the two months of 1873 than in the same two 
months of 1872. Rain was not in excess either year at 
Vicksburg, Shreveport, jMemphis and Nashville. So that, 
in this particular, 187.3 was as favored as 1872. Cater- 
pillars were more widely reported in 1873 than in 1872, 
but the main injury they did was confined to about the 
same sections the two seasons, and the loss to the two 
crops from this cause would not differ materially. 

Second. — There was no excessively dry weather any- 
where during any portion of the summer months, except 
at Memphis in July; thus the sections where the plant 
started weak, grassy, and short rooted, had sufficient 
moisture all summer ; and hence the most that could be 
obtained from a defective stand was obtained from it. 
With a grassy start or stand, a very dry summer is, for 
the reasons already stated, especially disastrous. 

Third. — Do not these facts with regard to the planting 
season and summer growth point to a yield very similar 
to the result reached ? In about one-third of the South 
the stand in June was grassy and poor, but even that 
portion was well cleaned and cultivated the first three 
weeks of July. Elsewhere the season was fairly favorable, 
except in the limited districts — mainly in Georgia and 
Alabama — which the caterpillars injured ; while the portion 
where the stand was poor, having, as stated, been well 
cleaned and improved in July, probably went through the 
remainder of the summer better than it would have done 
had it been a dry season. Consequently, although there 
was an increased acreage planted in the richest cotton 
sections of 10-59 per cent, there was an increase in the 



SUA12IER AND FALL GROWTH. 



127 



■ ■ — i 


crop of only G-09 per cent. Had the 


stand 


been 


3very- 


where perfect, we could have looked for a much 


arger 


increase in the crop. 


1874. 








The temperature, 


rainfall, number of 


days 


of rain and 


weather summary for the last six months of 1874 


were 


as follows : 










1874. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


Norfolk.. . Rainfall, inch. 


8-M 


504 


3-78 


0-04 


3-39 


4-58 i 


No. day.s rain. 


15 


14 


9 


4 


11 


12 


c Hieii 


96 


96 5 


8-0 


80-0 


740 


73-0 


'• Ther...<Lo\v. 


«ao 


58-0 


54- 1 


41-0 


: 1-0 


24--. 


( Ave. 


76 9 


7.i-2 


70-4 


50-8 


50-5 


43-9 


Wiliuingfn.Rainfall.nicli. 


5-81 


4-04 


9-35 


3-38 


0-91 


2-67 


No. clay.s rain. 


1.5 


VI 


(5 


5 


5 


13 


C High 


92 


91-.1 


9 


,">.(, 


760 


Th-O 


Thcr...^Low 


641) 


560 


55-0 


40-1 


33- '1 


2«-0 


f Aver 


79 1 


76-7 


74-1 


^3-8 


56 6 


49-4 


Cliarleston.Kainfall.inili. 


13-74 


7-06 


t)-G6 


1-85 


2-11 


2-94 


No. clay.s rain. 


17 


10 


10 


5 


7 


8 


( Hi.h 


'20 


92- 1 


^7-0 


810 


78-0 


7.3-) 


" Ther...^ i.«.w 


6 • ) 


8-0 


57- ii 


4 -0 


37-0 


:-i3-o 


i .Aver. 


79-3 


79- 1 


75-8 


C6-r 


58-8 


53-1 


Angusta. . .Rainfall, int-li. 


5-35 


li-Hl 


5-85 


1-09 


2-21 


4-04 


No. days rain. 


13 


10 


9 


6 


10 


11 


( High. 


970 


101 


920 


860 


7'-0 


770 


" Thcr... -{Low. 


68-0 


610 


f)S-0 


^OO 


30-0 


2v) 


( vei. 


7 i-n 


78-8 


74-7 


(3 5 


56-7 


49- 1 


Atlanta .. . Rainfall,inch. 


4-7(5 


10-00 


0-47 


0-80 


3-19 


3-00 


No. days rain. 


i) 


9 


5 


3 


9 


11 


cHi^h 


90- 


98-0 


8--0 


8!-0 


740 


620 


" Thcr... -^ LOW . 
t Aver 


-0 


66-0 


55-0 


400 


2S-0 


200 


8J0 


8.J-1I 


78-0 


700 


600 


too 


Savannah . Rainfall, inch. 


10-14 


0-58 


«-89 


1-42 


1-sO 


1-66 


" No. day.s rain. 


10 


14 


14 


5 


9 


11 


Ciiih. 


04-1 


96-0 


90- 


.'9-0 


81-0 


760 


Thcr... -Low. 


68- 


'50 


570 


42-0 


370 


370 


( Aver. 


790 


7^0 


7.5-3 


60-3 


5i(> 


540 


Columbus .. R.iinfall , inch. 


6-45 


3-82 


1-37 


3 02 


6-01 


6-92 


" No. days rain. 


10 


9 


5 


G 


4 


16 


<lHg"- 














" Thcr... < Low. 














( AVLM-. 


630 


830 


78-0 


67-0 


59-0 


56'0 


Macou Rainfall, inch. 


5-(J8 


6-23 


5-27 


1-42 


2-03 


4 09 


" No. days rain. 














^"'sh. 


9i-'o' 


97-0 


87-0 


Sl-0 


TOO 


74 o' 


" Thcr... n.ow.. 


70-0 


70-0 


62-0 


400 


260 


260 


( Avei . 


80-0 


8.-0 


81 


720 


660 


CS'O 


Moutgoiu'y. Raiiifall.inch. 


3-87 


1-25 


0-39 


1-97 


2-60 


5-14 


No. days rain. 


10 


10 


10 


2 


8 


15 


^"•eii. 


97-0 


103 


900 


J-8^0 


80-5 


760 


Ther...^Low. 


<>S0 


69-5 


530 


400 


310 


.32-0 


( AVer 


79- s» 


f2-6 


76-2 


(51' 


58-2 


51-7 


Mobile Rainfall, inch. 


10-_'l 


3-79 


2-54 


000 


2 04 


4-17 


" No. days rain. 


lo 


8 


10 





7 


14 


<i 'i'*i'i- 


960 


1000 


91-0 


86-0 


90 


710 


Thcr...] Low. 


690 


71i) 


54-0 


44-0 


32- 1 


340 


( Aver 


80' 8 


83-3 


77-9 


67-4 


t02 


543 


N. Orleans. Rainfall.inch. 


12-93 


4-82 


4-21 


O-oO 


1-12 


3-27 


1 " No. days rain. 


17 


13 


18 


* 


10 


14 


1 , ^, (i^il^h- 


93-0 


96-1 


8S- ' 


85-0 


PIO 


760 


1 " Th.-r...]L"w. 


720 


7 •') 


630 


520 


40-5 


410 


( Aver. 


81-4 


83-9 


78-9 


704 


66'3 


£,8-8 


Shrevep'rt. Rainfall, inch. 


5- 59 


0-19 


6-33 


0-10 


2-10 


6-95 


" No. days rain. 


11 


(5 


11 


1 


6 


15 


^fl'gh 


9-0 


lO'iO 


940 


870 


840 


77-0 


" Thcr...] Low 


600 


7'20 


56-0 


390 


31 


.3:^0 


i a.ver 


820 


660 


-.5-0 


660 


590 


530 


Columbus, Miss.— 














Raiufall.inch. 










1-SO 


2-76 


" No. days rain. 










4 


6 


* Two slight epriuklei 1 





128 



COTTOX FROM SiEED TO LOOM. 



1874. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Bee. 


Faj-ettc, Miss.— 














Kaiufall.incli. 


7 -GO 


1-50 


7-20 


0-20 


3-30 


5-00 


" No. cUiys lain. 


10 


4 


11 


2 


7 


7 


\ Higli 


920 


1010 


93-0 


84-0 


80 


7.--0 


" Tlier. . . ■ Low 


(iSO 


■;i 


51-0 


40-0 


30-0 


3 -0 


( Aver. 


77-a 


81-2 


7!-.S 


63-1 


5.-1 


51-7 


Vicksbiiry. Rainfall, inch. 


7-39 


006 


6-20 


0-00 


3-21 


4-7.5 


" No. days rain. 


11 


4 


10 


2 


6 


10 


( High. 


96-5 


98-0 


«3-0 


86-0 


81-0 


78-0 


Thcr... ■ L' w. 


660 


70-0 


53-0 


39-0 


30-0 


33-0 


( A ver 


Kl-1 


84-6 


77-0 


64-7 


58-6 


53-3 


Nasliville. . Rainfall, inch. 


2-(;5 


3-52 


3-12 


2G3 


6-12 


4-19 


" No. clays rain. 


8 


G 


7 


5 


9 


12 


(Hiih. 


lOlO 


106-0 


910 


80-0 


77-0 


75-0 


Thcr...Low. 


iS-iO 


60-0 


490 


340 


24-0 


27-0 


( Aver. 


SS-4 


81-5 


73-4 


59-8 


49-8 


44-0 


Mempliis. - -Rainfall, inch. 


0-47 


4-60 


4-72 


1-07 


3-(i7 


2-94 


" No. days rain. 


5 


5 


8 


2 


12 


3 


( High. 


97o 


101-5 


90-0 


82-0 


80-0 


720 


" Tlier... -{Low. 


Gli-0 


66-0 


52-5 


34-0 


25-0 


27-0 


( Aver. 


82-8 


82-9 


73-2 


60-3 


520 


45-6 


Galveston. -Rainfall, inch. 


<d-SO 


7-19 


5-84 


0-12 


1-58 


C-92 


No. days rain. 


14 


7 


1.5 


2 


9 


18 


(High 


9(50 


98-.5 


91-0 


83-0 


81-0 


72-0 


" Ther... O.0W. 


7d0 


730 


660 


5-0 


42-0 


.390 


I Ave . 


^v!•,5 


84-4 


79-5 


71-8 


651 


50-5 


Indianola. . Rainfall, inch. 


5-76 


1-25 


12-89 


002 


2-5(> 


4-86 


•' No. days rain. 


8 


3 


1.5 


2 


7 


« 


( High. 


97-5 


100-0 


89-5 


86-0 


«3-5" 


77-0 


Ther... ^ Low. 


71-0 


73-0 


65-0 


510 


38-0 


40-0 


/ Aver. 


82-3 


84-3 


79-2 


73-2 


66-4 


59-1 


Corsicana. -Rainfall, inch. 








0-07 


2-94 


9-52 


" No. days rain. 








3 


9 


15 


I Hgh. 








87-0 


83-0 


750 


Th€r.--]Low 


!!!! 






31-0 


30-0 


32-0 


( Aver. 








67-3 


58-2 


51-1 



CllIiOMCLE VVKATIIEll RErORTS SU.M.VIARY. 

Ji////.— During- this month thei-e were heavy raiUiS on the Atlantic and 
Gulf coasts, among them a verj' severe storm reported at Savannah, 
doing much injiirj- to buildings, Imt not reaching far inland except in a 
nmch modified form. A drought also began in the Memphis district the 
first of July, the rainfall there being only forty-seven lmndred!hsof an 
inch during the month. Neither of these causes had, however, acted to 
any considerable extent injuriously to cotton up to August 1. At that 
date the crop may be described as developing very satisfactcn-ily 
almost everywhere. 

yl»f/?«,s<.— Towards the latter h.alf of July the district where dry 
weather pi-evailed extended beyond the Memphis di.strict, taking in, 
fir.st, Nashville, then Vicks))urg, Shreveport, Dallas, itc.,— in a word, 
covering (througli the whole or the first three weeks of August) all of 
Tennessee and Arkansas, and the northern portions of Louisiana, 
Alabama, Missis.sii)pi and Texas, being in great part the very section 
where the May drought prevailed most severely. In portions of that 
large section very considerable harm was done by shedding, and done In 
some cases in a wonderfully short space of time. The rain recorded in 
our table, at Memphis and Nashville, for August fell during the last week 
of the mouth, too late to prevent iiijuiy. -The Atlantic States had some 
very heavy shower.s all through the mouth, but uo special harm resulted 
to cotton from them. 

Scptem'bcr.—'Rixmfi returned early in September through all the dry 
district, doing good in some sections, especiall}' in casi- of a late frost ; 
but in others the plant was beyond redemption. The weather, however, 
wa.s evei-ywhere fairly favoralde. 

October.— This, month was as perfect as pos.sible for gathering in the 
crop. But in the dry section, where expectations were being built upon 
a second growth, and in the Mississippi Valley, where the plant was so 



SrM2rEE AND FALL OROWTH. 129 



very late on aceomit of tlie flood, au early frost did great barm. At 
Mfiuphis aud Nashville there was a killiug frost October 13th aud 14th, 
aud from October 29th to November 1st a killiug frost is recorded iu all 
the remainder of the district referred to. 

.Voncm&cr.— Weather continued generally verj' favorable for picking. 

December.— Month favorable for picking, but very little cottou any- 
where left to i>ick. 

1 HO^r THE AGRICULTURAL HURKAU REPORTS. 

The August and September report, issued as cue, says: "Our Septem- 
" ber returns indicate a heavy decline iu tlie prospects of the eottou 
" crop in all of the States c.\:cept Virginia. * * * in North Carolina 
" the leading complaint in several counties on the coast and iu the north- 
" eru part of the State is cold uights, * * iu some cases aecompauied 
" by late rains, producing rust. * * * ju several counties iu the 
"interior a damaging drought set iu about the luiddlc of August, 
"which caused copious shedding of forms. * * * Thc^ same general 
"conditions are appai-ent iu South Caroliua. * * * In Georgia * * 
"protracted drought is the leading cause of this decline, but iu many 
"counties it was accompanied by extreme heat and hot, blasting winds. 
" In Dooley county some promising tields were parched Avithin half au 
"hour. * '' * * In Florida, * * * iu some couuties, as Levy, alter- 
" nate flood and drought ruimnl the crops on the best lauds, causing 
" great discouragement among farmers and a desire to emigrate. * * * 
" In Alabama, though the injurious cau.qes have been operative, the 
" general decline * * has been smaller than iu any other great 
" cotton State. * * * Mississippi. *•• * The general cause of 
"injury here was drought, which manifested it.self more destructively 
" upou upland than upon bottom crops. * * * In Louisiana * * * 
"the drought appears to grow iu virulence toward the southwest. 
" The intense heat aud blasting, hot winds are more freiiuently noted. 
<i * * * xexas. * *■ The untoward influences 1 hat had affected the 
" crop in the other Gulf States here found their culmiuatiou. In some 
" cmmtics no rain had fallen since May. * * * In Arkansas and Ten- 
" nessee the drought of August combined with that of tlie earlier season 
" previously reported ; iu several localities no rain has fallen since April, 
" and in some of these the injury was aggravated by liot winds." 

The October report says : " Our October returns show a slight improve- 
" meiit in the condition. * * * Nortli Carolina, South Carolina and 
"Alabama showed a decline; Mississippi aud Louisiana remained 
"stationary; Georgia, Fh)rida, Texas, Arkausas and Teuuessee raised 
" their averages." 

The Noveml)er and December report, issued as one, says : * * " The 
" weather for ripening and gathering tlie top crop has been very favor- 
" able. The reports are nearly unanimous iu stating that the proportion 
" of lint to seed is large." 

From the foregoing we conclude — 

First. — That July was fairly favorable almost every- 
where, so that on the first of August the plants, take the 
country as a whole, were in excellent condition. This 
does not mean that cotton in the Valley of the Mississippi 
and its tributaries (the overflowed districts) was well 
advanced, for much of it was a month late; nor does it 



130 



COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 



mean that the very defective stands and poorly developed 
roots by reason of the May drought, had been repaired; 
they looked as if they were repaired, because the plants 
had grown so large and luxuriantly under the abundant 
June and early July rains as to conceal such defects. 
Two harmful agencies, however, rain and drought, had 
in this month in different sections begun to excite fears; 
the first did not do the harm anticipated, mainly because 
the fields were unusually clean when the rains began; 
the second developed disastrously in succeeding weeks. 

Second. — Dux-ing August the drought continued, and the 
heat, in portions of the dry zone, became excessive. The 
former point we have remarked upon above in detail; to 
illustrate the latter, we give the following table, showing 
the variations in the thermometer for August for four years: 

THERMOMETER FOR AUGUST. 



Stations. 


1874. 


1875. 


1870. 


1877. 


Stations. 
N. Orleans. 


'l874. 


1875. 


1876. 


1877. 


NovfoHv. 


















Hiijbest.. 


90-.^ 


93-0 


96-5 


9t-0 


Highest.. 


90-O 


90-0 


97-0 


90-0 


Lowest - . 


.58-(> 


mo 


03-0 


60-0 


Lowest.. 


72 -O 


70-0 


09(» 


00-0 


Avfriisre- 


73'J 


70-1 


78-2 


77-4 


Average. 


83 9 


79-3 


82-2 


83-1 


Wilniiiifrt'ii 










Slirevep'rt 










Hinhost.. 


91-0 


92-0 






Highest.. 


100-0 


■-04-0 


90-O 


99-0 


Lowest . . 


r.()-0 


(i5-0 






Lowest.. 


72-0 


Ol-O 


09-() 


05 


AveT'aj^e.. 


76-7 


7U-C 


'78-3 


■ 78-5 


Average. 


80-0 


79-0 


83-0 


82-0 


Cliail(!st<)ii 










Fayette. 










Hijjhest.. 


92() 


91-0 


97-0 


93-0 


Highest.. 


101-0 


90-0 


91-0 


88-0 


Lowest . . 


4,s-() 


<i7-0 


72-0 


71-0 


Lowest.. 


71-0 


03-0 


70-0 


53-0 


Average. 


79-1 


7ii-9 


82-4 


82-3 


Average. 


81-2 


74-1 


77-2 


72-1 


Auii'usta. 










Vieksburg. 










HiiTliest.. 


lOl-O 


91-0 


970 


loOO 


Highest.. 


98-0 


920 


07-0 


99-0 


Lowest .. 


(il-O 


(!3-0 


70-0 


05-0 


Lowest.. 


70-0 


65 


07-5 


66-0 


Average. 


78-8 


70-2 


81-0 


80-8 


Average. 


840 


78-3 


80-2 


81-1 


Atlanta. 










Nashville 










Higliest.. 


98-0 


90-0 


95-0 


98-0 


Highest.. 


100-0 


89-0 


99-0 


91-0 


Lowest . . 


G6-<i 


(!()-( 


72-0 


07-0 


Lowest.. 


0()-() 


57-0 


04-O 


(;2-o 


Average. 


85-0 


82-tl 


90 


87-0 


Average. 


81-5 


74-0 


78-7 


77-4 


Siivaiinali. 










Memphis. 










Highest.. 


9G0 


91-0 


97 


100-0 


Highe.st.. 


101-5 


91-0 


95-0 


94-0 


Lowest . . 


65 


05-0 


70-0 


71-0 


Lowe.st.. 


oo-o 


03-0 


05-0 


02 


Average. 


79-0 


78-1 


82-1 


81-0 


Avei-age. 


82-9 


75-0 


7L»-i 


78-0 


Colunibiis. 










Galveston. 










Highest. - 




90-0 


90-0 


95-0 


Highest.. 


98-5 


96-0 


94-0 


97-0 


I>owest . . 




04-0 


7(»-0 


73-0 


Lowest.. 


73-0 


71-0 


71-0 


70-0 


A\'erage. 


' 83 -0 


79-0 


82-0 


82-0 


Average. 


84-4 


82-9 


83-7 


84-6 


M'tuoiuery 










Iu<lianola. 










Higliest.. 


103-0 


94-0 


■ 95-0 


09-0 


Highest.. 


100 


97-0 


990 


100-0 


Lowest .. 


<;9-r) 


05-0 


()8-5 


00-5 


Lowest.. 


73'0 


710 


71-0 


73-0 


Average. 


8'-'0 


78-0 


80-9 


81-8 


Average. 


81-3 


83-2 


83-4 


85-0 


Mobile. 










Corsicana. 










Higlie.st. . 


1000 


91-0 


95-0 


100-0 


Highest.. 




101-0 


101-0 


103 


Lowest .. 


71-0 


68-0 


71-0 


700 


Lowest.. 




04-0 


(i8-0 


01-0 


Average. 


8.3-3 


78-4 


80-1 


82-0 


Average. 




80-2 


82-7 


81-8 



SUMMER AXB FALL GROWTH. 131 



This statement discloses what was meant by the '• hot 
winds " so frequently spoken of at that time in connection 
with the drought, and added to the want of moistm-e, indi- 
cates the extent of the trial to which the crop was subjected 
in August, 1874. But the reader will be surprised perhaps 
to see that it by no means struck all points injured by it 
with this extreme of severity; and judging from other 
dry seasons, it ought not to have done the extensive harm 
it did, had the plant been well rooted and started in the 
spring. In fact, if we leave out a few points, it has been 
much hotter other years when the crop was an excellent 
one ; compare, for instance, with 1876. Besides, even at 
Memphis the average in 1874 was only 82-9. This is not 
a high average for cotton. 

Third. — Early frost prevented the maturing of the later 
growth in the Valley of the Mississippi and its tributaries 
(the overflowed district) wliich was planted so late. An 
early frost was especially harmful in 1874 in that district. 

Fourth. — These facts furnish, we think, a full explana- 
tion of the short yield. 1. The stand was over a con- 
siderable section very imperfect, irregular and short 
rooted on account of the excessive and constant rains m 
April, and the extreme drought in May. 2. The plant- 
ings in all the overflowed district were very late, and the 
frost in the fall was very early, so that tlie plant in those 
rich sections did not have time to mature the later 
growth. 3. The excessive heat and drought together did 
great harm, but their power for harm was greatly en- 
hanced, because in nearly all that section the plant rooted 
poorly in the spring. 

1875. 

The weather summary, including temperature, rainfall 
and number of days on which it rained, is as follows for 
the last six months of 1875 : 



132 



COTTON FROM SEED TO L002L 



1375. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Deo. 


No.'l'olk.. .. E;iiiif;ill,iacli. 


4-72 


10-37 


2 05 


3-21 


3-64 


Sit 


" Ho. days rain. 


13 


2$ 


10 


9 


12 


11 


iH'Kh 


101-5 


9:^0 


93-0 


81-0 


7)-5 


73- 1 


" Tlicr... I low 


.i;o 


r,io 


.50-5 


38-0 


270 


17-0 


( Ave"- 


81-2 


7()- 1 


68-7 


5S-3 


4:)0 


46-3 


Wil-uin.'^t'a.Rainfall.iiu'li. 


l!).j 


7-44 


2-2 J 


2-53 


1-77 


3-20 


No. days rain. 


10 


15 


10 


9 


8 


8 


(HUli. 


1020 


930 


95-0 


83-0 


7:)-o 


77-0 


" Tliei'. .. ^ I'Ow . 


6S0 


fi5-0 


500 


:w-o 


2S-0 


ISO 


f \vei' 


819 


7o-rt 


71-5 


60-0 


55-5 


51-8 


Cliarlesitoii. Rairifall,iucli. 


105 


1-91 


4-lS 


3-90 


3-38 


1-92 


No. daysraiu. 


5 


12 


10 


9 


15 


14 


i Hl-h. 


980 


91-0 


!'3-0 


8-0 


79-0 


74-0 


" Tlier... \ Low. 


750 


67-0 


570 


440 


38-0 


25-0 


( we-. 


84'() 


79-9 


75-1 


63-3 


5.:)-7 


541 


Augusta Rainfall, iueli. 


2-35 


5-14 


3 12 


1-06 


3-3) 


3-55 


No. days rain. 


12 


I'i 


11 


8 


12 


13 


(High 


1000 


9'0 


97-0 


81-0 


81-0 


770 


" Tlicr... \ -ow. 


71-0 


mo 


53-0 


34-0 


33-0 


21-0 


f ^veiv 


84(3 


7t>-2 


73-4 


6i)-0 


5i-6 


53-; 


Atlanta RainfalUiiicli. 


3-81 


3-42 


4-64 


1-50 


3-15 


0-14 


" No. days rain. 


8 


7 


6 


5 


7 


11 


CH's;\i. 


950 


90-0 


90-0 


78-0 


72-0 


71-0 


T\n\r...]i^ow . 
< We 


7.V0 


6,50 


50-0 


3<-0 


23-0 


120 


90-0 


8'30 


74-0 


66-0 


5:^-0 


55-0 


Sava;iuali.. Rainfall, inch. 


1-.51 


0-11: 


3-95 


2-87 


1-49 


1-41 


" No. days rain. 


3 


13 


7 


4 


9 


8 


( High 


lOiO 


940 


9.50 


85-0 


83-0 


80-0 


" Ther... < Ljw. 


72 


05-0 


55-0 


43-0 


340 


25-0 


( Ave . 


81-7 


78-4 


74-7 


6.J-5 


60-9 


56-0 


CoUinilnis . Rainfall, inch. 


1 ■(!,-) 


5-95 


7-25 


2-(>l: 


4-52 


3-83 


No. days rain. 


.5 


4 


7 


7 


10 


8 


£ High. 


9S0 


90-0 


940 


83-0 


76-0 


740 


Ther. . . \ Low . 


7.S-0 


(UO 


5 4-0 


40-0 


38-0 


y3-o 


f Ave . 


8li-0 


7.t-0 , 


75-0 


61-0 


570 


540 


Maeon RainfalMuch. 


lol 


7-18 


3-91 


0-07 


4-48 


1-03 


No. days rain. 














(Hiih. 


9S0 


9-<-b' 


93- 1 


7 '-0 


ii-o 


7 "•()' 


" Tlier... < Low. 


74'0 


61)- 


570 


31-0 


3 JO 


18-0 


( Ave . 


9;?o 


830 


79 


6S-0 


6J0 


60-0 


Montsoni'y. Rainfall.iuch. 


00!) 


2-U 


8-13 


1-68 


5-90 


0-04 


No. daj'srain 


9 


10 


12 


8 


16 


15 


(H.gh. 


1030 


94-0 


97-0 


78-0 


79-0 


75-0 


" Thor... < i-ow . 


725 


65-0 


53-0 


40-0 


3:30 


23-0 


1 V ver. 


8lj' I 


7S-0 


74-7 


60-8 


5,)-3 


54 ■< 


Mohile Rainfall, inch. 


400 


• 7-07 


8-52 


2-32 


5-10 


3-01. 


No. days rain. 


8 


14 


12 


4 


3 


10 


(High. 


<)90 


91-0 


94-0 


83-0 


80-0 


7)0 


" Tlier. . . - Low . 


7:}- 1 


6-;-o 


570 


44-0 


41-0 


3;)-o 


I Aver. 


8;{-9 


78-4 


75- 1 


63-7 


63-6 


57-6 


N. Orlp.aas. Raiiifall.inch. 


G-.57 


8-(U 


7-89 


2-09 


6-7.) 


5- 15 


" No. days rain 


21 


21 


14 


7 


11 


13 


( ii--h. 


92-5 


900 


92-0 


83-0 


80-5 


78-0 


" Ther... ^, ow . 


730 


70- 1 


61-0 


51-0 


4S-0 


313-0 


( war. 


81-8 


:9-3 


76-6 


67-3 


65-6 


61-5 


Shrevept'i't. Rainfall, inch. 


2' 10 


6 17 


8-02 


4-40 


2-99 


9-51 


" No. days rain. 


16 


15 


4 


9 


12 


13 


( igli. 


10-0 


1040 


9V0 


85-0 


81-0 


79-0 


" Tlicr... How. 


710 


640 


50-0 


41-0 


32-0 


29-0 


( -Aver. 


85-0 


79-0 


73-0 


63-0 


580 


550 


Favctte, Mi.'^s.— 














" Rainfall, inch. 


1-10 


7-90 


7-30 


410 


5-90 


4-20 


" No. days rain. 


5 


11 


(! 


6 


7 


10 


C HIgti 


940 


90-0 


900 


80-0 


80-0 


7^-0 


" Ther...^ ow . 


7f ' 


H3-0 


52-0 


41-1 


340 


25-0 


( v . 


79-8 


74- r 


71 1-5 


5-S-3 


f8-l 


55-2 


Vicksburg . Rainfa!l,iuch. 


1-H2 


8-S5 


7-55 


3-76 


4-55 


5-01 


" No. days rain. 





12 


(5 


8 


11 


13 


C High. 


9!)0 


93-0 


9 40 


83-0 


81-0 


79-0 


" Tlior... ■{ i,ow. 


(i-t-S 


65-0 


500 


3 '-5 


32 


25-0 


( Avei-. 


80-6 


78-3 


73-4 


63-0 


59-7 


56-8 


Columbus, Miss.— 














" Rainfall.inch. 


1-5? 


5-82 


817 


0-95 


6-19 


8-32 


" No. days rain. 





9 


6 


4 


10 


13 


Little Roelf.RainfalUinch. 













4-50 


Nashville . . RaJnfall,inch. 


'8-"t0 


1-86 


2-80 


3-00 


'3'9'2 


4-55 


" No. days rain. 


10 


10 


.5 


7 


16 


11 


( High. 


970 


81-0 


('3-0 


80-0 


75-0 


73-0 


" Ther... < Low . 


6:)0 


57-0 


41-0 


33 


230 


13-0 


t Wer. 


si-3 


7i-0 


6.J- 1 


5'>-4 


50-4 


49-3 



ST'MMF.B AND FALL GROWTH. 



133 



1875. 


Juy. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


Meiiiphi.s . .K;niif!ill,mfli. 


4-31 


'2-39 


2-94 


2-38 


9-60 


5-.54 


No. daysraiu. 


li 


.S 


3 


5 


5 


11 


(Hgii. 


990 


91-0 


93-0 


79- i) 


760 


71-0 


" Tlier...How. 


70-0 


o;jo 


44-0 


350 


27-0 


210 


f Aver. 


822 


750 


70-0 


591 


5)-9 


49-8 


Galvestou. .Rainfall, iucli. 


1-11 


G1.5 


18 41 


1-79 


5-1)1 


9 71 


No. days raiu. 


10 


11 


10 


C 


12 


13 


(Hign. 


970 


!)C-0 


940 


84-0 


S2'0 


730 


Ther... -ji ow. 


7i-0 


71-0 


59 


560 


470 


40-0 


C Aver. 


85 


H2'9 


74-7 


70-(i 


657 


61-6 


Indianola . Rainfall, inch. 


2-31 


203 


10-(1.5 


2-26 


2-42 


U-96 


" No.daj's rain. 


9 


.5 


10 


4 


8 


8 


( H gli. 


960 


97-0 


9.50 


8 a 


830 


77-0 


" Ther... ^ 1 ow . 


710 


710 


610 


560 


40-0 


40-0 


( ' ver. 


8-t- 1 


83a 


76-6 


71-8 


650 


630 


Corsicana ..Rainfall.iuoli. 


3 0.5 


G-Sl 


1-Gl 


0-22 


3)6 


0-28 


" No. days rain. 


3 


8 


7 


•> 


7 


8 


(Huh. 


lOi-0 


101-0 


i0"-a 


910 


>-8-0 


76-0 


" Ther.. JL)\v. 


710 


64-0 


460 


41-0 


•26-0 


30 


( .iver. 


80-0 


80-2 


73-5 


63-9 


55-6 


542 


Dalla.s Rainfall, inch. 












510 



CIIUON'ICLE WEATHKU REPORTS SUMMARY. 

/it///.— The weather during July -was, in general, fairly favorable, splen- 
did showers visiting most sections of the South. lu parts of almost all 
the States, however, there were comphiints of drought, while at Mem- 
phis and Nashville there was too much rain ; but no considerable damage 
Avas done from either cause. As the month closed, fears were enter- 
tained of damage from the overflow of the Mississippi. 

A u (J II St. —ThowgXi some sections continued to complain of drought, the 
more general dilliculty and complaint during August was excessive 
rain. Shedding, rust, rot, mildew, aud overgrowth of weed, were the 
principal evils e.Niisting and feared. The Mississippi overflowed its 
banks at Memphis aud in that vicinity, but although great harm was 
anticipated and considerable harm was done to individuals, yet the 
aggregate loss was so limited that its effect on the total crop was not 
very material. 

Seplcniber.—ThvfirnX.'haXtoi September less rain fell, and during the 
gi'cater portion of that time there was a decided improvement in tlie 
weather. But on the lOth a terrific cyclone struck Texas, lasting four 
days, almost destroying Indianola and doing great harm at Galveston 
aud in all the Texas coast counties; tlie rainfall at Galveston, during the 
storm, reached ten and fifty-three hundredths inches, at Shreveport 
seven and flftj--nine hundredths inches in thirty-eight hours, and at Vicks - 
burg, during two days, five and sixtj-tme hundredths inches. The crop 
In all the section of which these cities are the centre, sufiercd more or 
less injury from the storm, but the harm done in the coast counties of 
Texas (say from San Marcos river to the Sabine river, and from the 
Gulf to a line drawn through Austin, Crockett, and San Augustine) was 
especially severe and so reported. On the 25th of September there was 
another storm at Galveston and vicinity, at wliich six aud sixty-three 
hundredths inches of rain fell, which did further damage to the cotton 
prostrated by the cyclone. Through Alabama, also, and parts of 
Georgia, there were excessive rains this month, aud much damage 
reported. 

Oe'ohcr. — This month was generally favorable f >r picking the crop. 
There were, l.owever, light frosts at several points, and killing frost in 
North Carolina aud at Memphis and Nashville. 

iV"oi'e»i&cr.— Considerable rain fell in November, e.'ccept on the Atlantic 
coast, and many complaints on that ground were made, especially in 
the Mississippi Valley and the Gulf States, as the rain beat out the 
cotton, rotted the bolls, and interfered with the picking. Sickness in 



134 COTTON FROM SEED TO ZOOM. 



the same section also interfered with picking, while the election excite- 
ment in Mississippi had the same effect. 

Dcfc»i?>(7'.— The rains of last month were continned dnring December 
and in much the same districts; the wcatiicr also turned yuite cold 
almost everywhere. Picking, therefore, made comparatively slow 
progress. For instance, it rained during Novemhcr and December on 
24 days at Vicksburg, 25 days at Shrevcport, 31 days at Montgomery, 
■-7 days at New Orleans, &c. See table above for details. 

FROM THE AGKICULTCRAL BUREAU RETORTS. 

From the August and September reports (to September 1) issued as 
one:— "The prevalent droughts of July were succeeded by rains in 
" August, too copious for the best results in the Mississippi Valley, and 
" quite injurious in heaA'y soils of the eastern belt, causing rust, shed- 
" ding of leaves and fruit forms, and, to some extent, rotting of the 
" lower bolls. There is a rank recent growth which will yield largely 
" with a favorable and long autumn season, or prove a disappointment 
" in case of an early killing frost. In some parts of Texas drought con- 
'• tinned for nine weeks, but the seasonable rains since the middle of 
" August have placed the fields in high condition iu all except the most 
" severely parched localities." 

From the October report (to October 1) :— " An improvement in the 
" condition of cotton during the pa.st mouth is indicated in Alabama, 
" Louisiana and Arkansas. The depreciation in Mississippi is slight, 
" from 98 to 06, occasioned by storms. The destructive equinoctial 
" storm wasted and stained nuich fibre in Southern Texas, reducing tlie 
" State percentage of condition from 94 to 88. In North Carolina and 
" Tennessee, Sfptember was cold, and the harvest is late with less favor- 
" able prospects of a top crop. A reduction of the percentage of Georgia 
" from 76 to 71 is caused by storms and the increasing prevalence of 
" rust. South Carolina is 3 per cent lower, from similar conditions. In 
"several counties of Florida the caterpillar has l)cen injurious. * * 
" The harvest has been retarded in the Mississippi Valley by an unusual 
" amount of sickness among the laborers. In the State of Mississippi 
" tliere has been some loss of time on account of political disturbances." 
From the November and December reports (to December 1) issued as 
one :— " As former reports of condition have indicated, the States bor- 
" dering on the Atlantic all show a reduced product, and those in the 
" Mississippi Vallej^ an increased yield. * * * * There is much irrcgu- 
" larity in the progress of picking. In some counties of Georgia and 
" Alabama the harvest is nearly over. In Mississippi the work has lieen 
" delayed by political difflculfies and by sickness. * * * Fine weather 
" has been the rule, with a few exceptions ; but in Louisiana much fibre 
" has been lost or stained by storms. The effect of the great September 
" storm in Southern Texas proves less disastrous than was at first 
" represented." 

From the foregoing we learn — 

That from the first of August the rainfall was extremely 
heavy in a very considerable section of the South. The 
following shows the aggregate rainfall in each of the dis- 
tricts named during the five months (August, September, 
October, November and December) for the years designated. 
We have arranged the stations in classes, putting points 



STMMER AXD FALL GBOWTH. 



135 



Oil tliG coa5t together and those inland together. Storms 
are apt to divide themselves up in that way, many confin- 
ing themselves to the coast; hence the comparison becomes 
more intelligible and instructive with this arrangement. 

KAINFAI.L BY SECTIONS. 

Aiif/Hsl to D::c"nibe', inclusive, (five months). 



Stations. 


1872. 


1873. 


1874. 


1875. 


1876. 


1877. 


Norfolk, Va luphes. 


24-28 


27-(!5 


l(!-83 


22-41 


20-37 


33-38 


Wiimiiiiftou, N.C. " 


19-37 


28-05 


20-35 


17-17 


32-31 


48-31 


CUarleston, 8. C. " 


25-70 


33-21 


20-62 


15-29 


37-88 


24-62 


Savumiiili, Ga. .. " 


24-40 

y3-8i 


19-9!) 


20-35 
78-15 


15-86 


24-U2 


25-96 


Total " 


108-90 


70-73 


115-18 


132-27 


Auffiista, Ga " 


14-17 


IS -57 


2000 


16-17 


18-11 


23-60 


Atlanta, Ga " 


15-44 


14-27 


17-46 


19-15 


15-04 


14-92 


Columbus, Ga " 






21-14 


24-24 


18-50 


17-16 


Macon, Ga " 






18-04 
76-64 


17-90 


16-22 

67-87 


18-87 


Total " 


29-61 


32-84 


77-46 


74-53 


Mobile, Ala " 


15-00 


26-47 


12-54 


25-98 


26-20 


34-21 


New Orleans, La " 


21-71 


21-12 


13-42 


30-53 


18-86 


36-44 


Galveston, Tex.. " 


20-17 


29- 11 


21-65 


41-67 


19-93 


45-14 


Indiauola, Tex... " 


13-24 


2 i-48 


22-18 


24-32 


17-99 


26-77 


Total " 


71-08 


100-18 


69-79 


122-50 


82-98 


142-56 


Montgomery, Ala " 


16-29 


13-27 


11-35 


23-89 


15-01 


16-19 


Shreveport, La.. " 


1514 


21-33 


15-67 


31-12 


13-63 


26-94 


Fayette, Miss.... " 






17-20 


29-40 


14-80 




Viekslmri,'', Miss. '• 


15-21 


12-43 


1422 


30-32 


15-08 


24-97 


Columbus, Mi.ss.. " 








3103 


16-36 


33-52 


T-ittle Rock, Ark. " 










13-56 


29-35 


Nashville, Tenn.. " 


12-46 


18-73 


19-58 


16-19 


14-69 


19-59 


3Iemphi8, Tenn.. " 


12-53 


21-06 


17-00 


22-85 


15-40 


23-32 


Corsicaua, Tex.. " 








18-91 


9-90 


22-16 


Total " 


71-03 


86-82 


95-02 


203-71 


128-43 


196-04 



This statement is especially interesting because it proves 
the existence of conditions in the fall of 1875 which were 
of course harmful, and not very unlike those prevailing 
during the same months of 1877 ; yet in 1875 previous 
favorable conditions (that is, something in its earlier 
development) enabled the plant to produce a crop of 
4,669,000 bales. We shall have reason to refer to this 
point again. 

1870. 

The temperature, rainfall and number of days of rain 
for the last six months of 1876 were as follows : 



1876. 


July. Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Bee. 


Norfolk Rainfall,ineh. 

No. days rain. 

" Thcr...^.ow. 
' Aver. 


5-50 

10 

102-5 

60-0 

81-7 


4-54 

16 
9V5 
630 

78-2 


9-09 
13 
9.30 
520 
69-7 


1-52 

7 
78-0 
310 
56-8 


3-28 

12 
70-5 
310 
49-4 


1-94 
11 
59-0 
11-0 
33-B 



136 



GOTTOX FROM SEED TO LOOM. 



1 


1870. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


Wiiiuiugl'u.Kaiiil'all.inch. 


7-62 


8-:-^r^ 


9-41 


7-22 


1-05 


5-48 


No. (lays laiii. 


V.i 


14 


10 


10 


7 


9 


" Tlici-... ^LoV.. 




.... 










'Ave . 


79-8 


78-3 


73-7 


59-'6 


53-0 


39-1 


Cliarlestou . Ilainfall.iuch. 


11-20 


5-10 


11-20 


14-32 


1-35 


5-83 


No. days raiu. 


10 


15 


12 


13 


6 


11 


cHigl). 


97-0 


97-0 


94-0 


82-0 




05-0 


" Ther... -{Low.. 


67-0 


72-0 


60-0 


43-0 




23-0 


( Ave . 


8;J-6 


82-4 


77-9 


62-4 


56-'3 


44-1 


Augusta Rainfall, iucli. 


0-20 


3- 6 


2-.50 


3^8 


3-.54 


5-17 


No. (lays rain. 


14 


14 


7 


7 


8 


11 


' (High. 


9S-0 


97-0 


95-0 


86-0 




65-0 


" Tlier... ^Low. 


eao 


70-0 


48-0 


36-0 




20-0 


t Aver. 


8a- 7 


81-6 


75'2 


60-1 


52-4 


39-1 


Atlanta liainfall.incli. 


3-49 


5-32 


0-80 


1-81 


3-67 


3-44 


" No. days rain. 


9 


9 


4 


3 


10 


(> 


aiigh. 


96-0 


95-0 


88-0 


78-0 


75-0 


60-0 


Tlier. . . \ Low . 
( vver 


60-0 


72-0 


50-0 


37-0 


31-0 


14-0 


90-0 


90-0 


80-0 


67-0 


52-0 


40-0 


Savannah . .Kainfall.incli. 


Oil 


0-88 


2-(!0 


9-45 


0-88 


4-81 


No. day. s rain. 


13 


14 


12 


8 


3 


13 


\II fell 


100-0 


97-0 


960 


85-0 


810 


05-0 


" Tlier... N l.ovv . 


60-0 


70-0 


55-0 


440 


35-0 


20-0 


( Aver. 


84-.5 


82-1 


78-0 


61-7 


56-4 


44-9 


Coluniljus . . Uaiufall.ineli. 


4 36 


5-31 


0-46 


3-90 


2-00 


617 


" i\o. days rain. 


10 


12 


2 


2 


5 


8 


c Hi?li 


960 


96-0 


94-0 


78-0 


70-0 


6S-0 


" Ther... -^ Low. 


mo 


70-0 


50-0 


3(5 


330 


20-0 


I Ave 


840 


82-0 


75-0 


64-0 


510_ 


440 


Macon Rainfall, inch. 


8-67 


2-47 


2-93 


2 90 


2-75 


5-11 


" No, days rain. 














l High. 


95-0 


97-0 


92-b' 




7li 


ds-o' 


" Ther... -^ i.ow. 


64-0 


700 


60-0 




.-■o-o 


1 -0 


/Aver. 


90-0 


87-0 


83-0 




51'0 


38-0 


Men tgoui'y. Rainfall, inch. 


6-24 


3-0.5 


1-01 


0-96 


3-42 


5-97 


'■ No. days r.iin. 


14 


18 


4 


2 


9 


15 


(Hgh. 


100-0 


95-0 


950 


86^ 


78-0 


69-5 


Thcr... jL.w. 


6S-0 


08-5 


51-5 


42-0 


32-0 


20-0 


I Aver. 


82-8 


80-9 


75-1 


62-9 


53-2 


41-8 


Mobile Rainfall, inch. 


5-38 


11-. 53 


1-70 


0-37 


5-30 


7-18 


" N;). days rain. 


12 


19 


3 


1 


8 


14 


1 High. 


90-0 


95-0 


92-0 


820 


79-0 




" Ther... \ i.ow . 
[Ave . 


74-0 


71-0 


55-0 


43-0 


35-0 




83-3 


80-1 


76-8 


64-4 


55-7 


44-4 


N. Orleans .Rainfall,inch. 


4-73 


4-44 


0-26 


0-24 


4-35 


9-37 


" No. days rain. 


21 


16 


7 


2 


7 


18 


(High. 














" Ther... <Low . 














t Ave ■. 


83-4 


82-2 


79-1 


67-6 


59-2 


48-1 


Shreveport. Rainfall, inch. 


1-S7 


2 '22 


0-62 


5-42 


2 99 


2-38 


" No. daj^s rain. 


9 


10 


() 


6 


9 


8 


(High. 


98-0 


96-0 


95-0 


85-0 


78-0 


70-0 


Ther... ^ Low.. 
< Avei . 


;-o 


69-0 


52-0 


380 


32-0 


17-0 


84-0 


83-0 


75-0 


64-0 


53-0 


41-0 


Fayette, Miss.— 














" Rainfall,inch. 


5-40 


5-20 


0-50 


1-30 


2-60 


5-20 


" No. days rain. 


8 


13 


2 


4 


9 


10 


CHish. 


92-0 


91-0 


92-0 


84-0 


76-0 


69-0 


" Ther. . . < Low . 


71-0 


70-0 


5t-0 


37-0 


29-0 


16-0 


( Aver. 


79-1 


77-2 


72-0 


62-2 


50-1 


39-2 


Viebshurg . Rainfall, inch. 


3-31 


2-.-J6 


1-95 


2-21 


2-02 


5-74 


" No. days I'ain. 


11 


10 


(! 


4 


10 


15 


( iiigh. 


97-5 


97-0 


940 


86-0 


79-5 


69-0 


" Ther...O-ow. 


71-0 


67-5- 


51-5 


35-0 


3-3-0 


33-5 


(Aver. 


82-6 


80-2 


740 


63-2 


52-3 


41-2 


Columbus, Miss.— 














Rainfall.inch. 


2-97 


3-36 


3-4,5 


1-46 


1-62 


3-50 


" No. days rain. 


8 


12 


3 


1 


6 


8 


Little Rock. Rainfall.inch. 


5-89 


2-6.5 


0-64 


6-95 


1-32 


2-00 


Nashville . .Rainfall.inch. 


5-41 


7-51 


2.55 


2-90 


0-93 


0-74 


'• No. days rain. 


11 


14 


5 


7 


9 


9 


(High. 


97-0 


90-0 










Ther... < Low.. 


5S-0 


fil-0 










i Aver. 


80-9 


7S-7 


60-2 


56-'7 


46-4 


30-8 


IVIeuiphis. . . Rainf.'ill.iiich. 


4-38 


5-37 


304 


3-95 


0-90 


2-14 


" No. days rain. 


13 


14 


9 


11 


10 


15 


(H'gh. 


92-0 


95-0 


910 




81-0 


62-0 


" Ther... ■{ Low . 


6S0 


03-0 


46-0 




29-0 


3-0 


( Aver. 


81-3 


I 79-1 


70-0 


5S-5 


47-1 


32-6 


M 

















SVMMER AND FALL GROWTH. 



137 





1876. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


Galveston 


.Raiu;all,iiu:li. 


3-22 


10-10 


0-G4 


1-41 


3-98 


3-71 


" 


No. davN rain. 


8 


11 


3 


3 


<> 


8 




I HiKli. 


9(>-0 


940 


940 


87-0 


820 


700 


" 


Ther... low. 


75-0 


71 


620 


.'il-O 


390 


200 




( Aver 


850 


83-7 


79-4 


71-G 


00-1 


502 


lucliaiiola 


.Kainfall,iuch. 


317 


4 00 


3-51 


4-Ji 


2-70 


2-48 


" 


Ko. days rain. 





10 


a 


7 


G 


8 




ai ^h. 


980 


990 


930 


83-0 




750 


" 


Ther... {Lovt. 


73 M 


710 


070 


500 




230 




( wer. 


843 




79-4 


(8-7 


590 


55-9 


Corsicma 


.rvaiufall.iiicli. 


3-27 


1-58 


i-58 


0-08 


3-84 


2-22 


" 


No. days rain. 


7 


8 


o 





7 







I lli-li. 


10.50 


101-0 


98-0 


91-5 


770 


72-0 


*' 


Ther. . . ■ .■ w . 


700 


»IH0 


50-3 


36-0 


2o0 


120 




I ve-. 


83-(5 


82-7 


74-8 


6«-6 


5-2-3 


570 


Dalkia.... 


.. Rainfall, iui-a 


1-29 


0-20 


0-35 


0-02 


2-47 


0-50 



CHKONICLE WEATHKU REPORTS SUMMAKV. 

./((///.— Early in the month the ovorflow of the Arkansas River did 
some damage, taking off probably about twelve tliousand bales from the 
prospective yield of that section. Other tlian this, all the conditions 
were during the montli fairly favorable. In some sections there were 
complaints of droughts, and in many others too much rain, but as tlic 
plant was well started and the liclds clean, the liarni done was inconsid- 
erable. On the whole, the month closed with the crop in very good con- 
dition almost everywhere. 

August. — Some reports of caterpillars were current last month, but in 
the early days of tliis mouth they began to be more definite, and as the 
month progressed it became evulent that in some sections harm had 
actuallj- been done. This was especiallj' true in tlie prairies and cane- 
brake seotioas of Mid lie .Vlabami, and also in a portion of Mississi[>pi 
and the lower third of Texas. R.iins were in excess in Tennessee, 
and in portions of the Atlantic and Gulf States ; but in the caterpillar 
district of Alabama and Mississippi there was very little rain, and in the 
last two or three weeks of August scarcely any, which helped in a 
measure to check the growth of that plague there, though the loss in 
Alabama was reported at one-third the crop in that section. Rust and 
shedding widely complained of, especially in the West and Southwest. 
Drought in Northern Texas. 

September. — Tlie weather this month was very favorable everywhere, 
except some excessive rjius on the very coast of the Atlantic States, and 
a drought in a few sections, tlie most important of which was the 
northern part of Texas. Caterpillars completed their work in Texas 
the first week of the month, stripping the plants of leaves and of the 
young bolls in the district between the coast and as high up :is Hunts- 
ville, Crenham and Gonzales, it being reported that in that section 
" the early pi intings will make from a (luarter to a third, and the lato 
" plantings almost nothing." 

October. —in'ongXit continued in Northern Texas. The rainfall at Dallas 
has onlj" been one inch and twenty-si.x hundredths since the first day of 
August (tlirec months), and was only one inch and twenty-nine hun- 
dredths iu July. The weather during the month has generally been 
excellent for picking purposes. Killing frost was reported in the West 
and Southwest on the first and s^-^coiid of October, destroying iu a con- 
siderable section the later growth. 

iV)!)c rt6c/'.—Th3 weather was very favorable everywhere for picking, 
the first ten or twelve days. A storm during the iie.xt four days in 
Texas was said to have beaten out and destroyed much cotton. The 
balance of the month generally cold. 

December. -Weather quite severe and cold, but not of so much import- 



138 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 



.aiice, as picking bad been iu large part flnislicil. Towards tlie close of 
the inniitli it became very cold, ice l)eiug reported at Galveston and 
Iiulianola, and lieavy snow in north of Texas, with the " coldest weather 
" at Dallas ever known. '' Eleven inches snow at Mempbis, &c. 

FROM THE AGiaCULTUKAL BUREAU REPORTS. 

From the August and September reports (to September 1) issued as 
one: — " The September returns, while averaging a higher condition than 
" is usual in this month, are lower than those of August. * * * In 
" North Carolina the d(!cline has been from 9(5 to 93, caused by exces- 
" sive moisture and rust ; in South Carolina from 97 to 91, from blight 
" caused by great extremes of heat and moisture; in Georgia from 104 
" to 90 by drought mainly, and in less degree by rust and caterpillars; 
" in Florida from 89 to 83 by worms and rust ; in Alabama from 103 to 
" 83 from causes similar to those operating in Georgia, with great 
" prominence of the caterpillar ; in Mississippi from 92 to 87, mainly 
" from too much rain, with some injury fi'om tlie boll worm and cater- 
" pillar; in Texas from 106 to 87, from various causes, operating either 
" together or separately in the diflerent sections, as drought, rains, rust, 
" boll worms and caterpillars. In Tennessee and Arkansas the decline 
" is scarcely pci'ceptible, amounting to but one per cent, and in Louis- 
" iana there is a gain of one per cent." 

From the October report (to October 1) :— " The October reports iudi- 
" cate a reduction of the condition of cotton during the past mouth in 
" the teu principal cotton States from an average of 90'.5 to 82-7. 
• I 4 * * rpjjjj impairment of the crop prospects has been c;iuscd by the 
" ecpiinoctial storm in North Carolina, drought and rust in Georgiii, 
" the caterpillar in Florida and Alabama, the boll worm in Arkansas, 
" and frost in Tennessee. The caterpillar is confined to the southerly 
" portion of the Gulf States. Its depredations are most severe in Ala" 
" bama. In most of the infested districts its reproduction was too lato 
" to destroy more than the top crops." 

From the Noveml)cr and Decemlier (to Dec. 1) reports, issued as one : — 
" Tlie returns of November indicated an extremely favoral)le season for 
" gathering cotton, except in some portions of North Carolina. * * * 
" Frost has injured the top crop in the northern belt, notably iu Arkansas. 
'• The fibre is cleaner than usual and of superior quality in the southern 
"belt. Di ought iu the Gulf States, rain storms in the Carolinas, the 
" boll worm in the Southwest, and the caterpillar iu certain locations 
' near the Gulf Coast, are chief causes of injury to the crop. The har- 
" vest will be complete<l at a nmch earlier date than usual. The crop 
" must be smaller t'.ian that of last year, however favorable and long the 
" remaining season for gathering." 

We learn from the foregomo- — 

First. — That the summer growth this year was subject to 
more than the usual misfortunes. July was favorable, 
except the flood in Arkansas ; but after that, rains were 
excessive over a considerable section, and extremely im- 
portant districts were greatly injured by caterpillars, 
more especially the prairies and canebrakes of Middle 
Alabama and the lower third of Texas. There was also a 
very severe drought in the northern pai't of Texas, and the 



SUMMER AND FALL GROWTH, 



139 



usual com2')laints from very many points of shedding and 
rust. 

Second. — The fall growth was also shortened by an 
unusually early killing frost, on the 1st and 2d of October, 
in the West and Southwest, but the weather for picking 
was generally as fine as possible up to December, when 
about all the cotton had been gathered. 

Third. — Xotwithstanding these serious drawbacks — (1) 
the Arkansas flood, (2) the caterpillars, (3) excessive rains 
in sections, (4) shedding and rust, (5) drought, (6) unusually 
early frost — the crop raised was one of the largest ever 
gathered. How can we account for this, other than by 
accepting the fact that a good stand makes such a strong, 
healthy plant, that it successfully resists ills that a poor 
plant would succumb to, and, further, has so much fruit 
forming constantly that it can afford to lose largelv by 
shedding and by caterpillars and l)y frost, and yet furnish 
a good yield. 

1S77- 

For the last six months of 1877 the monthly record of 
rainfall and weather is as follows : 



1877. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


Norfolk. . . . Riiiufall.iiich. 


7-97 


3-78 


11-90 


7-82 


5-54 


4-34 


Jio. day.s r:»in. 


18 


12 


19 


10 


13 


13 


.His, 


99-5 


94-0 


93-0 


790 


77-0 


65-1/ 


Ther... <Lo«'. 


6 


660 


i,4-0 


4-0 


2i-0 


25-0 


1 we . 


79-6 


Tii 


68- <■ 


62-1 


52-3 


45-9 


Wilmingt'u.Rainfall.incli. 


seas 


10-lG 


2010 


6-G8 


4-94 


G13 


" No. day^^ rain. 


9 


10 


14 


10 


11 


14 


.Hig.i. 








820 


83- . 


73-0 


•' Ther... w. 








4 


280 


25 


' Av 1- 


8o"-b 


'.8-W 


73-4 


65-4 


57-0 


6J-6 


Charlcstou.. Rainfall, iucli. 


10-21 


2-21 


G-30 


4-87 


7-02 


4-22 


No. days rain. 


1'2 


It 


19 


15 


13 


13 


■ iHi h 


100 


H.3-U 


92-11 


81-0 


80-1 


6'l-0 


TlM-r... ^Low. 


730 


71-ri , 


ii3-0 


.•^3-0 


3'-0 


33-0 


( WLM- 


SJ-i 


8:.'-3 


7 -2 


69- 1 


i 9-2 


54-1 


Augusta .. .Rainfall, inch. 


1-83 


5-2.'> 


4-09 


4-98 


6-06 


3-22 


No.day.s rain. 


8 


3 


14 


13 


13 


10 


I ' f?'' 


910 


in -0 


!70 


830 


77- u 


71-0 


Tber... -ILo ^ . 


18 1 


65 


T i) 


460 


•.60 


2-0 


■ . < ^^ ■ 


8:i-i; 


,S -.-i 


76-4 


ti5->J 


5!-9 


50-2 


Atlanta Rainfall, mcli. 


3-29 


0-77 


3-19 


3-87 


3-19 


3-S40 


No. days rain. 


7 


4 


5 


8 


7 





iHi,h. 


940 


980 


r20 


74-0 


6 -0 


66 


Tber...^L;w. 
< >vei-. 


00 


670 


£.70 


44-0 


20") 


21-0 


8r-o 


^7■0 




CS-0 


550 


55-0 


Savannah . Rainfall, inch. 


5- 07 


3-«9 


8-92 


5-37 


3-72 


4-06 


No. day.s rain. 


13 


14 


15 


11 


11 


12 


(H.gh. 


100- > 


10-0 


H'O 


f3-0 


Sl-0 


710 


Ther.-.^L w . 


610 


710 


640 


fU-0 


28-0 


29-0 


( • ver. 


8.3-8 


8!-6 


76-7 


6-? 


59-1 


55-1 



140 



COTTON Fit 021 SEED TO L002I. 





1 1 


1877. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


Columbus. .Raiufall,iiic'li 


1-34 


2-24 


3-30 


l-_87 


4-13 


4-75 


" No. claj's raui. 


3 


4 


6 


.5 


6 


6 


CHigli. 


9S0 


950 


9 


>-20 


780 


710 


" Thor... ■ LOW 


7o-0 


730 


620 


4 -0 


213-0 


2 -0 


( ver. 


^5•o 


820 


760 


6S0 


540 


53-0 


Macon liaiufall.inch. 


4-17 


2-05 


3-28 


3-70 


4-73 


5-lL 


No. (lays rain. 














(Hgli. 
Tlier. . . ] o w . 


06 


940 


t's-o 


7.3-0 


73 b' 


63 


68-0 


6B0 


6,-0 


'0-0 


220 


•. -0 


I Ave . 


8V0 


80-0 


7i-0 


CT-0 


.53 


4 -0 


Moutffom'y. Rainfall, inch. 


3-43 


1-07 


4-07 


2-51 


3-75 


4-79 


No. days rain. 


i> 


9 


13 


10 


12 


9 


(High. 


1020 


910 


970 


83- J 


760 


710 


Thei'...^ow. 


6 -5 


« -5 


610 


4i-0 


2i-5 


24-0 


( A' er. 


84- •! 


81-8 


75-3 


65-5 


f3-9 


5 -.) 


Mobile Rainfall, inch. 


3-74 


4-G9 


12-G3 


6-15 


4-7«) 


5-99 


" No. days rain. 


8 


12 


1.5 


9 


10 


10 


c H gh. 


1000 


1000 


P5-0 


83-0 


760 


7 -0 


Ther. .. I ow. 


6-0 


700 


630 


48-0 


270 


2f;o 


f wev. 


H4-8 


82-0 


7.-6 


68-1 


561 


54-3 


N. Orleans. . Raiufall.inch. 


6-41 


2'5i 


13-21 


9-15 


6-58 


4-96 


" No. days rain. 


13 


9 


14 


14 


8 


8 


( High. 


990 


96 


93-0 


810 


7 -0 


71-0 


" Ther...'^ iw. 


73-.1 


ervo 


61-0 


530 


380 


3.-0 


( 'vev. 


«:-t-7 


831 


78-4 


;()-3 


58-3 


&r.-5 


Shreveport . Rainfall,inch. 


2-37 


0-20 


9-93 


9-30 


3-76 


3-7.5 


" No. days rain . 


10 


1 


12 


11 


8 


7 


( iigh 
Ther...^Low. 


990 


990 


9-0 


88-0 


720 


7f0 


«4-0 


650 


1-0 


43' 1 


ln-0 


2 -0 


I . ve •, 


83-0 


82-0 


76-0 


65-4 


51-7 


51-2 


Fayette, Miss.— 














" Rainfall, inch. 


4-80 


11-20 


6 -GO 










" No. daj's rain. 


.'j 


14 


10 









(Hish 


940 


8S-0 


920 








TTier... 'Lnw. 


64- 


530 


660 








(\y . 


7-2 


73-1 


.6-3 








Vicksburg. .Rainfall, inch 


2-9.5 


1-14 


6-94 


5-00 


9-03 


2-'86 


" No. daysra.n. 


9 


6 


11 


10 


10 


6 


CHlah. 


990 


99-0 


970 


860 


74-0 


• 73-0 


" Ther.-.'Low. 


.;4'0 


G60 


550 


430 


230 


230 


t .\e . 


82-4 


8:-l 


74-0 


66 


53-3 


54-1 


Columbus, Miss. — 














HaintalUincb. 


4-92 


0-47 


12-83 


2-82 


7-29 


5-19 


" No. days rain. 


7 


3 


10 


10 


11 


10 


Little Rock. Rainfall.inch. 


0-81 


3-5G 


7-72 


6-46 


4-93 


6-68 


" No. days rain. 


8 


4 


7 


7 


8 


8 


{ 'Iigh. 


9-)-0 


9T0 


96-0 


87-0 


78-0 


8:-o 


Thcr..;Low. 


7>i-r, 


600 


510 


.S8-0 


;o-o 


12-0 


f ver. 


80-0 


8f0 


720 


65-0 


;3-'> 


50-1) 


Naslivillo ..Rainfall, inch. 


3-2.5 


41G 


5-40 


2-61 


4-93 


2-49 


" No. day.s rain. 


10 


8 


12 


8 


13 


11 


(High. 


950 


910 


80-1) 


83-0 


64-0 


090 


" Ther.-.^Low. 


6()0 


620 


.^ro 


38-0 


170 


170 


^Aver. 


81- L 


7r-4 


70-6 


609 


47-3 


48-.^ 


Memphis. ..Rainfall, inch. 


G 22 


G05 


311 


3-75 


5-97 


4-44 


" No. days rain. 


13 


10 


13 


13 


15 


15 


( Ugh. 


gr>o 


940 


94-0 


81-0 


68-0 


70-0 


" Ther...^Low. 


ii20 


620 


5(0 


410 


160 


200 


f vver. 


80-4 


7K-0 


71 


62- •< 


4T-6 


5 -5 


Galveston. .Rainfall, inch. 


1-89 


1-27 


13-85 


17-39 


6-77 


5-86 


" No. days rain. 


11 


7 


8 


10 


7 


11 


(High. 
Ther...^ ow. 


910 


970 


93-0 


87-0 


7 -0 


68-0 


7 -0 


70-0 


600 


49-0 


300 


350 


I Aver. 


84-4 


846 


80-1 


715 


5-3 


55-9 


Indianola... Rainfall, inch. 


204 


1-98 


2-20 


11-75 


4-83 


5-92 


No. days rain. 


7 


7 


6 


13 


8 


13 


iH gi. 


97 


1000 


960 


930 


J-2 


77-0 


Ther...Low. 


680 


•;30 


6'-0 


490 


28-0 


:30 


1 Aver. 


i-4-9 


8-v6 


81-2 


70-<> 


60-3 


5rt-.=> 


Corsicana... Rainfall, inch. 


3 GO 


2-85 


2-33 


6-81 


G-21 


3-96 


• " No. days rain. 


8 




10 


13 


7 


11 


(H gli. 


1020 


10 '^0 


1000 


98 


75-0 


7:i-0 


" Ther... \ low. 


:90 


610 


iOO 


400 


140 


220 


( w r. 


81- 1 


81-8 


-s-s 


6.5-4 


5t-4 


5!-.- 


Dallas Rainf.all.iui^h. 


2-80 


3-lG 


4-25 


6-55 


7-50 


3-17 


CHUONICLE 


WEATH 


ER REP( 


JUTS str 


MMAUY. 






J(t'*/.— This month was j? 


onerally 


' very fi 


ivorahli 


for th 


) develo 


pinent 


of tho crop. lu some sec 


tions tl] 


16 temp 


eratuve 


was tou 


low fo 


r rapid 





STTMMER AXD FALL GROWTH. 141 



progress, bat about half the month was hot and forcing, with just rain 
enough to give the phiut a strong, healthy growth. More rain than need- 
ful, however, fell in the Memphis districts, and also along the Atlantic 
coast. Plant continues backward, say about two weeks later than last 
year almost evci'ywhere. In Texas the coast counties west of the Colo- 
rado River reported great injury from cateri)illars. 

A i(r/«s/.— During August the weather was very favorable, with few 
exceptions; on the coast of North Carolina and in Memphis there was 
too much rain, and in pai'ts of the Atlantic and Gulf States, and especi- 
ally iu the north of Texas, th(>re were complaints of drouglit; the last 
week of the month. Northern Texas was relieved by fine showers. Cater- 
pillars were reported this month in many m >ro sections of Texas, and 
doing harm in all the lower third of the State. Shedding and rust widely 
complained of. 

September.— The weather was fairlj' favorable for maturing and gather- 
ing the crop, except in the third week. Earlier in the month consider- 
able rain fell, all of which, on ace >!int of the previous dry weather, was 
needed; but in the third week there was a very severe storm of wind 
ano rain in the Gulf, the rainfall being largest at Galveston, New Orleans 
and Mobile (from eight to ten inches), but reached three and seventy- 
eight hundredths inches as high up as Viclisburg, and three and three 
hundredths inches at Nashville. The remainder of the month was gener- 
ally very favorable. In parts of North and South Carolina there wtis 
more rain through the month than desirable. 

October.— T>urmg the first half of October, except as stated below, the 
weather was very favorable for maturing and picking cotton. On the 
7th there was a very severe local tornado iu the northern and north- 
eastern sections of Texas, but does not seem to have passed outside of 
Texas with much severity, nor to have passed through the lower third of 
the State. Daring the week ending on the 19th, there was another 
storm in the Gulf, of four or five days' duration, beginning iu Lower 
Texas and extending np into Arkansas, through much of Louisiana and 
Mississippi, but not reaching Mobile, the rainfall beiug between three 
and six inches at different points. Ag.aiu, in the week ending the 2(!th 
there were two days of very heavy rain on tlie Texas coast, the rainfall 
at Galveston being nine inches and forty-three linndredths. This storm 
did not extend far, except iu a modified form — that is, the rainfall rapidly 
bi'cam" liss as it passed inland (Ueing at Corsieana (mo inch and forty- 
two hundredths, at Vicksburg one inch and one Imndredth, at Shrevo- 
port only fifty-four hundredths of an inch, at Memphis flftj'-flve 
hundredths of an mch), and yet over much of that section there was a 
dense mist during the greater part of the week, which intei'fered with 
picking and gave rise to very ma:iy complaints of rotthig and sprouting 
of bolls, &e. On the Atlantic coast there were also some heavy rains, 
but not extending inland with any special severity. With the exception 
of the districts named above, the weather was fairly favorable for crop 
purposes. 

Tfrtvember. — The first ten days of Novemlier there was a continuation, 
especially on the Gulf coast, of the heavy rains so prevalent in October; 
but later the weather improved, and the most of the remainder of the 
month was fairly faTorable for picking purposes; the principal excep- 
tion was in the week ending Nov. 23, when it rained on from one to 
three days at almost all points, the rainfall reaching, in the aggregate, 
from one to three inches. A killing frost was reported Nov. 10 all over 
Texas and, in fact, at about that date in almost all parts of the South. 
Ice fornjed in many places. 

Deeejuber.—The first three weeks of December, with the exception of 



142 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 



ono to three of the first days, were generally very favorable for picliing 
purposes, but the last week less 8o. Take the month as a whole, how- 
ever, there w;is less rain than in the average years ; and as the tempera- 
ture was higher than usual in December, farm-work made better progress. 

FKOJI THE AGKICULTLKAL BUKEAU KEPOKTS. 

August Report. — " On the Atlantic coast there is frequent mention of 
iuferitu' fruiting. In the Carolinas there has- been nuich succulence of 
growth in couseciuence of abundant moisture. In Georgia and AlaViauui 
there has been some injury from drought, but the weather has lately 
V)een more seasonable. It has bceiv too wet in nnuh of Mississippi ; 
some cotton in bottom lands in Tippah county has been abandoned from 
tliis cause. In Louisiana the promise is extraordinary. In Concordia 
parish the best crop since 1870 is expected; in Uuiou 'the best since 
18G0.' Tlio prospect in Texas is marred by the appearance of the cater- 
liillar. More than half of the counties reported are infested, not seri' 
ou.sly as yet except in a few cases. In Lavaca Ihe bulk of the crop is 
destroyed; in Gonzales, 75 per cent — ' a complete wreck where preven- 
tive.'; were not used.' " 

September report. — " The condition of cotton during the first week of 
Septem)>er averages for tlie whole cotton belt the same as in September 
of last year. Florida, Alabama., Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansa.? and 
Tennessee make higlier averages than in 1876. The Carolinas, Geoigia 
and Texas report less favoral)ly, the gnjatest reduction being in Texas- 
As compared with last mouth, Florida, Arkansas and Tennessee only 
report improvement. The caterpillar is present in all of the Gulf States 
and in South Carolina, but ha.s done little damage as yet, except in 
Texas. * * * * in tlie Atlantic States there is much complaint of 
rust, mainly resulting from drought, but in some counties from injury ))y 
beating storms. In this section tlie growth is late, and the efl'ects of 
frost in shortening the harvest are feared.'* 

October Report. — '■ The average coMclitiou is nearly as liigh as in 1876. 
It is 81'1, against S2-7 last year and 88 the year before. The decline in 
condition during September is less this year than last. Geiu-gia and 
Tennessee nuike the same average as in September of last year; North 
C.irolina higlier, and all other States lower, though Arkansas declines 
but one per cent. The weather has been favorable generally up to the 
middle of September, except upon soils liable to suffer from drought. 
In portions of Arkansas, and in more limited areas in Texas, 
heavy rains prevailed in the eai'lj" part of that month, and fnmi 
the 16th to the 20th a storm of great violence swept through 
the cotton belt, to the borders of Texas, doing great damage by 
beating out the fibre, rotting the bolls, breaking down the plant 
and overflowing low lands. A loss of at least 20,000 bales is 
reported from ovt^rflows of the Black Warrior and Tombigbee. lu Ala- 
bama, between the 20th and 80th of September, rains were frequent, 
and in some localities nearly continuous, retarding or discontinuing 
picking. Rust is reported throughout the belt, more in the east than in 
the west, but in few places causing "serious damage. The oateriiillar has 
done less damage than was feared, the most .serious losses being in Texas 
and Louisiana. In the more northern States thej' will cause (luite as 
much benefit as injury, by reducing redundant growth of foliage and 
hastening maturity of fruitage." 

The foregoing indicates — 

First. — That the summer growth was fairly satisfac- 
tory, and on the first of September the crop was in good 



SUMMER AND FALL GSOWTH. 



113 



average condition, and over a very considerable section 
in excellent condition. Lower Texas, on account of cater, 
pillars, was less favorably situated. 

Second. — Tliat September was a satisfactory month in 
all but the Gulf States the third week, and in parts of 
North and South Carolina; that the first half of October 
was also favorable, except a toi'nado on tlie 7th in the 
upper two-thirds of Texas, and a severe storm on the 
Atlantic coast on the 3d or 4th of the month; for the 
remaining two weeks and for the first ten days of Novem- 
ber there were unusually severe and frequent storms, 
especially in the western and southwestern States, being 
more severe on the coast, but extending inland so as to 
interfere greatly with picking; that December was more 
favorable than tlie average for that month. A killing 
frost was reported in almost all sections by the 12th of 
November. 

DEDUCTIONS FROM THE ABOVE STATEMENTS. 

We have thus hastily passed in review the surroundings 
of the cotton plant during the last half of each year from 
1871 to 1877, both inclusive. To complete the record one 
further set of facts is necessary, indicating the date of 
frost and the limit of the picking season. The data with 
regard to the latter point, we have mainly obtained from 
our own correspondents; but as to frost, we have, in all 
cases, relied upon the Signal Service Bureau's observations 
when we could obtain them. Of course, in giving the exact 
period when picking was finished, there is probably some 
little difference in the mode of fixing the date ; the idea, 
however, has been for each correspondent to designate the 
time when that point in the season was generalhj reached 
in his district, not the day when the last man picked his 
last bale. "We have subsequently averaged each section, 
but first insert the full returns, as follows. 



1-14 



COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 



— ■ — 1 


KILLING FKOST .\ND END OF PICKINU SEASON. 




1871. 


1872. 


1873. 


1874. 


1875. 


1876. 


1877. 


Wiiiuiiigtou— 
















First frost 


Nov. 10 


Oct. 15 


Nov. 20 


Nov. 2 


Oct. 17 


Oct. 17 


Nov. 7 


Killing frost.. 


Nov. 10 


Nov. 10 


Nov. 20 


Nov. 2 


Oct. 17 


Oct. 17 


Nov. 7 


End of picking 


Nov. 20 


Dec 20 Dec. 25 


Dec. 10 


Dec. 25 


Dec. 25 


Dec. 20 


Charleston- 
















First frost 


Nov. 1.'') 


Nov. 15 


Oct. 29 


Nov. 1 


Oct. 17 


Oct. 17 


Nov.ll 


Killinj; frost.. 


Nov. 10 


Nov. 17 


Nov. 20 


Dec. 10 


Dec. 18 


Dec. 1 


Nov. 12 


End of picking 


Nov. IS 


Dee. 15 


Dec. 20 


Dec. 10 


Dec. 20 


Dec. 20 


Dec. 20 


Aiigustii— 
















First frost .... 


Nov. 10 


Oct. 31 


Oct. 3 


Oct. 14 


Oct. 10 


Oct. 8 


Nov.ll 


Killing frost.. 


Nov. 1 


Nov. 15 


Nov. 5 


Nov. 1 


Nov. 17 


Nov. 10 


Nov. 12 


End of picking 


Dec. 15 


Dec. 25 


Dec. 31 


Dec. 25 


Dec. 10 


Dec. 25 


Dec 31 


Atliiuta— 
















First frost 




Oct. 11 


Oct. 7 


Oct. 13 


Oct. 13 


Oct. 2 


Nov. 7 


Killing frost.. 


Nov 10 


Nov. 15 


Oct. 29 


Nov. 1 


Nov. 17 


Xov. 10 


Nov.ll 


End of picking 


Nov. 15 


Nov. 25 


Dec. 5 


Dec. 25 


Dec. 10 


Dec. 15 


Dec. 20 


Savannah- 
















First frost 




Oct. 15 


Nov. 11 


Oct. 15 


Dec. fl 


Nov. 10 


Nov. 10 1 


Killing frost. 


Nov. 10 


Nov. 15 


Nov. 2t) 


Dec. 1(1 


Dec. 9 


Nov. 10 


Nov. 30 


End of picking 


Dec. 10 


Dec 25 Dec. 10 


Nov. 30 


Dec. 15 


Dec. 20 


Dec. 18 


Colnnibns, Ga.— 
















First frost 


Oct. 12 




Oct. 8 


Oct. 11 


Oct. 15 


Nov. 11 


Nov. 10 


Killing frost.. 


Nov. 17 


Nov. 15 


Oct. 28 


Nov. 1 


Dec. 7 


Nov. 11 


Nov. 30 


End of picking 
Macon — 






Nov. 20 


Nov. 15 


Dec. 20 


Dec. 20 


Dec. 25 






First frost 


Oct. 12 


Oct. 15 


Oct. 8 


Oct. 14 


Oct. 14 


Oct. 8 


Nov. 10 


Killing frost.. 


Nov. 10 


Nov. 15 


Oct. 29 


Nov. 1 


Dec. 7 


Nov.ll 


Nov. 30 


End of pi(^king 


Dec 12 


Dec, 12 


Dec. 12 


Dec. 15 


Dec. 10 


Dec. 


Dec. 20 


Montgomery- 
















First frost 


Oct. 12 


Oct. 15 




Oct. 13 


Oct. 8 


Nov. 10 


Nov. 4 


Killing frost.. 


Nov. 18 


Nov. 10 


Oct. 29 


Nov. 2 


Dec. 8 


Nov. 10 


Nov.ll 


End of picking 


Nov. 10 


Nov. 10 


Nov. 25 


Dec. 10 


Dec 10 


Dec. 17 


Dec. 20 


Mobile- 
















First frost 


Oct. 12 


Oct. 15 


Oct. 8 


Oct. 14 


Oct. 12 


Oct. 2 


Nov. 12 


Killing frost.. 


Nov. 18 


Nov. 13 


Oct. 29 


Nov. 2 


Dec. 8 


Nov. 8 


N.iv.12 


End of picking 


Nov. 15 


Nov 30 


Nov. 30 


Dec 1 


Dec. 25 


Dec. 15 


Dec. 25 


New Orleans- 
















First frost 


Nov. IS 


Nov. 10 


Oct. 8 


Dec. 10 


Nov. 11 


Oct. 3 


Nov. 12 


Killing frost.. 


Dec. 3 


Nov. 10 


Oct. 29 


None. 


None. 


Nov. 19 Nov. 30 II 


End of iticking 










Jan. 10 


Dec 20 


Jan. 31 


Shrevcport — 
















First frost — 


Nov. 10 


Nov. 18 


Oct. 20 


Nov. 1 


Oct. 19 


Oct. 1 


Oct. 20 


Killirg frost.. 


Nov. 10 


Nov. 18 


Oct. 28 


Nov. 1 


Nov. 10 


Oct. 1 


Nov. 7 


End of picking 


Dec. 1 


Dec. 1 


Dec 15 


Dec 4 


Dec 20 


Dec. 24 


Dec. 24 


Vicksburg— 
















First frost .... 






Oct. 8 


Oct. 14 


Oct. 20 


Oct. 2 


Nov. 7 


Killing frost.. 


Nov. 10 


Nov. 17 


Oct. 29 


Nov. 1 


Dec. 7 


Oct 8 


Nov.ll 


End of picking 


Dec 10 


Dec 20 


Dee 31 


Dec. 5 


Dec. 31 


Dec 10 


Dec. 31 


Fayette, Miss.— 
















First frost . . . 






Oct. 7 


Oct. 14 


Oct. 31 


Oct 2 


Nov. 7 


Killing frost.. 






Oct. 29 


Nov. 1 


Nov. 11 


Oct. 2 


Nov.ll 


End of i)ickini; 










Jan 10 


Dec. 20 


Dec. 25 


Little Rock- 
















First frost 














Nov. 3 
Nov. 3 


Killing frost.. 


Nov. 10 


Nov. 10 


Oct.' 29 


Nov'.'l 


Nov. 16 


Oct.' " 8 


End of picking 


D>ic. 10 


Dec. 31 


Dec 20 


Dec 10 


Feb 1 


Dec. 15 


Feb. 1 


Nashville- 
















First frost .... 


Sept. 30 


Oct. 10 


Oct. 8 


Oct. 13 


Oct. 12 


Oct. 2 


Oct. 5 


Killing frost.. 


Nov. 17 


Oct. 1 1 


Oct. 29 


Oct. 14 


Oct. 12 


Oct. 8 


Nov. 7 


End of piekiug 


Dec. 1 


Dec. 31 


Dec. 20 


Dec. 1 


Dec. 20 


Dec. 5 


Dec. 15 


Memphis— 
















Fir.st frost 


Sppt.30 


Oct. 10 


Oct 8 


Oct. 13 


Oct. 12 


Oct. 2 


Oct. 5 


Killing frost.. 


Nov. 17 


Oct. 11 


Oct. 8 


Oct. 13 


Oct. 12 


Oct. 2 


Nov. 


End of pickin,^ 


Feb. 17 


leb. 21 


Jan. 10 


Dec. 12 


Feb. 1 


Dec. 15 


Feb. 10 


Galveston— 
















First frost .... 
Killing frost.. 


Oct. 30 
Dec. 2 








Dec. 7 
Dec. 7 


Dec. 6 
Dec. 6 


Nov. 10 
Nov. 10 


isfov.ii 


Oct. 29 


None. 


End of picking 


Nov. 18 


Dec. 15 


Dec. 10 


Dec. 1 


Dec 10 


Dec. 7 


Nov. 24 


Indianola — 
















First frost 

Killiug frost.. 


Oct. 30 
Dec. 2 






Nov. 12 
None. 


Oct. 20 
Dec. 7 


Nov. 13 
Nov. 19 


Oct. 10 
Nov. lo 


Nov.l-i 


Oct. 29 


End of pickin;.' 


Nov. 18 


Dec. 15 


Dec. 10 


Nov. 30 


Dec. 1 Dec. 7 


Nov. 24 


_: _ ■! 



SUMifEK AND FALL GROWTH. 



145 





1871. 


1872. 


18-3. 


1874. 


1875. 


1«76. 1 1877. 


C'Drisicaua — 
First frost 




Oct. 31 
Nov. 20 
Nov. 29 


Oct. 20 
Nov. 10 
Dec. 15 


Oct. lloct. 22 


Killing frost. 
EikI of pickiiii; 
Dallas- 
First frost 


Nov.lo 
Nov. 18 


Nov. 17 
Dec. 2.5 


Oct. 28 
Dec. 15 


Oct. 1 
Dec. 2L 

Oct. 1 
Oct. 1 
Dec. 2', 


Nov. (! 
Dec. 10 

Oct. 22 


Killing frost 












Nov. (! 


Knd of pickiufi 












Dec. 10 











This table, with all its details, will frequently be found 
of use, and in fact is necessary for comparison in any 
close analysis or estimate of a crop secured. But our 
present purpose will be better attained by having the 
substance of these facts in a less extended form. We 
have therefore prepared the following, which gives, as near 
as may be, from the foregoing, the average date in each 
State of the close of the picking season for each year. 



Eud of Pickiuj' Season in each State. 



1871. I 18' 



1873. 18-4. 1875. 1876. 1877. 



Nov.20iDcc. 20 bee. 25| In-c. 1(» Dec. 2.">!Dec. 25!Dec. 



Norrli Carolina 

South O!aroliua .'Nov. 18 Dec. 15 Dee 20 Dec. 1(» Dec. 20 

Georiiia 'Dec. 5 Dec. 15,Dcr-. 10 Dec. 15 Du 

Alabama i Nov. 12 

Mis.sissippi [Dec. 10 

Louisiana Dec. 1 



Arkansas. . 
Tennessee. 
Texas ... . 



Dec. 10 
.Jan. 15 
Nov. 18 



Dec. 15,D( 
Nov.25|.Vi(V.;50 
Dec. 20|l)ec. 81 
Dec. l|Dec. 15 
Dec. 31|Dcc. 20 
Feb. 1 Dec. 31 
Dec. 20IDec.l2 



Dec. 5 
Dec. 5 
ijec. 4 
Dec. 10 
Dec. 10 
Dec. 1 



Dee. 20 
Dec. 3 1 
Dec. 20 
Feb. 1 
.rail. 15 
Dec. 10 



20 

Dec-. 'J()lDec.2() 
Dec. 20: Dec. 22 
Dec. k; pec. 25 
Dec. 15 Dec. 25 
Dee. 24 Dec 24 
Dec. 15 Feb. 1 
Dec. 10 .Jan 15 
Doc. 20 Dec. 5 



In abridging the frost statements from the same table, 
we de.3ignate two sections in every State where any im- 
portant differences of date appear between the inland and 
coast counties. 



North Carolina 
So. Carolina — 

Coast 

Inland 

Geortria. — 

Coast 

Inland 

Alabama 

Mississippi 

Louisiana — 

New Orleans, 

Shreveport. . . 

Arkansas 

Tennessee — 

Nashvillo 

Memphis 

Teva.s— 

(' irsicana 

(t tl vestoti 



Date of Killing Frost in Each State. 



187 
Nov. 



Nov. 

Nov. 

Nov 
Nov. 
Nov 
Nov. 

Dec. 
Nov. 
Nov. 

Nov. 
Nov . 



Nov 
D 



.15 



187:'?. I 1873. 
Nov. 10 Nov. 20 



Nov. 
Nov. 

Nov 
Nov. 

Nov. 
Nov. 

Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 

Oct. 
Oct. 

Nov 
Nov 



Nov. 20 
Nov. 5 



15 Nov 20 
1 5lNov. 5 
13]Oct. 29 
17 Oct. 29 



1874. 1875. 



Nov. 2 Oct. 1, 



Dec. 16 Dec. 18 
Nov. 1 Nov. 17 



Dec. 16 
Nov. 1 
Nov 2 
Nov. 1 



16]Oct. 29 None 
18, Oct. 28 Nov. 1 
16, Oct. 29 Nov. 1 

14 Oct. 29 Oct. 14 
14 Oct. 8 Oct. 13 

17 Oct. 28 Nov. 20 
14 Oct. 291 None. 



Dec. 9 
Nov. 17 
Dec. 8 
Dec. 7 

None. 
Nov. 16 
Nov. 16 

Oct. 12 
Oct. 12 

Nov. 10 
Dec. 7 



187 
Oct. 



Dec. 
Nov. 

Nov 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Oct. 

Nov. 
Oct. 
Oct. 

Oct. 
Oct. 

Oct. 
Dec. 



1877. 



Nov. 7 



Nov. 12 
Nov. 12 



10 Nov. 30 

10 [Nov 12 

8 Nov. 12 

8 Nov. 11 



Nov 30 
Nov. 7 
Nov. 3 



Nov. 
Nov. 



6 i Nov. 10 



146 



COTTON FROM. SEED TO LOOM. 



An examination of these figures will show that, by 
itself and independent of other facts, neither the length of 
the picking season nor the date of frost is an event con- 
trolling the yield. They are both elements of some 
importance in the problem to be solved, and at times 
quite decisive, but chiefly because of previous con- 
ditions. For instance, in 1874 (the year of the great 
spring flood), the start on the flooded low lands of the 
Mississippi A^alley was over a month delayed ; further- 
more, the imperfect stands everywhere secured, and subse- 
quently the unusual summer drought (both contributing 
to lessen the yield of the plant) made it highly import- 
ant that the full growtli should l.)e attained and a good 
top ci-op saved. A late killing frost that year was, there- 
fore, in every section, of the first importance. Yet the 
date on which it visited Memphis was very early, Octo- 
ber 13, and by the first of November, not only through- 
out the whole of the Mississippi Valley and its tribu- 
taries, but almost everywhere else, vegetation was killed. 
On the other hand, in 1875 and in 1876, the stand 
was good and the bottom and middle crops were excel- 
lent, so that when, during the first eight days of Octo- 
ber, 1876, the frost stopped all growth in the West and 
Southwest, and in 1875, during the first half of the same 
month, checked vegetation in half of the Memphis and 
Nashville districts, there was sufficient cotton already made 
in most of those sections to keep the full working force 
busy up to or beyond Christmas. Before, however, con- 
sidering these points further, it will be well to recall the 
controlling features of each year's j^rogress and growth, 
so that we can scrutinize as a whole the early as well as later 
development and yield of each season. But first, for more 
convenient reference, we have epitomized the conditions of 
weather &;c., for the last six months, given in detail above : 



SUMMER AXD FALL GliOWTH. 147 



1871 Jidy, Aveailier apparently very favorable. Aujttsi, also very favor. 

able, with limited exceptions, yet plant slieddiug badly every- 
where. ScplcDiber to December, weather favor-able, bii". v'l-'iut 
sheds and little fruit ripened. Killing frost November IG and 
18. Pickinij closed about November 13 to December 10. 

1872 July, too rainy iu about on&-third the South. Alabama rivers 

overflow; rest favorable. .1 ((.7 ((s/, drought complained of in all 
but a portion of Atlantic States, where there was too much ra'n ; 
Ijad sheddiny reported iu extensive districts. September, \iiifA\- 
orable reports continued, but weather fairly favorable. Ocl:)l)er 
to December, fairly favorable ; horse disease delays crop. Killing 
frost was delayed everywhere, exceiit iu Tennessee, till Novenil)er 
13th to 18th. ricking closed from December 15 to 31, though at 
some points earlier. 
X^TiJnlg quite favorable. August, too much rain on the coast at 
Charleston, Mobile, New Orleans and Galveston, elsewhere fairly 
satisfactory ; caterpillars did injury iu Central Georgia and lower 
half Alabama; shedding bailly in sojuc districts. September, 
except on the very coast, no more rain than desirable. October to 
December fairly favorable. Killing frost in the Gulf and western 
StatesOclober 28 and 29, and in the Atlantic States November 
5th and 20th. Picking closed from Decemljer 1 to 31, though at 
a few points earlier. 

1874 July fairly favoral)le, except severe local storms on the coast and 

drought in Memphis district. August, Memphis drought cou- 
tinued and extended until taking in all Teuuessee, Arkansas, 
northern portions of I^ouisiana, Alabama, Mississippi and Texas; 
shedding very profuse. September, fine rains everywhere and 
weather favorable. October, killing frost at Memp!iis and Nash- 
ville October 13 and 14, and almost everywhere else at close of 
mouth November and December favorable. Killing frost gener- 
ally November 1. Picking closed generally before December 10. 

1875 J'te/*/ fairly favorable, tliougb rains were more abundant at some 

points than needed. August, rains very excessive at many points, 
and Mississippi overflowed at Memphis ; shedding, &e., widely and 
stronglj' comiilained of. September, less rain, except iu Texas 
(mainly the coast) and parts of Alabama and Georgia. October 
to i>cc«»(&er— Excessive rains in November and December iu Mis- 
sissippi Valley and Gulf States, and the weather turned quite 
cold iu December. Killing frost at Memphis and Nashville, 
October 12, and elsewhere fri>m November 10 to Deeember 18. 
Picking closed from about December 15 to 31. 
187G July fairly favorable, though the rains in considerable sections 
were more abundant than needed. August, caterpillars reported 
to have done great harm in lower third of Texas, parts of Ala- 
bama and Missis.sippi, and rains excessive iu some sections, 
thiuigli not in the Alabama and Mississippi caterpillar disti-icts. 
September, caterpillars did great harm in Texas; severe drought 
iu northern part of Texas ; excessive raius on the Atlantic coast ; 
otherwise favorable. October, killing frost iu Mississippi Valley 
October 2d; drought in Nort-licrn Texas continued; otherwise 
favorable. November, quite favorable, except closed cold. De- 
cember, cold. Killing frost in the West and Southwest from Octo- 
ber 1 to 8, elsewhere November 8 and 10. Picking closed from 
December 10th to 25th. 

Such were the more prominent features of the con- 



148 



COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 



diti(Hi for the latter half of each <'-eason. That we may 
at a glance see the changing influences operating from 
month to month for all the seasons, and be able to com- 
pare them readily, we give the following summary : 


Year. 
1870 


Spring Weather. 


Stand. 


Jul J' to Sept. 


Oct. to Dec. 


J/«>"c/i cold, ^^jz-ii fair- 
ly favorable. Muy 
favorable. /M?icvery 
favorable cvery- 
wlu've. 


Standexcel- 
Icnt, very 
clean and 
strong. 


Favorable and 
complaints 
few, except 
shedding. 


Favorable wea- 
ther. 

Killing frost 
from Oct. 20 
to Nov. 20. 

Picking closed 
Dec. 5 to 25. 


isri 


March, cold, rainy. 
April les.s so. May 
cold, rainy, e.'tcept 
Texas. June cold, 
rainy. 


Sickly,weak 
and very 
grassy ev- 
erywhere. 


Rainfall gen- 
erally an av- 
erage, but 
drought very 
harmful. 


Favorable wea- 
ther. 

Killing frost 
Nov. 16 to 18. 

Picking closed 
Nov. 15 to 
Dec. 10. 


1872 


.][iirr/i fairly favorable 
April iicuerally very 
favorable. Maij fa- 
vorable. June gen 
orally very favor- 
ai)le. 


Good, clean 
and strong 
almost ev- 
erywhere. 


Drought at Favorable, 
some points Killing frost 
and e access- Oct. 14 and 
ive rains at Nov. 13tol8. 
others. Slied- Picking closed 
ding, &e. Dec. 15 to 31. 


1873 


Uitrrh favoraltle, ex- 
cept last weelv. A pri 
cold, dry. Muij. tivst 
two weeks favoraljlf, 
rest too rainy in 
oiic-third the South. 
June too rainy iu 
same third. 


Two -thirds 
good and 
one - third 
poor and 
grassy. 


Too much rain 
on the coast. 
Caterpillars 
in Alabama 
and Georgia 
Shedding 
badly. 


Fa\'orable wea- 
ther. 

Killing frost 
Oct. 28 to 
Nov. 20. 

Picking closed 
Dec. 1 to 31. 


1874 


MurcJi coM, rainy; rir- 
cru overllow. Aprii 
cold, rainy. Man. 
.severe drought, ex 
ccpt Atlantic States. 
.Tntw, last half fa- 
vttrable; first half, 
drought in some sec- 
tions. 


Very irreg- 
ular and 
imperfect, 
but clean 
and well 
cultivat'd. 


Great drought 
in Tennes- 
see, Arkan- 
sas, &c., with 
high temper- 
ature. 


Favorable wea- 
ther. 

Killing frost 
Oct. 13 to 31. 

Picking closed 
lieforo Dec. 
10. 


1875 


March cold. April, 
first co'd; rest favor- 
able. J/«*/. fii'st two 
weeks cold; restvery 
favorable. J'ujievery 
favorable. 


Stand excel- 
lent and 
clean ev- 
erywhere; 
never bet- 
ter. 


Aug. to Dec, 
rains very 
excessive at 
many points. 
Shedding 
badly. 


E.xcessive rain. 
Killing frost 

Oct. 12 to 

Dec. 18. 
Picking closed 

Dec. 15 to 31. 


187^, 


April, excessive rains 
in western and Gulf 
States; rivers over- 
flow, (piickly recede. 
Mai/ generally very 
favorable, .funevi'vy 
favorable, except 
lieavy eliowers near 
Atlantic coast. 


Stand good 
and clean; 
not quite 
as perfect, 
though, as 
year pre- 
vious. 


Cateipillnrs in 
Ala., Mis-i., 
and Texas. 
Drought in 
North Texas. 
Killing frost 
in Miss. Val- 
ley Oct. 2. 


Favorable. 

Killing frost 
Oct. 1 to 8, 
except in At- 
lantic States. 

Picking closed 
Dec. 10 to 25. 


1 1 





SrinfER AXD FALL GROWTH. 149 

The reader will, of course, refer back to the detailed 
statements for the different years and months, using the 
above only as suggestive of the full facts. As to the 
conclusions to be drawn, there can be but one opinion. 

In 1870 we see that the spring weather was almost 
unexceptionable ; the stand was perfect ; the summer 
growth was satisfactory; the picking season was favoral:)le ; 
and the yield was ■4,35'2,000 bales, against 3,154,900 bales 
in 1869; or an increase of 37-94 percent in the crop on 
an acreage increased only 13-90 per cent. 

In 1871 the spring weather was very cold and ramy ; 
the stand was very poor and grassy ; the summer weather 
gave the average amount of rain, and yet there were 
complaints of drought and the shedding was very great? 
as would be the case with any plant with only surface 
roots in summer weather ; the picking season every way 
favorable, but shedding still complained of ; the yield was 
2,974,000 bales, against 4,3.52,000 bales in 1870; or a 
decrease of 31-GG per cent in the crop on an acreage 
decreased only 10-75 per cent. 

In 1872 the spring weather was favorable ; the stand 
was good and clean ; the summer weather was far from 
favorable, drought in some localities, excessive rains in 
others, and shedding reported everywhere ; and yet with 
a good picking season the plant was found to be well 
fruited still, and the yield was 3,930,500 bales, against 
2,974,000 bales in 1871, and 4,352,000 in 1870, or, com- 
pared with 1871, on an acreage mcreased 9-75 per cent, 
the crop increased 32-13 per cent, and compared with 1870, 
on an acreage decreased 2-05 per cent, the crop de- 
creased 9-69 per cent. 

In 1873 the spring weather in about one-third of the 
South was very rainy and in about two-thirds favorable ; 
the stand was good and the fields clean in two-thirds and 



150 COTTON- FROM SUED TO LOOM, 

poor and grassy in the other third ; the summer weather 
was fairly favorable except too much rain on the coast 
half of States ; caterpillars did injury in Central Geor- 
gia and lower half of Alabama, and shedding was com- 
plained of pretty generally ; the picking season was fairly 
favorable, except au early fx'ost in the western and Gulf 
States; the yield was 4,170,000 bales, against 3,930,500 
bales in 1872 ; or compared with 1872, on an acreage in- 
creased lO-.'iO per cent, the crop increased only G-09 per 
cent, and compared with 1870, on an acreage increased 
8-32 per cent, the crop decreased 4-18 per cent. 

In 1874 the spring was first very rainy, so that in 
March all the rivers overflowed, being the worst flood for 
thirty years, and the waters did not fully recede till after 
the first of June; then in May there was a very severe 
drought everywhere except in the Atlantic States, continued 
in many sections into almost the middle of June; March and 
April were also very cold; as a result of these condition.?, 
the fields were clean, but the start was late everywhere, 
and very late in the flooded district, and very imperfect 
indeed in all but the Atlantic States; in summer was the 
great drouglit and the abundant shedding, but if the reader 
will examine the comparative rainfall and thermometer, he 
will see that, except in a portion of the Memphis dis- 
trict, it was no more severe than has before occurred 
when th3 result wa? very much less disastrous; so that we 
can S3e no way to account for much of the injury, (the 
actual killing of the plant in many sections), except by 
saying that the plant never became well rooted in May and 
June, and therefore was less able to i-esist drought; the 
picking season was excellent, save an early frost in the 
district of the spring flood, which cut off much from the 
later-planted crop in that section; the yield was 3,833,000 
bales, against 4,170,000 bales in 1873 and 4,352,000 bales 



SUMirER AXD FALL GROWTH. 151 



in 1S70; or, compared tvith 1873, on an acreage increased 
1-54 per cent, the crop decreased 8-08 per cent, and com- 
pared with 1870, on an acreage increased 9-98 per cent, the 
crop decreased 11 -93 per cent. 

In 1875, the spring weather was favorable ahnost every- 
where; the stand was excellent, never better; ni the sum- 
mer, however, there were very excessive rains, the 
Mississippi overflowed, and the plants were said to shed 
bidly; the picking season was generally extremely unfavor- 
able and rainy, almost in that particular equal to the pick- 
ing season of 1877; and yet the yield was 4,GG9,0()0 bales, 
against 3,833,000 bales in 1874, and 4,352,000 bales in 
1870; or, compared ivith 1874, on an acreage increased 5-95 
per cent, the crop increased '21-81 per cent, and compwed 
with 1870, on an acreage increased lG-52 per cent, the 
crop increased 7-28 per cent. 

In 1876, the spring weather was not everywhere as favor- 
able as the previous spring, and yet generally very favorable; 
there was a Mississippi overflow in April, the water, how- 
ever, soon receding ; stand was very good, but not quite up 
to 1875, and the fields were generally clean and well cul- 
tivated, in summer there was considerable rain in sections, 
a severe drought in Northern Texas, and complaints of 
shedding and of caterpillars in Alabama, Missisippi, and 
coast half of Texas, the latter doing considerable harm in 
Texas, but not much elsewhere; the picking season was 
fairly favorable, except continued drought in Northern 
Texas, and also except a killing frost in the Mississippi 
Valley October 2; notwithstanding these drawbacks, the 
yield was 4,485,000 bales, against 4,069,000 bales in 1875, 
and 4,352,000 bales in 1870; or, compared ivith 1875, on an 
acreage decreased M6 per cent, the crop decreased 3-94 
per cent, and compared with 1870, on an acreage increased 
15-18 per cent, the crop increased 3-06 per cent. 



152 



COTTON FliOM SEED TO L002r. 



STATES. 


Actual 
Pr.)duot 
of ISOO, 
iu bales. 


Agiic'l Bureau flgurcs 
of couditiou on the 
first of each month. 


Per Ct. 
yielfl, 
Est. of 


E.stiniatM 

Product 

of Burea.i 




July. 


Aug. Sept. Oct. 


Nov. ' in bales. 


Nona O.iroliua ... 
South Carolina . . . 


210,000 
250,000 
350,000 
45,000 
505,000 
500,000 
425,000 
322,400 
321,500 
220,000 


91 

90 

101 

98 

102 

95 

101 
97 

101 

85 


101 105 

101 1 105 

• 100 105 

110 , 115 


107 

101 

99 

102 

96 

99 

92 

105 

105 

97 


110 
1.'3 
120 
125 
110 
103 
112 
131 
119 
112 


243,000 
311,8-0 
420,000 




56,250 


Alaliama 

Mis.sissli>pi 


102 
95 

100 
97 

110 
90 


100 
100 
108 
109 
110 
100 


555,500 
540,000 
476,000 


Tu.xas 


422,344 

382,585 


Tennessee 


2 16,400 








Total 


3,154,900 










3,657.550 



Such are tlie conclusions readied from a review of the 
history of cotton production for seven years. Little more 
on this branch of our subject remains to be said. The facts 
thus brought together point to an almost controlling influ- 
ence of a good stand upon the results of the crop. The 
character and nature of the plant and its growth and culti- 
vation — previously given — suggested such a relationship, 
but this experience in production would seem to leave no 
other possible explanation of the different seasons' results. 
We conclude, then, that rain, drought, shedding and even 
caterpillars are shorn of much of their power for evil, if 
the plant on the first of July is well started ; and hence 
reports of harm done from unfavorable conditions in sum- 
mer and fall can only be correctly measured v»'hen inter- 
preted in the light of the early development. 

AGRICULTURAL BUREAU's FIGURES OF CONDITION. 

In this and the previous chapter we have intended to in- 
clude the substance of the Agricultural Bureau's monthly 
reports except the figura.3 of condition. As these figures 
are frequently needed for comparison, wj give them below, 
adding the November percentages of yield and the estimate 
of the crop each year worked out from them. 

1870. 



Tje usual Juno report of condition was not prepared tuis year. 



SUMMER AXD FALL GROWTH, 



153 



1871. 



STATES. 


Actual 
Product 
of 1870, 


Agricultural Bureau figures of 
condition on the first of each 
month. 


Per Ct. 
yield, 
E.St, of 


Estnnat'd 

Product 

of Bureau 

for 1871, 

in bales 




in bales. 


June. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


N. Cai-oliua. 


275,000 


90 


99 


94 


82 


80 


80 


220,000 


So Carolina 


318,000 


92 


100 


96 


80 


75 


08 


236,610 


Gcoriria 


(ioo.Ooo 


82 


82 


80 


78 


72 


67 


402,000 


Florida .. .. 


00,000 


103 


88 


S3 


75 


73 


58 


34,800 


Alabama ... 


015,000 


8! 


81 


81 


80 


75 


73 


470.8.50 


Missi.s.sippi . 


050,000 


84 


80 


80 


80 


70 


72 


468,000 


Louisiana . . 


000,000 


90 


75 


83 


77 


73 


65 


390,000 


Texas 


400,000 


93 


93 


81 


80 


70 


68 


272,000 


Arkan.sas... 


■171,000 


83 


90 


98 


95 


82 


85 


402,900 


Tennessee . . 


300,000 


90 


98 


100 


90 


94 


90 


270,000 


Total . 


4,352,000 














3,167,190 





















187; 





Actual 
Product 
of 1871, 


Agricultural Bureau figures of 


Per Ct. 


Estimat'd 


STATES. 


condition 
month. 


on the first of each 


yield. 

Est. of 

Bureau 

Nov. 


Product 
of Bureau 




in bales. 


June.' July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oft. 


in bales.. 


N. Carolina. 


175,000 


96 1 94 


99 


101 


90 


121 


211,750 


S.). Carolina 


255,000 


92 ! 97 


98 


95 


86 


124 


316,200 


Georgia 


328,000 


96 101 


104 


96 


88 


119 


390,320 


Florida .. .. 


40,00u 


95 102 


96 


92 


75 


102 


40,800 


Alabaina. . 


505,000 


105 lOf) 


107 


88 


8i 


111 


• 560,550 


Mississippi 


495,000 


100 109 


112 


90 


78 


112 


554,400 


Louisiana . . 


396,000 


104 103 


101 


86 


72 


121 


479,160 


Te.xas 


280,000 


100 105 


105 


94 


85 


126 


352,800 


Arkansas... 


290,000 


9S 1 95 


90 


78 


75 


105 


304,500 


Tennessee . . 


210,00:) 


101 ' lot 


101 


92 


90 


110 


231,000 


Total . . . 


2,974,00 > 










3,441,480 



1873. 



STATES. 



N. Carolina. 
So. Carolina 
Georgia .. .. 

Florida 

Alabama.. . 
Mississippi . 
Louisiana . . 

Te.xas 

Arkansas. .. 
Tennessee . . 

Total ... 



Actual 
Product 
of 1872, 
in bales. 



Agricultural Bureau figures of 
condition on the first of each 
month. 



200,000 
260,000 
505,000 
60,000 
550,000 
625,000 
520,.500 
495,000 
455,000 
260,000 



June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. 



85 
88 
94 
102 
93 
92 
94 
86 
92 
90 



91 

82 
94 
99 
85 
83 
80 
78 
106 
90 



95 
87 
95 
103 
91 
88 
86 
83 
93 
95 



95 
86 
90 
85 



80 
92 
93 
92 



3,9.30,500 3,-15,100 



88 
80 
82 
76 
78 
75 
72 
80 
83 
90 



Per Ct. 

yield. 
Est. of 
Bui'cau 

Nov. 



98 

92 

97 

97 

91 

85 

SO 

112 

102 

102 



Estini.'it'd 
Product 
of Bureau 
for 1873, 
in bales. 



196,000 
239,200 
489,850 
58,200 
500,500 
531,250 
410,400 
554,400 
464,100 
265,200 



154 



COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 



1874. 



STATES. 



N. 0.in)liua 
So. Caroliiui 
Guorgia . . . . 

Florida 

Alabama ... 
Mississippi 
L-juisiana .. 

Texas 

Arkansas . . . 
Temiesseo . . 



Actual 

of 1873, 
in bales. 



265,000 
350,000 
500,000 
75,000 
575,000 
675,000 
510,000 
50.>,000 
420,000 
300,090 



Total... 4,170,000 



Agricultural Bureau li j;ures of 
condition on the lirst of oacli 
month. 



June. 



89 
81 
80 
99 
82 
78 
70 
90 
90 
85 



July 



102 

88 
91 
96 
92 
87 
73 
102 
94 
97 



Aug 



97 

91 

102 

90 

89 

83 

105 

87 
83 



Sept. 



87 
86 
77 
77 
81 
74 
62 
65 
47 



Oct. 

83 
80 
80 
81 
75 
74 
62 
70 
55 
58 



Per Ct. 

yield. 
Est. of 
Bureau 

Nov. 

89 
92 
93 
100 
95 
90 
85 
90 
00 



Estimat'd 
Product 
of iJureau 
lor 1874, 
in bales. 



235,850 
322,000 
465,000 
75,000 
546,250 
607,500 
433,500 
450,000 
252,000 
171,000 



3,558,100 



1875. 



STATES. 


Actual 
Product 
of 1874, 


.Agricultural Bureau figures of 
conilitiou on the first of each 
month. 


Per Ct. 

yield. 
Est. of 
liui'eau 

Nov. 


Estimat'd 
Product 
of Bureau 
for 1875, 
in bales. 




in bales. 


June. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


0"t. 


N. Carolina. 


273,000 


92 


95 


99 


90 


85 


91 


248,430 


So. Carolina 


380,000 


97 


99 


81 


80 


77 


76 


273,600 


Georgia .... 


460,000 


91 


97 


88 


76 


71 


74 


340,400 


Florida 


55,000 


94 


101 


85 


75 


70 


90 


49,500 


Alabama . . . 


520,000 


101 


102 


93 


87 


94 


102 


530,400 


Mississippi . 


550,000 


100 


103 


104 


98 


96 


111 


010,500 


Louisiana . . 


520,000 


95 


105 


99 


88 


90 


100 


520,000 


Texas 


535,000 


96 


93 


93 


94 


88 


114 


609,900 


Arkansas . . . 


400,000 


90 


104 


lOS 


99 


103 


135 


540,000 


Tennessee . . 


1<»0,000 


99 


109 


107 


96 


90 


116 


185,600 


Total . . . 


3,833,000 














3,908.330 



lb76. 



STATES. 


Actual 
Product 

of 1875, 
in bales. 


Agricultural Bureau figures of 
condition on the first of eacb 
mouth. 


Per Ct. 

yield. 

Est. of 

Bureau 

Nov. 


Estimat'd 
Product 
of Bureau 
for 1876, 
in bales. 




June. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


N. Cai'olina. 
So. Carolina. 
Geoi'gia .... 

Florida 

Alabama ... 
Mississippi . 
Louisiana . . 

Texas 

Arkansas . . . 
Tennessee . . 


260,000 
330,000 
420,000 
60,000 
600,000 
670,000 
650,000 
690,000 
650,000 
3 !9,000 


101 
98 

103 
82 
94 
92 
89 
90 
95 
93 


105 
90 

103 
98 

100 
94 
89 
99 
97 

103 


96 
97 

104 
89 

103 
92 
89 

106 
98 

120 


93 
91 
90 

83 
83 
87 
90 
87 
97 
119 


84 
80 
87 
80 
69 
83 
82 
91 
88 
91 


92 

99 

110 

100 

77 
78 
83 

100 
74 

101 


239,200 
326,700 
462,000 
60,000 
462,000 
522,600 
539,500 
690,000 
481,000 
342,390 


Total . . . 


1,(!(59,000 








1 1 


4,125.390 



Sr212IEIi AXD FALL GROWTH. 



155 



1877. 





Actual 


Agric 


iiltural Bureau fisrures of 


Per Ct. 


Estimat'd 




coiulition on tlie first of each 


yield, 


Product 


STATES. 


of 1876, 


month. 








Est. of 
Bureau 


of Bureau 
for 1877, 
















lu bales, june. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


in bales. 


N. Oaroiiua. 


225,000 


82 


88 


88 


83 


85 


91 


204,750 


8"). Carolina. 


315,000 


91 


87 


88 


85 


79 


90 


283,500 


Gcor.i^ia .... 


478,000 


89 


90 


85 


77 


77 


92 


439,760 


Florida 


55,000 


92 


95 


93 


94 


88 


97 


53,350 


Alabama . . 


560,000 


90 


94 


94 


91 


88 


105 


588,000 


Mississippi . 


639,000 


91 


93 


90 


88 


80 


92 


587,880 


Louisiana . . 


578,000 


98 


102 


106 


92 


77 


97 


560,660 


Texas 


735,000 


91 


94 


96 


70 


64 


82 


002,700 


Arkansas . . . 


590,000 


94 


94 


93 


99 


98 


110 


649,000 


Tennessee . . 


310,000 


94 


96 


90 


100 


100 


115 


356,500 


Total ... 


4,485,000 












1.326,100 



















In November the Bureau's figures are always intended 
to indicate tlie actual yield. They are not made up from 
the monthly statements of condition. Init are " estimates 
" for each county of the total product of the year, expressed 
"as percentages of the actual crop of last year." In using 
the Bureau's reports, howevei', we have always found that 
a more useful and safer guide for crop estimates could be 
obtained in October, one month earlier, from an average 
of the condition figures for the five months, with the 
changes of acreage incorporated. As an illustration we 
give a statement thus prepared for the present year. 



STATES. 


Production 
1 876-77, 
Bales. 


Condition this 

year compared 

with last. 


j Acreage this 
year compared 
with last. 


Yield of 

1877-78, 
Estimat'd. 




Better 


Worse. 


Incr'se. 


Dee. 


North Carolina... 
South Carolina . . . 
Georgia 


225,000 
315,000 
478,000 
55,000 
560,000 
639,000 
578,000 
735,000 
590,000 
310,000 ! 


60 
1-4 

6-6 

1-0 


110 

5-2 

13-8 

1-2 

11-6 

9-2 


10 
1-0 
20 
4-0 
6-0 
15 
5-0 
20 


40 

30 


191,250 
289,170 
416,816 
58,850 
579,040 
656,892 
650,828 
759,990 
625,400 
287,680 


Floriiia 


Alabama 


Mississippi 

Louisiana 


Texas 

Arkansas 

Tennessee 


Total production.. 


4.485,000 








4,515,916 



15S 



COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 



The aljove indicates that the crop which is now being 
marketed will reach a total of 4, 515^910 hales, or 30,493 
hales more than last year - this, according to present 
appearances,, will prove to- he a pretty close approximation 
to the actual out-turn. 

AGRICULTURAL BUREAU's ACREAGE PERCENTAGES 

To complete the record of the Bureau's reports, we give 
in the following its statements of changes in acreage from 
year to year. 

ACIiEAGE EACH TEAR COMPARED WITH PREVIOUS TEAR. 



STATES. 


1870. 


1871. 


1872. 


1873. 


1874. 


1875. 


1876. 


1877. 


N'rth CaroliBa 
South Carolina 

Georgia 

Florida 

Alabama 

Mississippi . . . 
Louisiana .... 

Texas 

Arkansas 

Tennessee 


108 
105-0 
107 
107-0 
113-0 
1120 
120-0 
125-0 
1100 
105-0 


86-0 
87-0 
88-0 
102-0 
87-0 
850 
92-0 
86-0 
84-0 
88-0 


116-0 
1090 
112-0 
110-0 
111-0 
110-0 
111-0 
118-0 
116-0 
112-0 


1140 
102-0 
114-0 
103-0 
1090 
104-0 
104-0 
131-0 
1100 
115-0 


89-0 
91-0 
90-0 
91-0 
86-0 
88-0 
80-0 
102 
89-0 
92-0 


102-0 

106-0 

96-0 

990 

104-0 

1020 

101-0 

108-0 

101-0 

92-0 


98-0 

99-0 

94-0 

89-0 

100-0 

98-0 

890 

1000 

1000 

95-0 


96-0 
97-0 
101-0 
1010 
102 
104-0 
106-0 
115-0 
105-0 
102-0 


.' erage 


112-^0 


85-3 


113-0 


112-0 


90-0 


101-5 


97-0 


1040 



The unit of comparison in ahove is 100, so that 108 is 
to he understood as 8 per cent increase, 96 as 4 per cent 
decrease, &c. 



PICKING AND MARKETING. 157 



CHAPTER VII. 

THE PICKING AND MAEKETINa 
OF THE CROP. 

Fall «stJmi)tes miist be based on all the facts— Movement of crop 
may help to remove tliial doubts— Reasons for planters holding 
back cotton, how much weijiht can be given them— Early and late 
cmps, effect [on movement — First bloom, first bales and new cotton to 
Septeniber 1 — Weeksof small reci'ipts — Difference in date between an 
earlj- and late crop — Neces-sities of planters have been a controlling 
influence, but less so hereaft-er— Height of rivers and effect on move- 
ment — How marketing has been influenced each j'ear since 1870 — 
Dailj- and monthly receipts and dailj' percentages for live years. 

In wliat has l)een already presented, we have the reason 
pretty clearly developed for the wide differences in fall esti- 
mates of the crop. There always will be room for some 
discrepancy as to the actual yield, Ijecause a few of the 
necessary data may be in dispute. A broad eriijr, how- 
ever, is a necessity where the estimate is based simply on 
present appearances; for it is impossible to determine from 
the apparent condition of the growing plant in any fall 
month, wliat the yield of a given field is to be. Acreage, 
stand, summer growth and fall appearance must all be 
used in forming a Judgment ; the first two facts, however, 
modifying to a considerable extent our interpretation of 
the others. 

But with all our study and oliservation, when the fall 
season is reached we shall still have doubts (greatly nar- 
rowed, but not removed), which the movement to the ports 



158 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 

alone can dissipate. It becomes important, tlierefore, to 
analyze this portion of tlie problem also, and account for 
the varying comparative daily percentages, as far as we can 
do so. Formerly there was more regularity from year to 
year; but of late seasons there has been an increasing rapid- 
ity in the marketmg, not, however, with uniform progress. 
For instance, in 1872-73 half of the port receipts had been 
received on Jan. 8 ; in 1873-74, they were half in on Jan. 
'2; in 1874—75, the date of reaching the same percentage was 
much earlier, being December 15 ; and in 1S76-77 it was 
December 8. Yet this irregularity is, in the main, the 
result of causes which can be explained and understood if 
the precise situation everywhere could be indicated. 

First, however, we would state that little weight can be 
given to the consideration frequently advanced, that the 
free movement has, in the past, been disturbed by planters 
holding back cotton. They have acted in this respect as 
their interests dictated. Being usually under advances to 
the factor at high rates of interest, a strong pressure has 
led them to market their produce as rapidly as possible. 
This same tendency was increased also by the custom, 
largely practiced since the war, of paying laborers with a 
portion of the crop, making necessary quick returns so as 
to permit the adjustment of accounts and supply the f reed- 
men's wants, which become intensely urgent as the possi- 
bility of supplying them approaches. Then, again, while 
the cotton is on the plantations it is Hable to be stolen ; 
and, furthermore, it cannot be insured, and is, therefore, 
exposed to an absolute loss through fire from accident or 
malice. Besides all this, no good purpose could be served 
by holding on, for, if the planter really believed in higher 
prices for his staple later in the season, he could easily use 
a portion of the proceeds of his sales in buying futures, a 
far cheaper and safer way of carrying cotton. 



PICKING AND MABKETIXG. 



159 



Tliese reasons would seem to be unanswerable, so far as 
tlie past is concerned, and yet, changing- conditions may, to 
some extent, eventually reverse this tendency. Planters 
are every year becoming more independent of tlie influ- 
ences which have heretofore forced them to hasten their 
crop forward. Their cash capital is certainly increasing, 
and, consequently, not only are the needed supplies, each 
succeeding year, l:)ought less and less on credit, but the 
practice of cultivating and picking on shares is passing out 
of use. The abandonment of the latter custom is accele- 
rated by a disposition among lal)orers to seek for cash 
payment. Instances are noted the present season of freed- 
men even abandoning the crop in which they had an 
interest, to work for cash. As a class they are very 
improvident, so that the prospect of future advantage has 
little power to hold them as against money to supply the 
wants of the moment. The planter also is each year 
raising a larger proportion of the food products necessary 
for the maintenance of his household, and approaching 
more nearly the true ideal of the Southern • farmer of 
making cotton simply a surplus crop. He is thus becoming, 
in a measure, independent of the money lender, indepen- 
dent of the laborer, and independent of the grocer, and to 
that extent acquiring control of the cotton he has raised. 
We experience too much of the disposition of other agii- 
culturists to doubt that as he may he will hold Imck his 
crop for higher prices, notwithstanding the manv and ob- 
vious benefits of marketing it early. As to the argument 
growing out of the advantages of buying futures instead 
of holding cotton, it does not apply in all cases, for very 
many are on principle opposed to that kind of business, 
and another large class, more especially the smaller pro- 
ducers, know little about it. These considerations seem to 
force one to the opinion that, under certain conditions of 



160 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 



the niai-ket, it is reasonable to expect, in the near future, 
that the willingness or unwillingness of the planter to 
sell, will, to some extent, control the early crop niove- 
nient. 

At present the first positive influence which affects the 
volume of receipts, is the early or late condition of the 
plant. Upon this fact depends the movement, to a con- 
siderable extent, during one or two months, and, conse- 
quently, (other things being equal) the aggregate up to 
Christmas. There is, however, always a disposition to 
exaggerate the backwardness of a crop. It is frequently 
stated that there is a difference of threj or four weeks in 
this respect. The facts, however, would indicate that about 
two weeks mark the extreme limits between an early 
and a late season. Of course, this statement refers to 
the genei*al average in the same district. Some little 
idea of the situation in this particular may be gath- 
ered from a record of the first bloom. We have been 
able to procure no regular late statistics on this point 
except the figures kept by the Mobile Prices Current. ' 
Some other statements have been published, from time to 
time, but as they appear to apply to no particular section, 
but are given as an indication of condition for the whole 
South, from the Rio Grande to the Potomac, wo cannot 
place any value upon them. At best, the first bloom is but 
a faint guide, yet taken with other facts, forms a part of 
the evidence, cumulative in character, which, as a whole, 
should represent with considerable accuracy, from year to 
year, the comparative maturity. The Mobile statement is 
as follows, and applies simply to Alabama or its immediate 
vicinity : 

In 1877, the first bloom was from Sumter county Jime 9 

In 1876, the first bloom was from Marengo countj' June 9 

In 1875, the first bloom was from Monroe countj' June 8 

In 1874, the fli\st bloom was from Lowndes county Juno 3 



PICKIXG AND MARKETING. 161 

In 1873. tlie first bloom J"ue 11 

In 1872, the first bloom June 4 

111 1871, the first bloom June 9 

lu 1870, the first bloom June 11 

In 1869, the first bloom June 13 

In 1 868, the first bloom June 1 

In 1867, the first bloom June 11 

In 1866, the first bloom June 23 

A mere glance at the above suggests at once defective- 
ness in a conclusion founded upon it. And yet, such a 
thought may not do justice to this kind of evidence, for it 
must be remembered that it applies simply to the district 
named, and in substance says that the earliest portions of 
the last three crops there, were on June 8 at about the 
same stage of growth. This probably was true, inasmuch 
as the first bale was received at Mobile the present year 
(1877) on August 11, in 1876 August 13, and in 1875 
August 5. Granting this, we must conclude that with the 
centres of this kind of information multiplied, some very 
useful facts might be obtained. Our object, however, in 
introducing it now, is simply to illustrate the little differ- 
ence in date it indicates between the earliest and latest 
crops. The extreme, if we omit 1866, is twelve days. 
But, as already stated, we do not claim for this evidence 
any great weight. A much better and surer indicator is 
found in the receipt of first bales and in the arrivals of 
new cotton up to September 1 We have been at much 
pains to prepare a statement on these two points for many 
districts, as only through a multiplication of the centres 
of observation can we draw any satisfactory conclusions. 
Complete records have not been kept except m a few 
cases ; as, for instance, at New Orleans by the New Orleans 
Prices Current, and at Mobile by the Mobile Prices Cur 
rent. The facts we give, therefore, are derived from 
various sources, in part from the local newspapers, in part 
from our own correspondents and from their old letters 



162 



COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 



wliicli wo have on file, and in part from the Chronicle 
reports. The compilation is as follows : 



Cliiirli'.stoii— 
First bale rcc'd 

Wlicro from 

Recv'il to Sept. 1 

Augusta- 
First bale rec'd 

Where from 

Recv'cl to Sei)t. 1 

Atlanta- 
First bale rec'd 

Where from 

Recv'd to Sept. 1 

Savannah — 
First G(>orjj;ia. 
First Florida. 
Recv'd to Sept. 1 

Macon— 
First bale rec'd 

Where from 

Recv'd to Sept. 1 

Columbus, Ga. 
First bale rcc'd. 

Where from 

Recv'd to Sept. 1 

Montgomery- 
First bale rec'd. 

Where from 

Racv'd to Sept. 1 

Mob-.e— 
First bale rec'd. 

Where from 

Recv'd to Sept. 1 

New Orleans- 
First Texas 

First Miss. Val. 
Recv'd to Sept. 1 

Shreveport — 
First bale rec'd. 

Where from 

Recv'd to Sept. 1 

Vicksburg— 
First bale rcc'd. 

Where from . 

Recv'd to Sept. 1 



1871. 



Aug. 15 
S. C. 



Aug. 19 
275 

Sept. 4 

Ga. 
None. 

Aug. 
Aug. 6 

871 

Aug. 11 
Ga. 
20 



Aug.l- 
Ga. 



Aug. 
S. C. 



Aug. 10 
220 



1873. 



Aug. 19 
S. G 



Aug. 18 
Ga. 
5G8 



Sept. 5 Sept. 3 



Ga. 

Noue. 



Ga. 

None. 



July 31 Aug. 9 

July 31 Aug.lO 

1,028 1,254 



Aug. 11 
Ala. 

287 

Aug. 12 
Ala. 
40 



July 27 



Aug 12 
Ga. 

212 

Aug. — 
Ala. 
124 

Aug. 6 
Ala. 
217 



Aug. 7 
Ala. 
251 



July 10 

Aug. 4 

1,G41 

Aug.21 
La. 
41 



Aug. 19 
Ga. 
304 

Aug. 11 
Ala. 
l>7 

Aug. 14 
Ala. 

288 

Aug.lG 
Ala. 
47 

July 10 
Aug. 12 
71 

Aug. 19 
La. 
9 



1874. 



Aug. 13 

S. C 



Aug.lu 
Ga. 

22'J 

Sep. 11 
Ga. 

Noue. 

Aug. C 

Aug. 7 

1,421 

Aug. 12 
Ga. 
195 

Aug. 8 
Fla. 

74 

Aug. 11 
Ala. 
190 

Aug.l2 
Ala. 
175 

July 13 

Aug. 12 

320 

Aug.l3 
La. 

38 



1875. 



Aug. 14 
S. C. 



Aug. 1 
Ga. 
32 

Aug. 14 
Ga. 

7 

July 30 
Aug.20 
396 

July 28 
Ga. 
50G 

Aug.lO 
Fla. 
51 

Aug. 4 
Ala. 
217 



Ala. 
212 



July 13 
July 13 
342 



Aug. 7 
La. 
06 



1876. 



Aug. 13 
S. C. 



Aug. 17 
S. C. 
253 

Aug.22 
Ga. 



Aug. 2 
Aug. '. 
1,500 

Aug. 2 
Ga. 

898 

Aug. 9 
Ga. 
156 

Aug. 12 
Ala. 
216 

Aug. 13 

Ala. 

114 

July 10 

Aug. 4 

429 



1877 



Aug.21 
8. C. 



\ug.27 
S. C. 
117 

Aug. 2 8 
Ga. 
3 

Aug. 7 

Aug. 7 

227 

Aug. 3 
Ga. 
113 

Aug. 11 
Ala.. 
72 

Aug.lO 
Ala. 
304 

Aug.ll 
Ala. 
58 

July 10 

Aug.lO 

419 



Aug. 6 Aug. 9 
La. Ld. 

40 56 



Aug.l4 

Miss. 
38 



Aug. 14 
Miss. 
46 



PICKIXCr AND MARKETING. 



163 





1871. 


1872. 


1873. 


1874. 


1875. 


1876. 


1877. 


Col' bus, Miss.— 
















First bale ruc'd. 




Aug. 8 


Aug.29 


Aug.21 


Aug.28 


Aug.l7 


Aug.24 


\Vliei'c froui 




Miss. 


Miss. 


Miss. 


Miss. 


Miss. 


Miss. 


Eecv'd to Sept. 1 

















Naslivillc— 
















First bale rec'd. 




Aug.22 


Aug.22 


Aug. 15 


Sept. 3 


Aug.30 


Sept. 4 


Where Irom 




Tenu. 


Teuu. 


Tenu. Teuu. 


Teuu. 


Teiin. 


Recv'd to Sept. 1 










None. 


1 


None. 


Memphis- 
















First bale re«'d. 


Auic. 3 


Aug. 16 


Aug.22 


Aug.l2 


Aug.23 


Aug.23 


Sept. 1 


Where from 


Ark. 


Ala. 


Miss. 


Miss. 


Ark. 


Miss. 


Miss. 


From Teuu 


Aug. 23 






Aug. 12 








Recv'd to Sept. 1 


20 


75 




28 


86 


48 


1 


Galveston— 
















First bale ree'd. 


July 21 


July 16 


July 10 


July 9 


July 16 


July 7 


July 13 


Where from 


RioG. 


Rio G. 


RioG. 


Rio G. 


RioG. 


RioG. 


RioG. 


Recv'd to Sept. 1 


1,967 


7,975 


1,989 


2,706 


6,218 


5,282 


i,or>i 



To bring the results before us more distinctly, we have 
also classified and separated the above Ijy first grouping 
together the dates of the arrivals of first bales, and after 
that the arrivals of new cotton to September 1. 



Date of Receipt of Fir.st Bide. 



1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 



8. Carolina— 
I harleston . . . 

Georgia — 

Augusta 

Atlanta 

Savanmili — 

From Ga 

" Fla... 
Macon ... . . 
CoIuml)Us .... 

Alabama — 
Montgomery . 
Mobile ". .. 

Louisiana — 

New Orleans— 

From Texas. 

•• Miss.Val 

8hrevei)iirt ... 

Mississippi— 
Vickslnu-g.. .. 
Columbus 

Tennessee- 
Nashville 

Memphis 

Texas- 
Galveston 



Aug. 15 

Aug. 19 
Sept. 4 

Xwx. 6 
Au;;. 6 
Any;. 11 
Aug.l7 

Aug. 11 
Aug. 12 



Aug. 7 
Aug. 10 



Aug. 19 
Aug.18 



Sept. 5; Sept. 3 

Julv31 Auc. 9 
July 31 Aug.lO 
Aug.l2 AUi.'.19 
Aug. —I Aug. 11 

Aug. 6 Aug.14 
Aug. 7 Aug. 16 



Aug.13 Aug.14 

Aug. 16 Aug. 1 
Sep. 14 Aug.14 

Aug. 6Julv30 
Aug. 7 Aug.20 
Aug. 12 July 28 
Aug. 8 Aug.lO 



July 2: 



July 10 
Aug. 4 
Aug.21 



Aus.23 
July 2 1 



Aug. 8 



Aug.22 
Aug.lO 



July 16 



July 10 
Aug. 12 
Aug. 19 



Aug. 11 
Aug. 12 



July 13 
Aug. 12 
Aug.13 



Aug.29 

Aug.22 
Aug.22 

July 10 



Aug.21 

Aus:.15 
Aug.l2 

July 9 



Aug.13 Aug.21 

Aug.i7lAnc.27 
Aug.22 Aug.28 

Aug. 2 Aug. 7 
Aug. 2 Aug. 7 
Auc. 2 Au«. 3 
Aug. 9 Aug. 11 



Aug. 4 
Aug. 5 



July 13 
July 13 
Aug. 7 



Aug.28 

Sept. 3 
Aug.23 

July 16 



Aug. 12 
Aug.13 



July 10 
Aug. 4 
Aug. 6 

Aui;.14 
Aug. 17 

Aug.30 
Aug.23 

July 7 



Auc.lO 
Aug. 11 



July 10 
Aug.lO 
Aug. 9 

Aug.14 
Aug.24 

Sept. 4 
Sept. 1 

July 13 



This Statement would indicate that the earliest portion in 
each section of the present crop was about a week later 



164 



COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 



than last year s crop, and from one to two weeks later than 
that of the previous year. The arrivals of new cotton to 
September 1, were as follows for the years named : 



AKIIIVALS OF 


NEW COTTON 


TO SKPT. 1. 








1871. 


1872. 


1873. 


1874. 


1875. 


1876. 


1877. 


Augustit, Ga 

Atlaiitii, Ga 


275 

None. 

771 

20 


220 

Noue. 

1,028 

212 

12J 

217 

251 

l,f41 

41 

" "75 
5,975 


508 
None. 
1,254 

304 

07 

288 

^I 

9 
i',989 


220 

None. 

1,421 

195 

74 

190 

175 

320 

38 

' ■ ■ 28 
2,700 


32 

7 
396 
506 

51 
247 
212 
342 

66 

■ ■ ■ 86 
0,218 


253 

6 

1,500 

898 
150 
210 
114 

429 
4T) 

38 

1 

48 

5,282 


117 
3 

227 


Macon, Ga 


113 


Citlumbus, Ga 


72 


Montgomery, Ala 

Mobile, Ala 

New Orleans, La 

Sluevepoi-t, r>a 


287 
40 
22 


304 

58 

419 

56 


Vi<:'U.sl>urg, Miss 

Nasliville, Tcnu"!!.. 

Memphis, Teuu 

Galveston, Tex 


""20 
1,907 


46 

None. 

1 

1,051 


Total all ports to 
Sept. 1 


3,402 


9,784 


4,597 


5,373 


8,163 


8,981 


2,467 







This statement gives us a total o| new cotton at all these 
points of 2, 4 67 bales to September 1, this year, against 8,981 
bales to the same day in 1876, andS, 1G3 bales m 18*75, 
which is simply corroborative of the conclusions drawn 
from the previous table. Still another means for obtaining 
an indication on the same question is by a comparison of 
the weeks of smallest receipts at the ports, as we have done 
in the following : 

WKKKS OF SM.VLLEST RECEIPTS FOR YE.\R8 NAMED. 



Year. 


Week ending- 


Quantity 
received. 


In 1870, 
lu 1871 
In 187'^ 


smallest receipts were 

smallest receipts were 

smallest receipts were 


August 18 
August 13 
August 8 
August 29 
August 14 
August 13 
August 4 
August 17 




5,287 
7,630 
1,178 
8,237 
4,054 
1,541 


In 1873, 




In 1874, 
In 187.5, 


suutUest receipts were 

suiallest receipts were 


In 1870, 
In 1877, 


smallest receipts were 

smallest receipts were 


5,153 
1,733 



One fact appears to be brought out by all these com- 
parisons, and that is that the extreme difference between 
an early and a late crop is about two weeks. Still, the 
effect on the receipts of even ten days' difference is very 
considerable, showing itself through many weeks. The 



PICKING AND MARKETING. 



165 



following statement of September percentages in a meas- 
ure illustrates this. 

SEPTEMBER PERCENTAGES OF TOTAL PORT RECEIPTS. 



Day of Month. 


1872. 


1873. 


1874. 


1875. 


1876. 


1 . . . 


S. 
00-11 
00-15 
00 22 
00-28 
00-39 
00-17 

S. 
00-04 
00-78 
00-91 
01-01 
01-21 
01-33 

8. 
01-58 
01-92 
0211 
02-32 
02-58 
02-82 

8. 
03-14 
03-55 
03-78 
04-04 
04-39 
04-65 

S. 
05-06 


00-04 
00-08 
00-13 
00-17 
00-23 
00-27 

8. 
00-36 
00-42 
00-47 
00-53 
0001 
00-68 

S. 
00-81 
00-91 
01-01 
01-12 
01-27 
01-35 

8. 
01-50 
01-70 
01-89 
02 07 
02-27 
02 45 

S. 
02-74 
03-03 


00-03 
0O-06 
00- 11 
00-10 
00-22 

S. 
00-32 
00 38 
00-13 
00-51 
00-00 
00-09 

s. 

00-86 
01 -00 
01-12 
01-23 
01-41 
01-00 

8. 
01-90 
02-08 
02-30 
02-49 
02-74 
02-99 

8. 
03-36 
03-50 
03-84 


00-02 
00-05 • 
OO-U) 
00-13 

H. 
00-22 

oo-:!o 

00-37 
00-10 
00-55 
00-03 

s. 

00-80 
00-95 
01 -OS 
01 -21 
01-30 
01-49 

S. 
01-70 
01-86 
02-05 
02-25 
02-49 
02-73 

S. 
03-14 
03-44 
03-73 
04-03 


00-05 


o 


00 09 


3 


8. 


4 


00-10 


5 


00-28 


«i 


00-30 




00-44 


8 

9 


00-53 
00-65 


10 

11 

12 

13... 


8. 
00-88 
00-99 
01-19 


14 

15 


01-34 
01-53 


10 


01-72 


17 


8. 


18... 

1<> 


02-06 
02-32 


20 


02-58 


21 


02-82 


oo 


03-12 


23 


03-46 


21.... 


8. 


25 


03-95 


20 


04-28 


27 


04-65 


28 


05-00 


29 


05-49 


30 


05-87 







The foregoing percentages would furnish, as the month 
closes, an expression of the relative maturity of the dif- 
ferent crops, were it not that other conditions coming 
in sensibly affect the movement to the ports. Prominent 
among these we may mention the character of the picking 
season, which begins early to exert an influence, and may 
finally become a very important consideration. This has 
lieen the case this fall, and the same agencies were 
also active as an obstructive force in tlie year of 1S75, 
when the crop was generally early. Yery excessive rains 
both seasons cut out so many picking days, that every 
fair moment was of necessity devoted to gathering and 
housing the cotton, to the neglect of ginning and baling. 
This disposition of the planter is decidedly increased in 
case the crop is a late one ; for in that event general pick- 



lt>6 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 

ing has of course to begin late, and a subsequent loss of 
days by rain or otherwise, must compel a more eager 
improvement of what is left, to the exclusion of other work. 
On the other hand, with the crop early and the picking 
season fine, the lalior on the farm proceeds in a regular 
routine, without interruption, and, other things being equal, 
the movement to the ports will be rapid. 

Another important consideration affecting the receipts 
is the height of the water in the navigable streams of 
the Southwest. Formerly this was a point of very decided 
consequence. But the great expansion in the railroad net 
work since the war has made it a less controlling influ- 
ence. Still, even at the present time there are extensive 
regions having no means of marketing their cotton other 
than the navigable rivei-s and bayous. After a very dry 
summer, many of these streams, including at times some 
of the larger ones, fall so low that the smallest steamboats 
cannot navigate them, and they remain in this condition 
for weeks. The planters and factors who are dependent 
upon them have no alternative but to wait until the 
autumn rains cause a rise of water. It often happens, 
however, that navigation remains suspended or obstructed 
during all or most of the winter; in such instances the 
spring rains give those sections their earliest relief, render- 
ing possible then for the first time the marketing of their 
reserves of cotton. It becomes very necessary, therefore, 
for the observer to know the condition of these rivers 
each season. Very little, however, can be learned on 
this point, except by comparison with previous seasons. 
We have, therefore, compiled the following from the 
monthly reports of the Signal Service Bureau. It will be 
noticed that we include the data for points on the Upper 
Mississippi and Missouri rivers ; this is done principally 
for comparison when future floods threaten. 



PICKING AND MARKETING. 



107 



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COTTON FliOil SEED TO LOOM. 



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COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 



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PICKIXG AND ilABKETING. 



171 



The foregoing tables show tlie position of the rivers 
named for the past four years. The object for including 
the northern stations was, as stated above, that our readers 
may have in their possession the condition of the rivers in ■ 
those districts at times of previous floods, so as to be able 
to judge better of any future similar conditions. As we 
are, however, now considering the influences affecting the 
movement of the crop during the fall months, the principal 
facts from these tables which shed light on that point for 
that period may be usefully brought together for comparison. 

HEIGHT EIVERS ABOVE LOW WATEI!, OCTOBER TO DECEMBER, 1873-77. 



STATIONS. 



Mississippi. 
St. Louis 1877. 

1876. 

1875. 

1874. 

1873. 
Caii'o 1877. 

1876. 

1875. 

187-1. 

1873 
Mempliis 1S77 . 

1876. 

1875. 

1874. 

1873. 
Ticksljurg 1 877. 

1876. 

1875. 

1874 

1873. 
Jfew Orleans... 1877* 

1876* 

1875*. 

1874*. 

1873* 
Red River. 
Shreveport 1877. . 

1876., 

1875.. 

1874.. 

1873.. 



October. 



Higb'st 
Ft. 111. 



12 10 
14 9 
14 

8 10 
7 5 

11 4 
22 3 
14 4 

7 10 

6 
711 

17 11 

13 7 
5 10 
3 

t 

25 

22 1 



5 

11 2 

9 5 

8 10 

13 

12 4 

16 4 

7 2 

14 O 
11 3 

8 5 



Lowest 
Ft. lu. 



GIO 
9 6 



7 O 
G 3 

3 5 
7 10 
711 

4 5 
3 8 
3 2 
7 O 

5 10 
3 9 



I 

11 6 
9 8 
5 6 
2 7 

14 6 



14 4 

15 4 
14 4 

2 G 

3 
6 9 
611 

4 3 



November. 



High'st Lowest 
Ft. In. Ft. In 



13 10 

13 3 

8 4 

7 6 

8 6 
19 1 

13 4 
21 10 
12 1 

14 9 
12 6 
10 10 
16 4 



G 9 

8 7 

20 1 

14 5 

16 

6 1 

10 10 

11 1 



12 8 
14 

13 1 

23 3 
G 6 
G 7 
9 6 

13 3 



9 9 
9 9 

5 3 

6 3 

4 8 
10 4 

9 

5 10 
3 

6 6 

7 11 

7 9 

5 2 

1 11 

2 4 

10 11 

11 5 

8 

3 
2 11 

13 2 

14 4 

14 10 

15 8 
14 5 

17 5 

2 a 

2 10 

4 7 

6 3 



December. 



High'st Low't. 
Ft. In. Ft. In. 



16 9 

14 2 

7 4 

7 8 
16 4 

24 4 

12 4 
29 3 
16 11 

34 6 
16 10 

9 2 

19 9 

9 11 

27 

26 5 

13 1 

25 

11 3 

35 5 

8 8 
13 8 
10 3 
13 6 

5 O 

24 1 

6 9 

12 6 
12 4 



9 5 
6 9 
3 11 
3 4 



4 
14 


13 



610 
14 5 

10 2 

2 1 

11 4 
4 11 
8 2 

19 7 

3 11 
16 9 



6 G 
(> 6 

11 3 
16 2 
13 10 
15 5 
13 4 

20 8 
4 
2 11 

7 8 

12 5 



^ Below high water mark. t Receded from guage. 



172 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 



The comparison furnished in the above between 1875 
and 1877 will be found instructive.* 

But still another fact remains to be considered; for, 
notwithstanding late crops, poor picking seasons, and low 
rivers, there appears hitherto to have been, as wo have 
already seen, an almost constant increase from year to year, 
down to the present season, in the rapidity with which 
cotton has been marketed. In 1876-7 half of the port 
receipts had reached the ports December 8, 1876, while in 
1870-71 it was not till January 18, 1871, that the same 
pei'centage had been moved. The possibility of such a 
change is w^iolly due to the extension and increased 
capacity of Southern railroads. Though of very late 
years the number of miles of road has not been greatly 
added to, the carrying capacity has been steadily enlarged. 
Of course, cotton cannot be brought forward faster than the 
railroads can move it. So it is always an important ques- 
tion how much can the roads carry ? Last crop year we 
had a pretty fair test of their capacity during the first few 
months. But to say that no more can be brought to the 
ports in any one month now, than was then, would l)e mis- 
leading, because even if we admit that they did their 
utmost during those months, there is and always must be 
growth — very slow m miles probably for some years to 
come, but, as the business demands it, there will ho further 
large additions to rolling-stock. 

AVith these suggestions and explanations, we may now 
with profit recall the surroundings of each crop since 1871 
during the picking season, and notice the helps and hin- 
drances which hastened or retarded the movement to the 
ports. Briefly stated, they are as follows: 

* 111 above tables as to lieigrbt of rivers, New Orloana is reported below 
liigli-water mark of 1871 until Sept. 9, '74, when tlie zero of yaiige was 
chanf;e<l to high-water iiiai-lv of April 15 aud IG, '74, wliieli i.s .six-teiilhs 
of a foot aljove 1871, or sixteen feet above low -water mark at tliat point. 



riCKIXG AX J) 2rARKETIXG. 173 

1871. — First. The crop was spotted, some ripening 
early, which made the receipt of first bales misleading, as 
the most of the crop was late, Georgia being very late. 
Macon correspondent telegraphed Sept. 9 that reseipts to 
Sept. 1 of new cotton had only been twenty bales. Sep- 
tember receipts were therefore small. Second. — No 
special influences after September affected the movement 
to the ports, except so far as the closeness of the money 
market, which was increased by the Chicago fire Oct. 8, 
tended to hasten it. 

1872. — The crop was decidedly earlier, and September 
receipts were therefore large, but the picking and move- 
ment to the ports were after that checked : first, by the 
general election and its after influence; second, by low 
state of the rivers; third, and mainly by the epizootic 
which ran all through the South and put an embargo on 
all commerce. 

1873. — First. The crop was late, and therefore the 
early receipts, especially in September, were small. 
Second. — The yellow fever appeared at Shreveport in an 
unusually virulent form, and was an epidemic over a 
considerable section in the Southwest, and also for a 
time at Montgomery, Ala., and elsewhere ; this also 
checked shipments to the ports. Third. — The panic, which 
occurred the last of September, was the influence of great- 
est importance ; its effect being to derange the exchanges 
and make the obtaining of currency so nearly impossible 
as to clog the cotton movement for many weeks very 
materially ; later (but not till December) relief came 
through the same money pressure forcing the planters 
and factors to push forward their cotton, as the actual 
delivery was the only way of obtaining money. 

1S74. — First. The crop was generally earlier than tlie 
last one, the drought hastening the maturitv, and couse- 



174 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 

quently the early movement was large. Second. — Tlie 
rivei's tributary to New Orleans were very low; ordinarily 
this would have considerably checked the movement, but, 
for reasons stated below, it was of less importance than 
the same situation ever was before. Third. — Splendid 
weather made this an unusually favorable season for mov- 
ing merchandise; the roads were so good that in absence 
of high water in the rivers it Avas possible for cotton to be 
carried, and it was carried, very long distances, to ship by 
railroads. Fourth. — An inducement for extraordinary 
vigilance in pushing forward the crop existed in the 
unusual necessities of the planters. The panic of 1873 
rendered it impossible for the factors to make the ordinary 
advances, so tliat the producers were under a pressure 
never before felt, to get money to procure even family 
supplies. On the first of December there were about 
350,000 bales more of the crop in sight than there was of 
the preceding crop at the same date, although the year's 
yield was 337,000 bales less.. 

1875. — First. The crop over a considerable section was 
later (especially where the drought of 1874 was severest), 
but in a large portion of the South it was earlier than the 
previous one. Second. — The panic year of 1873 was the 
turning point in crop-raising in the South; since then it 
has been carried on much less on credit, because advances 
could not be obtained, and consequently the producers 
have been under much greater pressure than formerly to 
push their cotton forward early, so as to lay in supplies — 
such was the case in 1875. Third. — But the picking and 
marketing season was bad, the rains being very excessive, 
more like 1877 than any year in our record, and to some 
considerable extent this checked marketing. 

1876. — First. The crop was all of it earlier than in 
1874, being in August at about the same point of matui'ity 



PICKING AXD MAItKETIXG. 175 

as the earlier portion of 1875, and in September the open- 
ing of the bolls was further hastened by the liot, dry, 
forcing weather, so that the first weeks of the season the 
movement was large. Second. — There was a very marked 
improvement on 1875 in subsequent weather, it being 
decidedly favorable for rapid gathering and marketing 
purposes. Third. — Theci'op, like those of 1874 and 1875, 
was largely raised without the advances iisual previous to 
the panic of 1873, and a similar necessity therefore acted 
upon producers for hurrying it to market. 

1877. — First. The crop was late, generally believed to 
be in August two weeks later than the previous year, 
making September receipts small. Second. — The picking 
and marketing season was very bad, especially in the 
West and Southwest, and, as above stated, more like 1875 
than any other year in our record, the temperature being 
moderate and the rain excessive. Third. — The condition 
of the planters as to advances was about the same as for 
the previous year, but some claim that very many of them 
have a less urgent need for money, as their resources are 
increasing. 

We see from this review that in the past the crop move- 
ment has always been under the control of well defined 
influences. (1) The first in importance and weight has 
been the necessity to pay debts, settle accounts and obtain 
supplies — pressing needs not admitting of delay or post- 
ponement. (2) Next comes the maturity of the crop, 
either hastening or delaying, but generally only during 
early weeks. (3) This latter influence, however, is soon 
swallowed up by the greater one, the character of the pick- 
ing season, either rainy or fair. (4) Then we have the 
other special conditions, such as height of rivers, the 
epizootic of 1872 and the panic of 1873, &c. As in the 
past these facts have determined the movement, so will 



170 



COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 



they in the future, except so far as the changed circum- 
stances of the planters may remove the stimulus for 
pushing cotton forward. 

With these explanations and suggestions, the reader is 
in position discreetly to forecast the movement of any 
crop, through the fall and winter months, if he will only 
inform himself accurately with regard to the peculiarities 
of the season on the points we have specified, and use 
the tables which are given below for comparison. 

MOXTULY MOVEMENT OF THE CROP. 

The following shows the comparative monthly receipts 
for five years, and the percentages received at the begin, 
ning of each month of total port receipts and of total crop. 



Montlily Receipts. 



September 
October . . . 
November . 
Deceuiber. 



Total to Jau. 1 . 
Jaimarj- 

Total to Feb. 1 . 
February 



Total to March 1.. 
March , 



Total to April 1 . 
April 



Total to May 1 

May 



Total to Juue 1. 
June 



Total to July 1 . . . . 
July 

Total TO August 1. 

August 

CoiTeetiou.s 



Total to Sept. 1 . 



Year liegiiming iSeptcmlier 1. 



1S76. 



236 
675. 
901, 

787, 

,601, 
500, 



86 
260 
392 
769 

28!) 
680 



,101, 
419, 



909 
686 



,551. 

182, 



655 
937 



,73-1, 
100, 

,831, 
68, 

,903, 
36, 



592 
194 

,786 
939 

,72.5 
,030 



,939, 
17, 



/ O.) 
031 



,957, 
14, 
66, 



380 
462 
293 



4,0(8,141 



1875. 



109, 
610, 
740, 

821, 



077 
316 
116 
177 



2,340, 
C37. 

2,977, 
479, 

3,457, 
300, 



680 
067 



753 
801 



554 
128 



3,757, 
103, 

3,921. 
92, 

1,013, 

42, 



682 
593 



275 
600 



!34 



4,050 
29 



1874. 



134,37 
536,908 
076,295 
759,036 

2,106,075 
444,052 



2,550,727 
383,324 



2,934,051 
251,433 



3,185,484 
133,598 



3,319,082 

81,780 



3,400,802 
50,010 



109 3,450,872 
,422 17,064 



4,085, 
33, 

71, 



531 
626 
985 



3,473,936 

13,521 

9,709 



4,191,142 3,497,169 



1873. 



115,255 
355,323 
570,103 
811,606 



1,858,349 
702,1 6.S 



2,560,517 

482,088 



3,043,205 
332,703 



3,375,908 
173,986 



3,519,894 
127,346 



3,677,240 
59 "01 



3,736,741 
31,856 



3,768,597 
23,394 
12,299 



3,804,290 



1872. 



184,744 
444,003 
530,153 
524,975 

,683,875 
509,430 



1,253,305 

462,552 

,715,857 
309,307 

,025,164 
213,879 



,244,043 
173,(;93 



,41-,730 
72,602 

,49^ ',338 
83,515 



,573,853 
46,467 
31,026 



3,651,346 



Year's port receipts. 

Overlaud 

Southern cousump'ii 

Y'eai-'s total crop.. 



,038, 
300, 
147. 



141 
282 
000 



1,485,423 



4,191, 
333, 
145. 



142 

146 
000 



4,669,288 



3,497,169 
205,339 
130,483 



3.832,991 



3,804,290 3, 
237,572 

128,526 



651,340 
141,500 
137,(102 



4,17O,3'^8|3,930,508 



FICEING AND MAIiKETING. 



177 





187G. 


1875. 


1874. 


1873. 


1872. 


Per c-ent of total poi t 
receipts to Jiui.l.. 


C4-42 


55-84 


60-24 


48-84 


46-11 


Per cent of total i>ort 
receipts to Feb. 1. 


7G-82 


71-05 


72-93 


67-30 


61-71 


Percent of total port 
receipts to Mui'. 1. 


87-9.5 


82-49 


83-89 


79-99 


74-33 


Per cent of total poit 
receipts to April 1. 


92 -AS 


89-66 


91-08 


88-74 


82-85 


Per cent of total port 
receipts to May 1. 


94-96 


93-56 • 


94-90 


93-31 


88-84 


Per cent of total port 
receipts to June 1. 


90-67 


95-77 


97-24 


96-66 


93-60 


Percentof total port 
receipts to July 1 . 


97-56 


96-77 


98-84 


98-22 


95-59 


Per cent of total port 
receipts to Ang. 1 . 


98-00 


97-48 


99-33 


99 06 


97-87 


Per cent of total crop 
to Jan. 1 


57-99 


50-13 


54-96 


44-56 


42-83 


Per cent of total crop 
to Feb. 1 


69-16 


63-77 


66-54 


61-39 


57 32 


Per cent of total crop 
to March 1 


79-18 


74-04 


76-54 


75-37 


69-09 


Per cent of total crop 
to April 1 


83-26 


80-47 


83-10 


80-94 


76-96 


Per cent of total crop 
to May 1 


85-49 


83-98 


86-59 


85-12 


82-53 


Per cent of total crop 
to June 1 . . 


87 03 


85-96 


88-72 


88-17 


86-95 


Per cent of total crop 




to Julv 1 


87-83 


86-86 


90-18 


89-60 


88-tO 


Per cent of total crop 




to Aug. 1 


88-23 


87-49 


90-63 


90-36 


90-92 



Half the port re- 
ceipts recelAcd 

On which day re- 


Dec. 8 
2,032,132 


Dec. 20. 
2,090,674 
Dec. 30. 
2,330.076 


Dec. 15 
1,745,630 
Dec. 22. 
1,916,707 


Jan. 2. 
1,909,958 

Jan. 11. 
2 083,115 


Jan. 8. 
1,822,525 


Half the total crop 
received 


Dec. 16 
2,253,747 


Jan. 16. 


On which day re- 


1,978,164 







The reasons for the varying dates at which half the 
port receipts and half the crop had been received in the 
years named, have been set out above. 

DAILY RECEIPTS AND DAILY PERCENTAGES FOR FIVE YEARS. 

We now give our statement of the total arrivals at the 
ports each day for five years, and the percentage which had 
been up to the close of each day received of total port 
receipts for the same years. 



178 



COTTON FEOM SEED TO LOOM. 



B3 
K 
K 
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C 


X 


•T< rH -f (' i-C t' C K CI O X CI CC -f rH -C CC 1- -* lO -f w -+ O -* CI 
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lO c X ic r- c 7: -f m X CO X Lc lO r^ o X i^ c: -t c X L- X o t^ -t* x i^ -;< » 

ii i^iii^ iilM^ iimii iiiiiii 


rH 

CO 

6 

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X 


-f-irH -CcooCh-f^ CH<»ClrHC: -i-CI-i-NCOCO X— ir. -.0 lO -C 

rHrHlO . X -* "J r- C X . X -H CI ^ l" rH . CO K CO - 1 - CI . r- | - r- C "T O 

I- Lo CI X ic t- 1- -;■ CI lO X lO I- 1- LC i~ X X rl -T c CI x r; X' r: c -r — rl I- 
dcci" (-'l---'-*x^-H iCcx'x'c-o v'^dri^.r, --~^'\t.-£ 

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X 

q 

CO 

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CO 
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7,501 
7,989 
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5,702 

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8,708 

8,(»40 

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8,("09 

11,S14 

8,131 

8. 

10,470 

13,400 

12,00(i 

15,572 

10,9Sl 

15,905 

8. 
22,043 
13,272 
is. 053 
10.798 
:0.7S4 
10.107 

8. 
21.251 

19,072 
l(i,V99 
11,035 


CO 
CI 

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10 

CO 


ci 

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14,900 
H,SS8 
11,309 
11,20(5 
14,217 

8. 
10,475 
18,499 
9,027 
14,9SS 
15,S1(5 
10,938 

8. 
17,"()0 
21,9(57 
12,S(58 
14,029 
15,418 
10,044 

8. 
18,(517 
23,201 
IS, 198 
20,<i05 
15,509 
17,(S02 

8. 
20,138 
25,384 
19,019 
20,501 


CO 

o 


;^l 




I 


;:::::::::::::::::;::::::::::;: 
r-i ei CO -^ >a d t» x c; d -H ci ?"- -i* ift -.o t-^ X d c rH ci « -f 10 --0 1- x^ c: d r-i 

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C3 

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CO 
X 


X rH O — -* rH CI X CO X CI lO 55 X lO N -f-0 CI X 10 -H X rH CI -i< • 

— Z-. .COC-.rHrHXO -CIXlOXClCO .CI-H-d^r-CO .rHrHt-ClXCS '. 

q -o X qc5 -r r- c: t~ x q t^ t- o x io_^x q-* co^x_^rH lO x qe s; -* » o ■ 

rHrH TT ci't: co'co""^' x'-f t-di-i- co'do'dcfco" d'co'-trfdo" '. 

r-lrH.-( rHrH CI rHrHrHrHrH 


X 
X 

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I- 

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1.004 
1,380 
1,734 
1,407 

8. 
3,704 
3,228 
3,110 
3,(521 
3,928 
3,137 

8. 
7,119 
0,512 
5,417 
5,404 
0,209 
5,327 

8,845 
0,821 
8,173 
8,149 
10,t)15 
10,109 

8. 
17,315 
12,4S5 
1 1 ,978 
12,820 


q 


X 
rH 


1,205 
1,075 
1,()15 
1,(582 
2,145 

1,841 
2,740 
3,423 
3,214 

8. 
5,(542 
5,1 7(i 
3,921 
3, Si 2 
0,225 
0,041 

10,421 
0,542 
7,521 
0,0S2 
8,9 1(5 
8,495 
8. 

13,04 


r- 

CO 

CO 


CO 

X 


C-.-HrHt-CCO -fCl-COri'rH CIClCC-.rHO 'l' rH CI -f -)< O X Ci ' 

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1,047 
2,530 
2,057 
4,055 
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4,903 
4,72.'i 
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7,308 
4,155 

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12,129 
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8,910 
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11,5(54 

15,007 
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9,372 

12,(!87 

9,578 

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14,903 


X 




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PICKING AND MARKETING. 



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180 



COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 



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PICKING AND MARKETING. 



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182 



COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 



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PICKING AND MARKETING. 



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—on that day tlierc liud beeu received 


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rH 1-1 r-l rH tH i-I iH r-^ rn ^ CMI CI CI CI C-i CI CI Cl Ci CO CO 













186 



COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 



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; c; C5 c r. z. z. z. z> z. 



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PICKIXn AND MARKETING. 



187 





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s::ZiC^z: c: s: c: c: J: o cr. r. =; :; :: C5 c-.sir.o»a oi=3s:~.c;cc 




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1-1 


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1 -i<i-.ir:ioo .L0-c-.3O-Jt^ .1^ XX XXX .Ci3;c~. ~co . r-< -i oi >. t^-- 3; 
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tt 05 s: ~. c; ci c. o: 0: c: c; 05 O: 05 0: 0: 05 c o: 0: 0: 0: 05 C: 05 ~ 


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1-1 


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8. 
99-12 
99-13 
99-15 
99-17 
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99-22 

S. 
99-24 
99-20 
99-27 
99-30 
99-32 
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8. 
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9)-42 
99-44 
99-45 
99-48 

8. 
99-50 
99-53 
99-55 
99-58 
99-00 
99-03 

8. 
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00 32 
100.00 


CO 
X 


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=5 


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■ — — — _ 


i 



IgS COTTON FROM SEED ■ TO LOOM. 

Tlie foregoing tables make unnecessary the usual state- 
ment of weekly receipts. In fact, as the corresponding 
weeks of two succeeding years end on succeeding days of 
the month, there is always a difference, when a series of 
years are given, of several days in the comparison between 
the close of the week of the first and last year. The daily 
and monthly movements are, therefore, the only compila- 
tions that are not misleadino-. 



MARKETS AND PRICES. 189 



CHAPTER VIII. 

SPOT AND FUTURE MAEKETS 
A2SD PRICES. 

Changes In tlie cotton trade— Eoutes by ■wliicli cotton -was marketed 
pivsvioiis to the war — New York's position during same period — 
Changes the war made in routes— Receipts and sales at New Yoi-b 
since— Future-delivery business- Future sales for eight years- 
Reasons whj' business in futures is a necessity to the trade— Could 
not be discontinued — The new arrangement as to weight of 100 bales 
adopted by Liverpool conference- Prices of futures for seven 
years— Changes in mode of cpioting spot cotton, how and when 
made— Spot quotations for seven years. 

The cotton trade in this country has made very rapid 
progress in organization and working-power during late 
years. • Previous to the war there was but little unity of 
feeling or of action, and no market of any considerable 
importance, outside of the Southern States, except New 
York ; and even New York held a position of comparative 
insignificance. New Orleans was then, as now, the leading 
port for marketing the crop, Mobile coming next, and 
Savannah and Charleston following them, some years 
Savannah and some years Charleston taking the precedence. 
The following statement indicates the percentage of the 
year's yield which the net movement at each port bore to 
the total movement, from ISo-i-oo to 18G0-61. It will be 
seen that, according to it, in 1860-61 New Orleans mar- 
keted 45-78 per cent of the total; Mobile, 14-29 per cent; 
Savannah, 12-48 per cent; Ckarieston, 8-79 per cent; and 



1(*0 



COTTOX FIi02I SEED TO LOOM. 



the other ports a much less iimount, varying from 3 -TO per 
cent to 1-47 per cent. 

PERCENTAGE OF RECEIPTS. 



liEClilPTS AT— 


1854-5 


1855-6 


1856-7 


1857-8 


1858-9 


'59-00. 


'60-61. 


VVilniiiigtoii.&c, N.C. 


00-89 


00-72 


00-89 


00-74 


00-94 


00-85 


01-47 


Nurlolk, Ac, Va 


01-OG 


00-56 


00-78 


00-7t> 


00-83 


01-18 


02-04 


Cliarlestou, &.C., S. C. 


17-03 


13-61 


12-98 


12-54 


12-03 


10-57 


OS-79 


Savannah, Ga 


12-<)1 


10-6-; 


10-54 


08-74 


11-91 


10-89 


12-48 


Apalacliicola,&c.,Fla 


04-!6 


03-36 


04-47 


03-78 


04-34 


04-00 


03-17 


Mobile, Ala 


15-50 


18.-10 


16-46 


16-13 


17-63 


17-48 


14-29 


New Orleans, La.,itc. 


42-04 


45-58 


46-95 


4S-67 


41-79 


44-35 


45-78 


Galveston, »kc.,Tes.. 


02-75 


03-18 


02-94 


04-48 


04-81 


05-23 


03-79 


Total at ports 


9«-81 


96-39 


96-01 


95-84 94-28 


94-55 


. 91-81 


Overland from Teun. 


00-2G 


00-39 


00-16 


00-30 02-14 


02-25 


03-75 


From plantations by 








1 






Soutli'n consumers. 


02-90 


03-22 


03-83 orj-Sel 03-58 


03-20 


04-44 


Total crop U.S 


100-00 


100-00 


100-00 100-00 100-00 100-00 


100-00 



Even cluring^ the period covered by the above table, 
New York handled annually several himdred thousand 
bales, mainly received from the Southern outports, the 
movement overland being very small. To illustrate the 
situation and position this city then held ip., the trade, we 
give the New York receipts, exports and purchases here 
for home consumption, from September 1, 1849, to Sep- 
tember 1, 1861: 

COTTON MOVEMENT AT NEW YORK. 





Total 
Receiiits. 




Exports to 




Sales 


Years. 


Great 
Britain. 


All 

other 

Countries. 


Total. 


for 

Consump^ 

tiou. 


1849-50.... 


481,938 


200,113 


114,687 


314,800 


167,138 


1850-51.... 


429.742 


184,517 


136,980 


321,497 


108,245 


1851-52... 


537,115 


218,771 


121,000 


339,771 


197,344 


1852-53.... 


487,082 


207,586 


74,657 


282,243 


204,839 


1853-54... 


450,473 


245,621 


82,350 


327.971 


122,502 


1854-55.... 


509,136 


200,889 


78,328 


279,217 


229,919 


1855-56 ... 


424,712 


181,045 


75,419 


256,464 


168,248 


1856-57.... 


402,625 


143,938 


50,617 


194,555 


208,070 


1857-58... 


351,597 


110.721 


39,308 


150,029 


201,568 


1858-59... 


435,269 


120.648 


70,970 


191,618 


243,651 


1859-60.... 


463,433 


117,630 


81,828 


199,458 


263,975 


1860-(>1.... 


435,261 


157,381 


89,339 


246.720 


188.541 


Total... 


5,408,383 


2,088,860 


1,015,483 


3,104,343 


2.304,040 



These figures represent the gross movement, not the 



net 



MARKETS AND PRICES. 



191 



movement, and show the average gross receipts for the 
twelve years to have been 450,G99 bales. "With the break- 
ing out of the war and the closing of the Southern ports, this 
movement fell off, of course, because there was compara- 
tively little cotton marketed ; but during that period a 
much larger proportion of the total supply of Anierican 
staple reached spinners through this city than before the 
war. The nature of this change m the trade may be seen 
from a statement of receipts, sales to home spinners, and 
exjjorts here and total receipts of American cotton in 
Europe, from 18G1-2 to 1864-5. 

Ni;W YOUlv liKCEIPTS AND EXPOKTS, SALES TO SPINNERS, AND EUROPEAN 
RECEIPTS OF AMERICAN COTTON, 18lJl-18U5. 



Year. 


Receipts 

at 

Ne\y York. 


Total 

Exports 

from 

New York. 


Sales to 

Spill IRTS 

nt 
New York. 


Receipts of 
Ameiieau 

Cottoii 
in Europe. 


1861-G2 


Bales. 
115,427 
204,229 
281,794 
391,635 


Bales. 
9,328 
27,052 
30,954 
54,203 


BaKs. 
125,< 00 
170.(00 
225,000 
310,000 


IJales. 
502,000 


1862-03 


133,000 


18{J3-(54 


212,000 


l'<64-65 


230,000 







When the war closed, the route overland, which the 
blockade of the Southern ports had up to that time made 
necessary, continued m favor for the marketing of the 
crops of a considerable section. In fact, for a time a 
change back to the old routes was impossible, on account 
of the condition of the Southern railroads. But even after 
the old communications were restored and new connections 
made, the movement north, across the Mississippi and 
Ohio, received but a temporary check, growing subse. 
quently even into larger proportions. As our readers are 
aware, however, only part, not to exceed 20 per cent, of 
the overland receipts, now pass through New York, the 
remainder gomg to other northern cities or direct to spin- 
ners. All other New York arrivals come through the 
Southern outports, the total gross movement since Septem- 



192 



COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 



ber 1, 1SG5, being as follows. "We add, also, the stocks, 
exports, and takings for home consumption, but do not 
include in this table, nor ni that for the ante-war period 
sales of spot cotton on speculation, as they were, for most 
of the time, very imperfectly reported. 



KECEIPTS, STOCK AND S.VLKS OF 


COTTON AT NEW YOKK. 


Year. 


Stock 
bogiii- 
niug 
j'car. 


Receipts 
for year. 


Stock 
close 

of 
year. 


Coiisuiup- 
tiou. 


Exported 


Sales 
for the 
year. 


1865-66 

1866-67 

1S67-G3 

1868-09 

1869-70 

1870-71 

1871-72 

1872-73 


40,000 

88,642 
41,497 
23,440 
7,307 
12,984 
38,875 
27,027 


863,497 
674,232 
032,328 
062,780 
780,017 

1,101,591 
738,526 

1,005,680 
975,750 
805,612 
943,491 
959,955 


88,642 
41,497 
23,440 
7,367 
12,984 
38,875 
27,027 
17,746 
56,043 
34,712 
6 1,267 
67,402 


319,39:^ 
251,709 
275,65] 
331,015 
380,699 
407,742 
377 303 
411.463 
481,857 
381,771 
419,562 
522,662 


495,462 
469,668 
374,734 
327,833 
413,701 
667,958 
37.<,071 
573,498 
485,596 
445,172 
494,374 
434,158 


814,855 
721,377 
050,38.5 
058,853 
794,400 
1,075,700 
750,374 
9S4,9Gl 


1S73-74 

187-1-75 

1875-76 

187G-77 


47,746 
56,043 
34,712 
64,267 


907,453 
826,943 
913,936 
956,820 


Total 




10,143,459 




4,560,827 


5,555,230 


10,116,057 



Accordmg to this statement the average of receipts for 
the twelve years ending September 1, 1877, was 8-45,288 
bales, against an average of 450,099 bales for the twelve 
years ending September 1, 18GI. But such an exhibit m no 
measure portrays the actual change which has taken place 
in the relative position of this market, or m the spirit and 
character of the trade, as it indicates only the dealings for 
export and consumption m cotton actually handled, and 
does not represent how the methods of conducting business 
have been by degrees modified, during the war and since, 
until the entire system has become essentially new. The 
truth is. speculative operations have gradually, constantly 
and (comparing the earliest and latest dates) so very largely 
increased, that now oven spot transactions, which with 
transit cotton were until recently the only transactions, 
have come under the influence and almost under the con- 
trol of sales for future delivery. To set out the histor)'- of 



MARKETS A:!fD PRICES. 



193 



this growtli, and to give an idea of its present proportions, 
we have brought together the actual monthly transactions 
in futures in New York since 1870, made up from the 
daily cotton circular. Undoubtedly, m the last year or two. 
these sales have been more fully reported, so that the totals 
do not absolutely represent the growth. 

MONTHLY SALES FOR FUTURE DELIVERY. 



Year 




Year 




Year 




Year 




and 


Bales. 


anil 


Bales. 


and 


Bales. 


and 


Bales. 


M'lith 




M'ntli 




.M'ntli 




M'nth 
1870. 




1870. 




1872. 




1874. 






Jan... 


50,107 


Jan.. 


4.50,800 


Jan.. 


642,150 


Jan. . 


505,500 


Fe')... 


66,n08 


Feb .. 


480,900 


Fe!) .. 


409,450 


Feb.. 


5 8,000 


Mar'h 


9S,342 


Mar . 


479,550 


Mar . 


517,750 


Mar.. 


701,050 


April. 


39,722 


April 


369,300 


Air- 


471,700 


April 


677,900 


Slay . 


70,175 


May 


417 050 


May . 


008,050 


May . 


908,500 


Juue. 


67,233 


June. 


455,800 


June. 


655,900 


Juue. 


523,800 


July.. 


51,-101 


July 


492,100 


July. 


431,400 


July. 


395,900 


Aii^'.. 


48,883 


Aug.. 


325,450 


Aug . 


550,400 


Auff . 


557,700 


Sppt . 


89,883 


Sept 


497,300 


Sept . 


520,850 


Sept . 


410,500 


Oct... 


200,585 


Oct. . 


433,900 


Oct. . 


748,400 


Oct. . 


441,100 


Nov.. 


189,025 


Nov . 


r.08,100 


No\-.. 


560,500 


Nov. 


090,300 


Dec. . 


237, 12r, 
1,200, Uii 


T>w... 


400,700 
!, 3 17,550 


Dec. 


937,250 


Dec. . 


475.300 






7,125,800 




0,802,750 



1^71 




1873. 




1875. 




1877. 




Jan... 


219,375 


Jan . . 


413,050 


JilU . 


651,700 


Jan. . 


877,200 


F.l). . 


241,450 


Fel) .. 


341,050 


Feb.. 


537,700 


Feb.. 


1,324,300 


M.u'.. 


447,700 


Mar . 


739,850 


Mar. 


588,700 


Mar.. 


1,948,200 


April. 


153,690 


April 


380,500 


April 


891,850 


April 


1,303,100 


May . 


350,183 


May . 


373,5r.O 


May . 


723,400 


May . 


998,200 


June. 


331,1.50 


June. 


404,000 


Juue. 


809,500 


Juue. 


990,000 


July.. 


273,000 


July. 


320,100 


July. 


099,850 


July. 


019,000 


Aug.. 


327,000 


Aug.. 


313,150 


Aug . 


408,750 


Aug. 


889,900 


Sept . 


350,750 


Sept. 


300,950 


S(i)t . 


590,200 


Sept . 


941,100 


Oct... 


450,350 


Oct. . 


43 1,550 


Oct. . 


883,700 


Oct. . 


1,1C1.."00 


Nov .. 


343,314 


Nov . 


551,500 


Nov . 


500,700 


Nov.. 


1,099,300 


Dee... 


370,050 
3,858,912 


Dec. . 


458.100 


Dee.. 


447,200 


Dee. . 


1,389,200 






5,103,250 




7,799,250 




13,548,200 



We here see that calling the present crop 4,500,000 
bales, the future sales in New York during the last twelve 
months were about three times the total year's production, 
representing, at 10c. per pound, an aggregate value of 
about $598,400,000. 

Yet this is not the wliolo measure of the chance recent 



104 COTTON FIi02l SEED TO LOO^T. 

times liave witnessed; a feature perhaps even more sur- 
prising, tlie twin growth of tliis future-delivery business, 
is tlie effort made and the expense incurred in obtaining 
facts of interest to the trade, and the wonderful extent 
and accuracy of those facts. In the ante-war times the 
only interchange of thought was between a few brokers 
who were accustomed from day to day to meet on 
'Change and communicate to each other points of infer, 
mation. Out of it all, however, nothing could be gathered 
sufficient even to form an official market. Different news- 



pa pers o ften varied widely in t heir quotatio ns. The 
Journal of Commerce published the prices made up by 
one firm of cotton brokers, the Courier and Enquirer those 
made by another firm, and the Herald those of still 
another. When, in IS 65, the Chronicle began the first 
effort at organization, by grouping together cotton intelli- 
gence from all parts of the world in a weekly report, 
although judged by present standards the early effort was 
comparatively meagre, yet it was a considerable advance 
and an indication of an existing want which lias since 
found expression in the establishment of Cotton Exchanges 
a ll through the country , and in the re markable growth of a 
com_glete system of obtaining information. How visionary 
would the man have been thought who, in ISGG, Avlien the 
cable was first laid, should have prophesied that the trade 
here would in a few years be in the receipt of several 
r^jDorts a day by cable from Liverpool, Manchester, Havre, 
&c., and by telegraph from all Southern towns of any 
importance, conveying information with regard to ev ery 
cl^ anging condition of the growin g ^ rops. ev ery mov ement 
of_tlie staple, and every fluctuation, howeverjrifling, in the 
markets. And yet this is only a portion of the data 
daily and weekly gathered and distributed by our Cotton 
Exchansres. 



MAnKETS AND PBIGES. 



These facts, so briefly set out, show the extent of the 
revolution which has been effected in business methods. 
But the modifications made have only kept pace with, and 
been mere adjustments to, the changes which have taken 
place in physical science. Years since, when it required 
twenty to thirty days to reach Liverpool, it was 
impossible to base a venture on facts at the moment 
existing. New Orleans, as the centre of production, 
might be ten days or more from us, while the interior 
was many days from New Orleans ; and, on the otlier 
hand, the market for consumption was twenty or tliirty 
days in the opposite direction. To bring these distant 
points together, and to adjust the relation between 
supply and demand, so as to be able to act intelligently 
either as buyer or seller, required time ; and even 
then the chances of a variation in the conditions before 
the operation was completed were great, but must be 
assumed. Under such circumstances, aciion could only be 
slow. But when these distances were all very greatly 
reduced by the substitution of railroad and steamship for 
stage-coach and sails, mercantile movements necessarily 
quickened, and with the telegraph and cable brought 
into use, no other system than the present would be 
possible. 

It is folly, therefore, to decry future-delivery business. 
To direct and control it, and, so far as possible, strip it of 
evil, is of course needful; but one might as well attempt to 
talk down the use of the cable and telegraph as to seek to 
suppress a system which is a voluntar\- outgrowth of such 
quickened communication. Besides, it has great uses. 
Through it the .spinner is enabled, with confidence, to sell 
his year's manufacture in advance, and ensure a steady 
trade ; for he can as soon as the goods have been promised, 
buy contracts based on approved samples, for the delivery 



196 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 



as he needs it, of the cotton which is to make them. If 
he could not do this, he would be compelled either to pur- 
chase at once, requiring a much larger capital for his busi- 
ness and a loss of interest to be added to the price of his 
goods, or else await the moment when he needs the cotton, 
and take the risk of buying at whatever price may rule at 
the time. These are the days of very small profits; the 
loss of interest or a slight rise in the staple would in many 
cases absorb it all, or turn what promised to be remunera> 
tive into an actual loss. Furthermore, this business in 
futures encourages and assists the manufacturer with 
limited resources. The tendency in this country now is 
for capital to accumulate in the hands of a few. Business 
naturally moves towards the larger houses; their superior 
credit, beyond criticism a,s it is, and their greater means, 
give them immense advantages, so that the number of 
small traders is constantly decreasing. Such an absorption 
of minor firms is very harmful, and anything that benefits 
thera or ensures them a stronger hold is an advantage to 
the country at large. Then, again, the future-business may 
be of great benefit to the producer. He can select his time 
for disposing of his crop, and if he desires can find a pur- 
chaser for it months before it is harvested. This gives him 
a choice of time for selling, and a greater chance of profit 
for his year's labor. Finally, the opportunity the spinner 
and producer secure of purchasing and selling when they 
deem it best, should tend to so distribute transactions 
through the year as to impart to the cotton market greater 
stability. Few conditions are more vexatious, and not un- 
frequently disastrous, to the spinner, than fluctuations in 
the price of the raw material. A rise is more likely than 
not to catch him with his contracts for goods made and 
his cotton unbought, while a decline depreciates all his 
unsold stock and deadens the goods market everywhere. 



MARKETS AXD miCES. 197 

A price as nearly uniform as possible reduces the risks of 
his business to a minimum, and makes it what it should be, 
an open trial of skill and economy in manufacture. 

But notwithstanding all these advantages which ai'e con. 
nected with and grow out of this department of the trade, 
there is a great evil fostered by it; we refer to a species of 
speculation extensively practiced — so extensively, in fact, 
that it exceeds in aggregate amount the legitimate future 
sales — and which we are far from advocating or justifying. 
But to condemn the system because it admits of perversion 
from its true purposes, would be very unreasonable. So 
long as there are crops to be raised, and si;ch uncertain 
elements to be forejudged as acx'eage, weather, condition 
and consumption, we shall find those who, trusting in their 
information and foresight, will trade on the probabilities. 
But such dealers are limited in number, and generally con- 
servative in action. "With, however, this kind of business 
once begun, it soon finds almost numbei'less followers of 
various classes : — one takes a turn for a point or two, an- 
other hammers the market with a persistency worthy of a 
better cause, and still another strives to screw it up by a 
cornering movement. All this is, of course, objectionable, 
but what can be done about it, except let the participators 
punish themselves. They are on both sides of the market, 
and on the average have very slight influence over it, 
getting a little success for a time, but generally after a 
brief existence are snuffed out. The worst feature of it 
is, that the Soutli is constantly putting the gains on the 
crops it raises into this same hopper which turns out chaff 
only. A broker told us a short time since that ninety-nine 
out of every one hundred speculative accounts he had 
opened showed a loss to his clients; this is probably a fair 
sample of the whole business. It is a lottery in which 
every chance is against the ticket-holder. It will be a 



198 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 

blessed day for tlie: South when it really learns this lesson 
and acts in the light of it. 

An important change in the business in futures has been 
determined upon the past year, through the conference at 
Liverpool. We refer to the fixing of the w e ight at -N ^ew 
Yorka nd Liver pool of 100 Ijales at 43,2Q^ pounds. Here- 
tofore the average conve ntional weight in the New York 
market for_ deliveries under a con tract ha s ahv ays been 
considered 450 pounds per Tj ale. but at Liverpool the 
requirement has bee n that the bales should average within 
5 per cent_of_i.3Jl_pQljnds. A fixed weight is very desir- 
a_ble. Under the old Liverpool rule, sellers regulated 
their deliveries according as their contract was a profitable 
or a losing one. The arrangement now agreed upon will, 
when carried into effect, limit the possible variation from 
the quantity contracted for to half a bale, or one half of 
one per cent, and therefore prevent any advantage being 
taken hy the seller; and further, it facilitates the opera- 
tions of tlie English spinner, enabling him to cover his 
sales of yarn, which are made in pounds weight, by the 
purchase of the exact weight of cotton required for that 
purpose. 

As the fiuctuations in prices for the years since this 
description of business was begun, are of much interest, we 
have compiled them, beginning with September 1, 1870, and 
giving the highest and lowest prices of the sales each week 
for each month down to September 1, 1877, all of which 
will be found in the following nineteen pages. The reader 
should remember in using these figures that previous 
to September 1, 1875, future transactions were based on 
Low Middling Uplands, old classification; since that time 
they have been based on Middling Uplands, new clas- 
sification. We shall explain the change in classification 
subsequently when speaking of the spot quotations. 



MARKETS AXD PRICES. 



199 





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203 



COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 



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218 COTTON FR02t SEED TO LOOM. 

It will be noticed that with the last page of the fore- 
going future quotations the form of the quotation is 
changed. This is due to the fact that on the first of 
Marcli, 1877, the decimal was adopted by the New York 
Cotton Exchange for expressing the fraction, and has 
been in use from that date. 

QUOTATIONS FOR COTTON ON THE SPOT. 

The business in futures in the New York market lias 
since its introduction overshadowed the transactions in 
cotton on the spot, as we have previously shown. This 
was a very natural result of its greater proportions. The 
total receipts of cotton at New York have never reached 
but a very little in excess of a million bales, and yet the 
future sales last year aggregated over thirteen million 
bales. Still, the spot transfers are considerably in excess 
of the actual receipts, on account of the speculative trans- 
actions. 

But no little inconvenience has always been experienced 
from the fact that quotations in the different markets of the 
United States were on a different basis. Frequent efforts 
have been made in the past to assimilate them, but always 
without success, until the organization of Cotton Exchanges 
throughout the North and South made it practicable. The 
first step was taken at the National Cotton Convention, 
held at Augusta on the 10th and 11th of June, 1874, 
when tlie following report, made by Mr. Chaffe, of New 
Orleans, was adopted: 

First— That we recommend to the Convention the adoption of a 
uuit'orm ehissiticatiou of cotton throughout the United States, to be 
called the Standard American Classiticatiou, and that the Convention 
I'cqucst all Cotton E.xichanges in the United States to appoint an expert, 
who shall meet at some point designated by thi.s Convention in response 
to a call from the chairman appointed bj- this Convention, on or before 
the l.st of September next, when they together shall proceed to make a 
classification that shall be the American standard, which shall bo 
adopted by all American Exchanges' and official quotations from and 
after 1 he 1st of October next shall be based on the types prepared and 
established by said committee of experts. 



MARKETS AND PRICES. 219 

Secon<l — The types to represent the following grades, viz.: Good mid- 
dling, middling, low middling, good ordinary, and ordimiry. 

In accordance with this report a committee was appointed 
by the Convention, Mr. J. T. Doswell, of New Orleans, 
being chairman, to carry out the recommendation contained 
in it. This committee met in New York on Tuesday, Sept. 
1, 1874, and reached a satisfactory conclusion, fixing upon 
types and forwarding duplicates to the various Cotton 
Exchanges With the 1st of October of the same year 
the new quotations, based on the American Standard of 
Classification, became the official ones. In New York the 
grades of fair and middling fair, as established by that 
Exchange, were added; and up to Sept. 1, 1875, the six 
grades of upland cotton, on the types that ruled in New 
York market previously, were also given, for the purpose 
of settling contracts in futures. 

At the next National Cotton Convention, which was 
held at Greenbrier, White Sulphur Springs, Va., in July, 
1875, Mr. Pinckney, of Charleston, offered the following 
resolution, which was adopted: 

Resolved, That two grades be estahlished, in addition to those adopted 
at the last Convention, to be known as middling fair and fair, and that 
the Committee on Classification of New York Exchange be requested to 
put up same and forward to other Exchanges. 

But even with all these changes, a difference still remained 
between the American types and the Liverpool tjrpes. 
An attempt was consequently made to secure an interna- 
tional standard. In the fall of 1876 the Liverpool Cotton 
Brokers' Association presented to the National Cotton 
Exchange a case containing a complete set of their official 
Standard Samples for American Cottons. The Types were 
as follows: — Good Middling, Middling, Low Middling, 
Good Ordinary of each growth, Uplands, Mobile, New 
Orleans, Texas. 

At the third Convention of the National Cotton 
Exchange, held in July, 1877, this subject was brought 



220 COTTON FR02L SEED TO LOOM. 



up, and tlie following- report, made by Mr. Laliite, of New 
Orleans, was adopted: 

Ko. 1.— Tliey rccoinniciid the adoption of the Liverpool Strnidarils, to 
coafonii to the types sent out by the Liverpool Cotton Exchange, and 
now in possession of this Exchange. 

No. 2. — The types for upland cotton to be made up in New York bj^ a 
board of eight experts, two of whom shall be appointed by the New 
York Exchange, two by tlie Charleston Exchange, two by the Savannah 
Excliauge, one by the Norfolk Exchange, and one from the Cincinnati 
Exchange. 

No. 3.— That the types for Mobile, Orleans and Texas cottons be 
made up by experts appointed respectively by the Mobile, Nmv Orleans 
and Galveston Exchanges. That the types so made up shall be consid- 
ered, as the "American" as well as "International Standards," and tiiat 
exact duplicates be forwarded to each Constituent Exchange, to the 
Liverpool Exchange, and to all members of any Exchange who may 
make application for the same upon payment of five dollarsfor each set. 
The oiigmal tyi)es to be retained by the Exchange charged with the duty 
of making up the types. 

So far as the New York Cotton Excliawge is concerned, 
no action lias been taken on this subject, so that the quota' 
tions here are still based on the American Standard of 
Classification. Tliere would seem to be, however, great 
advantages in having one standard everywhere; and we 
have no doubt that, in the end, the objections now felt to 
exist against the adoption of some such plan as here pro- 
posed will be overcome and the simpler system go into 
general use. 

We now add the daily price of cotton in New York 
from September 1, 1870, to September 1, 1877. We first 
give the quotations in the New York market of Low Mid- 
dling Uplands (old classification) to September 1, 1875. 
On and after the first of October, 1874, the official quota- 
tions were of the gi'ades of cotton established by the 
National Cotton Exchange, as set out above, called the 
American Standard of Classification. From that date, 
therefore, to September 1, 1877, we give the daily prices 
of three grades of the new American classification, viz., 
(1) Good Ordinary, (2) Low Middling and (3) Middhng. 
These prices will all be found on the following fourteen 
pages. 



MARKETS AND PRICES. 



221 



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ifAllKETS AND PIUCES. 



235 



PRICES IN GREAT BRITAIN. 

We can only add a brief siimraaiy of the prices of 
cotton at Liverpool, For very early dates the compilation 
which is generally relied upon is found in Tooke's "High 
and Low Prices." That statement is scarcely of suflBcient 
interest to us to be inserted in full here and we therefore 
give the range as he has it for each year from 1788 to 1800. 





I.IV 


KRl'OOr 


PKICES 


OF COTTON, 


EXCLUSIVE 


OF 


DUTY. 


Year. 


Wci- 


t India 


&C. 


Bow'd Georgia. 


Peniainbnco. 


Bonsai & Surat. 


1788. 


JS. 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 

1 

1 


d. s. d. 

2 a 2 9 

«' 1 10 

1 ® 1 9 
1 w 2 (! 
8 ® 2 G 

a> 2 3 

1 ® 2 2 

3 ® 2 G 

7 ® 2 G 
5 ® 3 4 
1 ® 3 4 
<j w 4 7 

8 ® 3 2 


s. 


d. e. 


d. 


fi. d. s. d. 
1 G ® 2 7 
1 4 «> 1 8 
1 7 ® 1 10 
1 G ® 2 7 
1 10 ® 2 G 
1 9 S 2 3 
1 6 ® 2 1 
1 9 ® 2 G 
1 10 ® 2 G 

1 11 ® 3 5 
3 1 ® 3 5 

2 5 ® 4 8 
2 9 ® 3 1 


8. d. s. d. 


1789. . 






1790. 




8 ® 10 


1791. . 




8 @ 1 3 


179-'. . 




11 ® 1 3 


1793. ... 

1794. . . . 

1795 

179G. ... 
1-97. ... 
179H. ... 

1799. ... 

1800. ... 


1 1 ® 1 
1 ® 1 
1 3 ® 2 
1 ® 2 
1 0® 3 
1 10 ® 3 
1 5 ® 5 
1 4 a) 3 


4 
G 
3 
5 

1 
9 




0I0®1 4 
9® Oil 
11 ® 1 10 
11 ® 1 10 

10 @ 1 11 

1 8 ® 2 2 
1 1 ® 2 4 
10 ® 1 G 



The average prices for subsequent years have been as 
follows, according to the Liverpool Cotton Brokers' Circular. 



Years 


Midd'g 
Upi'ds. 


Fair 

Surat. 


Years. 


Midd'g 
Upi'ds. 

d. 


Fair 
Surat. 

d. 


Years. 


Midd'g 
Upi'ds. 


Fair 
Suiat. 




d. 


d 




d. 


d. 


1801.. 


18 


IG 


1827.. 


Oh 


5% 


1853.. 


534 


418 


1802.. 


IG 


14 


1828.. 


G^s 


438 


ls,i4.. 


538 


338 


1803.. 


1213 


111^ 


1829.. 


534 


4 


1855.. 


558 


4 


1804.. 


14 


lliij 


1830.. 


G^s 


5 


1856.. 


G^k; 


4?t 


1805.. 


IGI3 


14 


1831.. 


G 


459 


1857.. 


734 


512 


180G.. 


I8I4 


I4I2 


1832.. 


6% 


5 


1858.. 


G'^s 


513 


1S07.. 


141a 


13 


1833.. 


8I2 


GI9 


1859.. 


G34 


5 


1808.. 


•>o 


I9h 


1834.. 


858 


638 


18 GO.. 


GI4 





1809.. 


20 


1812 


1835.. 


10 14 


7 '4 


18G1.. 


8-'l6 


G5je 


1810.. 


I514 


15 


183(i.. 


9^8 


GI4 


1862.. 


1714 


12-8 


1811.. 


12i..! 


12 


1837.. 


7 


434 


18G3.. 


2314 


1914 


1812.. 


ig;u 


14 


1838.. 


7 


4^3 


1864.. 


271^ 


2113 


1813.. 


23 


I7I3 


1839.. 


7^8 


5-^s 


18G5.. 


19 


141-2 


1814.. 


29 13 


21 


1840*. . 


6 


410 


18G6.. 


I5I3 


12 


1815.. 


2oy4 


17 


1841.. 


6I4 


439 


1867.. 


lO'^S 


834 


181G.. 


1814 


1518 


1842.. 


5:% 


4 


1868.. 


1012 


81-3 


1817.. 


2013 


17 


1843.. 


4r^8 


3I2 


1869.. 


1218 


934 


1818-. 


20 


1534 


1844.. 


4^8 


338 


1870.. 


91^10 


8l8 


1819.. 


13«! 


9^8 


1845.. 


418 


318 


1871.. 


89ir, 


513i6 


1820.. 


III3 


,813 


184G. 


4-8 


31^! 


1872.. 


lOSjc 


719 


1821.. 


913 


7'7^ 


1847.. 


Gl8 


4 -J 


1873.. 


9 


6-h6 


1822 


8I4 


G^s 


1818.. 


418 


314 


1874.. 


8 


5016 


1823.. 


8I4 


G34 


1819.. 


518 


3-8 


1875.. 


733 





1824.. 


81^ 


G^s 


1850.. 


7 


5^4 


1876.. 


6I4 


412 


1825.. 


llSg 


8^8 


1851.. 


5h 


414 


1877.. 


65iG 


53iG 


1826.. 


G34 


oh: 


1852.. 


5^'lG 


414 









The full details for 1877 and the influences acting on the 
market we have made up as follows from Ellison & Co. 



COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 







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237 







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^' \D -0 --O » -; 








ao 








CO 


CO CO CO CO 




CO 






■d '^ 




tc 








spu'BidQ 


^» CO CO CO 1ft lO 


^"^ 


2 2 t3P 


;? 


w 








10 


IC LO 10 CO 


CO 


CO 












-t< 


rH 


,• » LO 01 Ci CO CO 





t^ -)< r-l l> 






1>H _ ^ pH ;i 


t-l 


^ C, CO ^ 


rH 


c^ 










s 

1-5 









238 



COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 







.. jj 






c;-. ^ f-:3 ^-r: g 


»-H ;_> 


-Zi 






'S * 


50 




%-z'z'^Z^'t% 




5-5 


:? 


o 






















.^ jj 


o 


m; 4j 


''■»-- iS.'j"r^""^ 


..V-. 


il 














? ^ 


a 
a 


— .• 


"t i; ^ ^ >"— t 3 


:r* 


cS 










"~ '^^ i. X ^ '7^ -^ ^ 


ci i< 


''•^ •/ 


? ^ 5 9 . E~ i!'^ ^-o 


S 2 


fj: i:: 









C =^ w 















n > -^ 5 = a S a ^ ^^ ^ 
O O O S O 









^ rT— -^ - 3: '-S j "^ 



5 Q O 



; ^ .S S ^ 3 s o 5 ? 'r* 5 
O O O O S 



B^j? I 






^' 4' 4' r?' 

^ ^ ^ ^ 

CO C» OO 'X 

(^ (S ® ^s 

4' 4' r5* r5> 



CO CO CO 



o o o M eo 

CO 00 CO CO CO 

@ @ @ (.S §; 

C5 M r-l iH CO 





x-J 


o 


O 


» 


■,s 


o 


CO 


CO 


CO 


CO 


CO 


CO 


CO 


•0[llI\[«Ot 


-? 


r? 


;r 


-? 


r? 


3- 


l^ 


k'^ 


^ 


^ 


r' 


:^ 


1? 


u»uuuo3 


o 


o 


o 


o 


O 


o 


a 


C5 


CI 


o 


Ci 


Ci 


c 




iH 


iH 


•— ' 


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I—* 
















\,\K\\ SOS 


.n* 


.if 








ci* 


^ 


^ 


4' 


4' 


J' 


^ 


o* 


uomuioj 


O 


a 


o 


o 

I—I 


o 


C5 


a> 


C3 


o 


Ci 


CI 


Oi 


O 


•tl'JO sr.f; 


H^ 


tf 








.^^ 


«? 


r?' 


o* 


«°° 


e?* 


^^' 




U0UHU03 


o 


CO 


o 


a 


CI 


CO 


CO 


X' 


CO 


00 


00 


00 


o 




f^ 










o 


CO 


CO 


to 


CO 


CD 


CD 




•inSnoa 


=^ 


^ 


^ 


4' 


4' 










r-1 


fH 




4' 




fe-f 


-c 


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-* 


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-n 




■^ 










<o 


o 


CO 


CO 


CO 








••Miuoo 


■s^ 


r? 


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r? 


4>' 










tH 






r? 




P^o 


O 


o 


10 


LO 


lO 


.0 


lO 


LO 


10 


lO 


lO 


lO 




^' o 


e 


o 


O 


o 




o 


CO 


to 


CO 




CO 




•iioita 


*C I-* 








M 


;^ 


r-4 




I-< 


i-H 






H» 




t,o 


lO 


lO 


LO 


lO 


lO 


lO 


LO 


lO 


lO 


lO 


10 


10 


•*<i-csa 


'■"r? 


H^* 


;f 


H-** 


H** 


^ 








tS" 


^ 


^ 






t;--o 


■o 


to 


o 


» 


CO 


CO 


CO 


CO 


lO 


LO 


lO 


CO 




^ 








© 
















CO 


•so;ux!S 


= H-^ 


^ 


A" 


^ 




^ 


00 


00 




00 
l-t 


CO 


r? 






fa-o 


e 


o 


o 


CO 


CO 


CO 


o 


CD 


CO 


CO 


CO 


CO 




^ 








o 








to 


CO 


to 


to 


CD 


•iin!a.iaj 


■::# 


c^ 


» 


# 


r~\ 


r? 


4f 


r-t 




r-t 


r-t 








fa-o 


o 


» 


a 


CO 


o 


O 


CO 


CO 


CO 


CO 


CO 


CO 




r^ 






«> 




5j 


to 






CO 


CO 


CO 


CO 


•snuai.io 


a 4^ 


M' 


4» 




-?* 


,^ 




^ 


^ 




r-* 


?-+ 






-^^ 


o 


tt 


J 


o 


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CO 


CO 


CO 


CO 


CO 


CO 


CO 


























































spmndfi 




^ 




# 




CO 




r-i 


10 




lO 


_cp 


r-l 




f^-O 


50 


■a 


«> 


CO 


CO 


CO 


o 


10 


CO 


lO 


CO 


CO 






r-l CI M 



MARKETS AXD miCES. 



239 




lavtw s'of; j ,;f 0? t^^ ^ 

uonmioj o a cj zi o. c. 



O C5 C5 Ci 



Tioratuo^ 



o o o 



TcSaaa: 






-5( -^1 -<( 



•Tj.iraoo 



rt rt rl r-. .J) 

« lO LO 1ft r< 

O l'^ i.*^ lO 1^ 



O 



O 



1 tuO lO 



» o 



o 



•icLcsa: 



•so;ni!g 



•SMUMI.IO 



spn^iiln. 



"Z 


m 


-f 








tl 


O 


o 


t; 






i; 




J' 


k^ 


o 


o 



1C5 ^ "-> '."J r; pj I-" ira r- r- m tQ 

O lO iQ lO IQ LQ O IQ LQ O lO 1 7 

c? e? ^ ^^ ^' J' ^1 J' ^' ,? H="- ;? 

_ C CO 

,QD CI OD ei M M .H -I ,T' r^ x 00 

o •-= -o - -o c « -o -.s o -J o 

' oT cT -f^ :.? '^ ^ t? tf ^^ ^ 

<^ ..? :? :^ :: ^ c? £* n* c^" «^ oT 

00000 0000000 

O to 50 50 to CO CO 

OOQ. oa 0000000 

r-i CCi 



op t-l r-l M rt r^ 



'='0 O 



C) 



a 



C) 



Cl CI 



240 



COTTON FROM SEED TO L002I. 



Messrs. Ellison & Co. also furnish the following state- 
ment of the average value of all kinds of raw cotton 
imported, exported, consumed, &c., in Great Britain for 
the past ten years. 





1877. 


187G. 


1875. 


1874. 


1873. 


1872. 


1871. 


1870. 


1869. 


18ti8. 




tl. 


d. 


a. 


d. 


d. 


d. 


d. 


d. 


d. 


d. 


Import 


6I4 


Oig 


7I16 


7I2 


858 95lG 


8 


9^16 


III16 


95s 


Export 


51316 


5I4 


STg 


6 


7 


'^''8 


7 


838 


10 


S13is 


Consuiup'ii 


G5i6 


63i6 


7l8 


753 


834 


913iG 


8l8 


9^16 


llSje 


0-8 



COXSrJIFTIOX IN EVIiOPE AND AMEUICA. 241 



CHAPTER IX. 

CONSUMPTION OF COTTON IN 

EUROPE AND AMERICA. 

Year unfavoi-able for spinners— Eastern war not tlie cause but the 
developing influence — How consumption of goods was stimu- 
lated—First, by cotton famine — Second, by speculation and free 
borrowing in United States— Third, speculation and wastefulness 
everywhere— Fourth, rivahy among spinners — Sudden check in 
demand and large decrease, in consmnptive power— Consumption 
of cotton in Europe for a series i>f years — More favorable outlook 
for the manufacturing industry in the United States — Growth in 
spindles In Europe and America— Ellison's review for 1877— United 
States crop lor 187G-77 

Tlie past year has been an extremely cheerless one to the 
cotton goods trade. It was, however, begun in hop(% for in 
its earlier days almost every surrounding appeared to favor 
a return of prosperity, and the little flicker of life which 
marked the closing months of 1876 seemed to add an earnest 
of new vigor in the months to come. And yet with all this 
promise it is scarcely necessary to say that the year's 
business has been very disappointing, without prospect of 
relief even to the very end. In fact, the cotton-consuming 
world is to-day in the situation of a greatly reduced patient, 
with apparently no recuper&,tive power. 

The cause of this condition is a question of the first im- 
portance; for it is a very essential point gained if we can 
learn the nature of the disease we wish to cure. The pop 
ular idea has been to charge it all to the war in Eastern 
Europe. Only let us have peace and the revival will be 



242 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 



instantaneous, Jias been echoed from every side. This is a 
very natural inference, because the new depression began 
with the war; and yet tlie argument that it will therefore 
end with it is very inconclusive. Our own commercial 
distress began with the panic of 1S73, and although that 
storm soon passed off, and in fact is at present almost for- 
gotten, the disorder has really increased every year since, 
until now it is universally admitted that there was a 
disease which was not then recognized, and of which the 
panic was only an outward sign. 

Similar in some respects to this experience appears to us 
to be the relationship which the war in Eastern Europe 
bears to the present depression in the spinning world. That 
conflict was certainly the developing influence, but the real 
cause of the depression seems of deeper origin, accumu- 
lating in force for years, and made up of divers elements 
acting and re-acting upon one another. 

, G-reat Britain was for a very long period the manufac- 
turer of cotton goods for the world. During the ten years 
previous to 18G1 the Continent however rapidly attained 
in this industry an increasingly important position. From 
an average consumption of 300,000,000 pounds for the Ave 
years ending 1853, an average of 027,000,000 2)ounds was 
reached by the Continent for the five years ending with 
IS GO; at the same time England increased her consumption 
from an average of 570,000,000 pounds to 947,000,000 
pounds. This very essential addition to the production of 
cotton goods was decidedly in excess of consumers' wants, 
and it is an acknowledged fact that when our war broke 
out the markets of the world were largely overstocked with 
European manufactures, the war saving English and Con- 
tinental spinners fiom a great disaster. 

Of course, from 18G1 to 18G5, the cotton famine checked 
the progress of this rivalry among European manufacturers, 



CONSUMPTIOX IN EUROPE AND A2IEIIIGA. 243 

but during tlio'se year s another element was being intro- 
duced wliich was to exert a decided influence upon the 
trade. We ]-efer to the very liigli prices for cotton, whicli 
stimulated its production in all countries, especially in 
British India, and through the great amount of capital so 
distributed enlarged their capacity to consume and pay for 
cotton goods. In our chapter on India wa have shown how 
the people tliere were literally flooded with money, the 
returns for their crops. These effects, as we know, con- 
tinued for years after the war closed, and until the gradu- 
ally falling price of cotton reduced that capacity very 
materially. 

But out of the same civil contest sprang other conse- 
quences of perhaps even greater importance, Ijecause more 
widely diffused. AVe are all famiUar with the financial 
expedients and results of that war; we know but too well 
the vast amounts of money expended by the United States 
Government and people during the latter half of its prog- 
ress and for si.x or . eiglit years afterward, and of the 
speculative forces which were thus set in motion. AVe 
know, too, how the lavish disbursements of the Government 
and an inflation of the currency led to high prices of all 
commodities and consequently to a seeming acquisition of 
wealth, which induced a very free purchase of tlie produc- 
tions of all other countries. Extravagance and prodigality 
were almost universal, and we were able to indulge these 
weaknesses through the many hundred millions of dollars 
borrowed in Europe by sale of securities. All this acted 
directly upon producing countries, for we lavishly bought 
their goods and thus stimulated prices everywhere. 

With such demands then, so eager and enlarged as 
came from the United States and from those countries 
which had been producing and selling cotton at very high 
prices, it is not surprising that European manufacturers 



244 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 



sliould receive an unhealthy impulse. Add to this, how- 
ever, the further facts contributing; to the same end — first, 
that the values of the staple productions other than cotton, 
of almost all lands, were at the same time and in the same 
way enhanced; and, second, that these countries, and also 
almost every European nation, seemed to partake of this 
general feeling of prosperity, of wealth accumulating rap- 
idly, and we can easily understand how exti'eme and unusual 
the consuming power of the world would be. and how it 
must have stimulated the spinner everywhere. The com- 
mercial history of the American war and its after-results is 
yet to be written. When it is written, if done faithfully, 
and the direct and indirect influences and results set out, 
we shall fmd that in this day of steam and telegraphy the 
world has a common centre of life, with a nervous system 
acutely sensitive in all its parts to every disturbing in- 
fluence. 

But while the events we have related were in prog- 
ress, still another influence w^as at work, very decid- 
edly contributing to an undue growth or enlargement of 
the manufacturing industry. If all the spindles in the 
world had been in Great Britain, as they substantially were 
years ago, one can easily see that there would be less 
danger of their becoming excessive; but when we intro- 
duce a rivalry on the part of other nations, first to supply 
their own consumers and then to secure possession of the 
outside trade, we can readily understand how an increase 
once begun might go on in an arithmetical progression, 
reaching a point finally which would bring the same con- 
ditions of trouble in an aggravated form, not in one 
country alone, but in all. Precisely this has been the 
history of the spinning industry since the close of our 
war. Every nation in Europe has been building spindles; 
consumers that England used to sujiply, are now not only 



COXSUMPTIOX IX EVROPE AND AMERTCA. 245 

supplying themselves, but competing with her eveiywhen;, 
even in Liverpool. This fact was referred to by the Presi- 
dent of the ^lanchestcr Chamber of Commerce, at their 
annual meeting held on the 4th of February, 1878. He 
stated that foreign competition was one of the principal 
causes of the present depression of trade. And speaking 
of portions of the Continent, he further remarked that 
'• Germany, Austria, Italy and Holland had lessened their 
"imports of woven goods; while Belgium was so nearly 
'• England's equal, that it liad exported both woven goods 
"and yarn into Great Britain for several years," and 
much more to the same effect. 

"What a picture of quickened, unhealthy growth and of 
certain final involvement do all these facts present. We 
have first our own cotto;n ports shut up and such high prices 
rulmg for the raw material as to make other producing 
countries almost beside themselves over the capital pouring 
in upon them for their produce. Next comes the United 
States, with its delusion of inflation and fancied wealth, 
borrowing its millions upon millions from Europe and 
throwing them back with lavish hand for productions at 
highly remunerative prices. At the same time the feeling 
of exhilaration consequent upon an apparent rapid increase 
in wealth begins to widen;— in Europe, because they could 
sell more than they could produce, at high prices, in China, 
because their teas had appreciated in value and were in 
active demand; and in other countries for similar reasons. 
Every one of these agencies, as we can see, must have 
helped to enlarge the capacity of the world to consume 
goods and thus to stimulate the demand. Then arose 
the renewed rivalry — if we may call it such — among 
manufacturing nations, and out of it all a growth in 
spindles necessarily everywhere very rapid, on the Con- 
tinent, in England, in the United States, and finally in 



246 



COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 



India. To sliow iu brief tlie progress made in the co:i- 
suniptiou of cotton in Europe and America we give the 
following snmmary of the average takings of spinners in 
periods of five years. 

CONSUMPTIOX OF EUHOPK AND A:MERrCA, IN :\nLI.If)N'S OF roUNDS. 





'46-50. 


'51-55. 


'56-60. 


'61-65. 


'66-70. 


'71-75. 


Two 
Yeais*. 
'76-77. 


Great Bi-itain... 
Rest of Eiiriipe. . 
United States... 


560-8 
300-4 
240-5 


750-1 
451-4 

281-4 


947-3 
627-4 

358-8 


628-6 
4.55-4 

181-2 


873-8 
653-4 
381-9 


1,228-6 
856-G 
524-7 


1,253-5 
952-6 
610-9 


Total 


1,110-7 


1,482-9 


1,933-5 


1,265-2 


2,009-1 


2,609-9 


2,817-0 



The extent of these takings compared with previous 
periods we indicate in the following. 



Increase in 


1866-70. 1871-75. 


1876-77. 


Compared with 1846-50 . 


80-89. 134-98 


153-62 


Compared with 1851-55 


35-48 
03-91 


76-00 
34-98 


89-97 


Conijiai-ed with 1356-00 


45-69 









This makes the increase in the takings since 1860 over 45 
per cent; and it will be remembered that even in 1860 
the producing power was in excess of the consuming 
capacity, and that manufacturers were only saved from 
disaster at that time by the breaking out of our war. 
But to set out the progress more definitely and plainly, 
we have procured from Air. B. F. Nourse, of Boston, 
a statement of the probable actual consumption each 
year since 1859-60, made up from the takings on the 
basis of the spinning capacity and tlie pi'esumal)le annual 
increase in spindles. In the Chroxicle of Jidy 31, 1875, 
we published a similar table for the five years (calendar), 
1870 to 1S74, inclusive. These have been reconstructed 
for the seasons by the same rule that governed their first 
computation, going l)ack to 1859-60, and adding 1875-6 
and 1876-7, to complete a period of eighteen 3'ears, for 
comparison with the table of deliveries, imports, &c., given 
subsequently. 



CONSVMrTIOX IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. 



247 





fri-oat Britain. 


Continent. 




Total. 


Season. 






C -2 




2^ 


C.3 


£ ^ 5=Tt 


C .2 




g-2 


< ^ 


1 = 


H ^ 


r 3 




2::^ It 


^'■H 
S = 


1859-GO. 


2,457 


429 


1,053-9 


1,635 


418 


688-3 


4,092426 


1,742-2 


18(30-G1. 


2,404 


42G 


1,023-9 


1,631 


415 


677-0 


4,035 '422 


1,700-9 


1S01-G2. 


1,481 


393 


588-7 


1,079 


387 


416-8 


2,500 393 


1,005-5 


18G2-C3. 


1,275 


3()8 


460-8 


997 


365 


3640 


2,272 367 


833-8 


18G3-G4. 


1,501 


:J55 


532'5 


1,083 


348 


376-3 


2.584 352 


908-8 


1864-C5. 


1,918 


3G1 


G91-7 


1,327 


348 


461-1 


3,245|355 


1,152-8 


18G5-G6. 


2,313 


309 


852-7 


1,G22 


349 


567-4 


3,935 361 


1,420-1 


18GG-G7. 


2,738 


374 


1,024-0 


1,947 


350 


G81-4 


4,685 3!;4 


1,705-4 


1SG7-G8. 


2,G71 


355 


947-5 


1,977 


350 


691-9 


4,048,353 


1,639-4 


1SG8-G9. 


2,754 


35>; 


935-9 


1,694 


345 


584-4 


4,448 35.3 


1,570-3 


18G9-70. 


2,7G0 


3SG 


l,0G5-4 


1,712 


370 


033-4 


4,4721380 


1,098-8 


1870-71. 


2,911 


380 


1,122-2 


2,015 


378 


7626 


4,926 


382 


1,884-8 


1871-72. 


3,190 


378 


1,205-8 


2,253 


365 


822-8 


5,443 


373 


2,028-G 


1872-73. 


3,229 


382 


1,233-5 


2,202 


369 


812-7 


5,431 


377 


2,04G-2 


1873-74. 


3,100 


392 


1,251-2 


2,221 


371 


825-6 


5,411 


38-1 


2,076-8 


1874-75. 


3,131 


391 


1,235-3 


2,346 


382 


896-2 


5,477 


389 


2,131-5 


1875-7G. 


3,017 


118 


1,270-3 


2,390 


402 


9611 


5,407 


413 


2,231-4 


1S76-77. 


3,130 


400 


1,273-3 


2,402 
32,533 


396 
374 


951-2 
12,174-2 


5,538 
78,609 


402 

382 


2,224-5 


Total. 


4G,07G 


387 


17,827-6 


30,001-8 



These figures are intended to represent the actual con- 
sumption. But the capacity of Europe to manufacture 
goods is now very considerably in excess of these totals. 
]\Ir. Ellison irives it as follows. 



C<>N8U.MIXCr POWER OF EUIJOPE. 





Nnmber of 
Siiindles. 


Pounds 

per 
Spindle. 


Total Pounds. 


Bales of 
400 pounds 


Great Britain 

Coutirient 


39,500,000 
19,500,000 


33 
53 


1,303,500,000 
1,033,500,000 


3,258,000 
2,584,000 






Total 


59.000.000 


40 


2.337,000,000 


5,842,000 











These statements show how many idle spindles tliere are, 
or (the fact of chief interest to us in this connection) the 
actual extent to which the growth of the spinning power 
has been forced. For instance, in 1859-60 Europe con- 
sumed 1,742,200,000 pounds of cotton. This was in 
excess of the world's wants at that time. To-day the 
position is about as follows: — (1) the spinners of Europe 
have the power to consume 2,. 3.3 7, 000, 000 pounds, wliich 
is an increase of power equal to 1,500,000 bales of 400 



248 COTTOX FROM SEED TO L0n2I. 



pounds each, (2) the United States have the spindles to 
manufacture fully 700,000 bales, and India about 200,000 
bales (all of same weights) more than in 18G0. Thus we 
have in these countries an increased spinning power duiing 
the period mentioned of about 2,400,000 bales of cotton. 

SucJL has been the progress made and the results reached 
under the incentives we have briefly referred to. Of 
course, there should he from year to year a regular 
increase in the demand for goods and in the world's 
spinning power. But here we have unusual stimulants 
applied and an extraordinary development attained. AYere 
the producers and consumers confined to a limited 
district we could easily see that a check to a growth so 
forced would be inevitable, for it is the history of almost 
every decade. "With, however, the whole world as the 
field for obtaining consumers, we are apt to think of 
a constantly growing, or at least of an unobstructed 
demand, because of its extent and diversity, favorable 
influences in one nation compensating for unfavorable 
ones in another. To understand, then, the present situa- 
tion, we must remember, in connection with this extreme 
growth in spinning power, the wonderful changes which 
have taken place in the condition of consumers almost 
everywhere. 

First, notice the effect of the decline in the price of 
cotton. In 18G2, Fair Surats averaged r21d.; in I8G4 the 
average reached 2]^d. ; from that point the decline was 
pretty regular, (with the exception of some recovery in 
1872 and in 1873), until in 1870 the average was 4|d. In 
the delirium excited hj the high rates during our war and 
subsequently, India, out of her crops, had money enough 
even to waste on silver ploughshares; now the return barely 
supplies the necessities of life. All other cotton-producing 
countries are to the extent of their production of this staple 



CONSUMmOX IN EUROPE AXD AMEBICA. 249 



in a similar comparative condition; tlie very high prices of 
a few years ago giving them the idea of unbounded weaUh, 
and the constantly shrinking prices later, and especially 
since 1872, malcmg them realize the urgency for strict 
economy. Acting in the same direction also (only less in 
degree) is the decline in the values of productions other 
than cotton. As a general indication of this, notice the 
lower wages prevailing in Europe now and the continued 
downward tendency. It is unnecessary to specify a trade, 
for it pervades almost all; but we may mention the iron 
industry as a good illustration. Nor are the lower prices 
confined to Europe alone. China, a great consumer of 
cotton goods, is fair evidence of the wide extent of the 
present depression, her teas having depreciated largely 
during the past few j^ears. 

Bat, besides all this, suddenly the people of the United 
States stop spending money in Europe. We have ah'eady 
referred to the immense sums we so lavishly wasted there 
because it was so easily borrowed. Now, we are all 
economizing to make good the waste. But even when 
that necessity for economy is passed, there will be no 
revival in its full extent of the American demand on 
Europe for cotton goods. In the first place, the old 
delirium will never return; and besides, even if that 
were possiljle, we are in a condition to supply ourselves 
more nearly and more cheaply than formerly, and think 
we have also a very considerable surplus to furnish other 
countries at prices which will enable us to compete with 
the great producing nations. India, also, as we have 
seen, is engaged in building spindles, and hereafter will 
supply a larger share of her reduced consumption. 

Thus, at the moment when the producing power had 
reached so inflated a position, the consuming capacity is 
found to be very materially contracted — not only shorn of 



-50 OJTTOJSr FROM SEED TO LOOM. 



its over-excited element, but forced below even a normal 
condition. This crisis, or concurrence of unfavorable 
influences, has not, as we have seen, been the outgrowth 
of the Eastern war, but is the natural result of a disease 
which is running its course. Undoubtedly the war has 
increased the disturbance; and just to that extent, but no 
further, will peace act as a restorative. The wliolo issue 
as to the future takings of spinners is wrapped up in the 
inquiry, how far can the consuming world at this time 
find the means with which to pay for the cotton fabrics 
wliich the existing power can produce. In one particular, 
at least, the answer can be by no means uncertain: that is 
to say, at old prices the old consumption cannot be for 
the present re-established. The facts we have set out 
above would seem to put this point beyond all controversy. 
To what extent the lower prices now ruling will permit 
it, time alone can determine. That inquiry we cannot 
pursue, as it is wholly within the realm of conjecture. 

For the purpose of further illustrating the points dis- 
cussed above, we have prepared the following three pages. 
The first page* is from Mr. Ellison's circular of October 
last, and shows the World's total cotton supply, &c.|- 

The second page gives tlie European deliveries, as stated 
by ]\Iessrs. Ellison & Co. and by M. Ott-Trumpler.f 

The third page shows the percentages of each kind of 
cotton contained in these deliveries. 



* This tal)lc includes the total Amerieau crop for eacli season, and 
ponsiMinontl}' the quantity h)st at sea and that shipped to Mexieo, itc. 
The deliveries for European eonsumption therefore differ sli.uhtly from 
those given in the table on the next page, whieh contains the known, 
imports into Europe only. The Americau deliveries include cotton 
burnt or lost -within the United States, and also forwarded to Canada. 

t In the second of those tabli s the European figures of deliveries for 
seasons previous to 1870-71, and in the first table for the seasons 
previous to 1873-74, do not include cotton other than American im- 
ported into Spain and Russia. Ellison estimates the deli\-erie8 thus 
omitted in the first table to be about 10!^,000 bales in 1S(!7-0.S ; 109,000 
bales in ISfiS-GO; 98,000 ))ales in 18G9-70; 120,000 bales m 1870-71 ; 
170,000 bales in 1871-72; and 88,000 bales in 1 S72-73. 



CO.V-SO/ZT/OjV 7.V EVROFE AXD AMERICA. 



251 



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204 



COTTON FJiOM SEED TO LOOM. 



CONSUMPTION IN TUE UNITED STATES. 

There have been no mill returns obtained of the consump- 
tion of the cotton mills in the United States later than our 
own figures for 1S75. Of course, the annual cotton crop 
reports since then show the actual deliveries, but those 
totals include the takings for all other purposes as well as 
spinning. The details of our figures for the year ending 
July 1, 1875, were as follows: 

COTTON AIILLS AND COTTOX CONSUMPTION' IN THE UNITED STATES. 



STATES. 


03 




3 
N 

-f. :: 


S 6 

3 


- a 

ali 

a i" .S 
307 




G g 


9 




c 

1 


o 
6 


No. 


3 ~ 
w'ks. 


3 2 * 
< 




■r- a 


Northern— 




lbs. 


lbs. 


Bales. 


ISIiiine 


o~ 


633,944 
815.709 


23-14 


5050 


53-00 


33,603,236 


72,421 
123,535 


N. Hampsliire. 


30 


22-66 


50-22 


70-25 


57,326,120 


Vermont ...... 


10 


40,344 


29-55 


50-54 


51-51 


2,372,420 


5.513 


Miissacliusetts 


200 


3,775,034 28-69 


46-17 


55-33 


208,894,352 


450,204 


Rhode Island.. 


129 


1,438,4791.33-88 


48-00 


42-60 


61,409,470 


132,348 


Connecticut. .. 


108 


889,784 30-66 


47-20 


51-12 


45,492,513 


98,044 


New York 


00 


015,205 


36-38 


49-65 


40-30 


28,473,469 


61,365 


New Jersey... 


22 


178,928 


29-13 


50-83 


57-62 


10,114,300 


21,798 


Pennsylvania. 


00 


451,900 


18-07 


43-62 


69-85 


31,572,305 


68,044 


Delaware 


8 


48,270 


23-17 


52-00 


69-96 


3,358.162 


7,246 


Maryland 


20 


127,352 


11-05 


47-88 


108-25 


21,368,020 


46,052 


Ohio 


1 


13,000 

22,988 


8-00 


43-50 


135-69 


1,764,000 
3,261,340 


3 802 


Indiana 


4 


15-70 


48-55 
47-52 


141-80 


7,029 


Total North.. 


094 


9,057,543128-42 


56-25 


509,009,613 


1,097,001 


Southern— 
















Alabama 


14 


58,480 


12-75 


45-50 


114-51 


6,756,170 


14,561 


Arkansas 


2 


1,781 


10-38 


46-34 


73-56 


132.400 


285 


Georgia 


47 


131,340 


12-87 


46-35 


177-39 


23,299,303 


50,214 


Kentucky 


3 


9,5141 6-92 


50-45'254-40 


2,420,362 


5,216 


Louisiana 


3 


2,200 


8-50 


50-00,315-50 


713,033 


1,537 


Mississippi 


!) 


18,250 


11-07 


1600 110-00 


1,990,800 


4,291 


Missouri 


3 


19,700 


11-85 


16-05 140-52 


2,810,185 


6,057 


North Carolina 


31 


54,500 


11-28 


43-97,121-72 


6,694,641 


14,428 


South Carolina 


IS 


70,282 


400 


51-15,137-57 


9,071,028 


19,945 


Tennessee .... 


40 


55,384 


11-66 


43-17 121-85 


0.701,718 


14,443 


Texas 


2 


5,700 


12-00 


50-63 172-34 


982,305 


2,117 


Virginia 


9 


54,024 


15-22 


51-63 


1 15-85 


5,500,835 


11.985 


Total South. . 


181 


481,821 


1 2 -671 49-07 


140-57 


07,733,140 


115,079 


Ri:CAl'IT'LAT'N 






l 








Total North... 


094 


9,057,->43'23-42 47-52 


56-25 


509,009,613 


1,097,001 


Total South... 


ISl 


481,821 12 07 


19- 07 


140-57 
60-4G 


67,733,140 


145,079 


Grand total. 


■ila 


9,539,364 27-6o|47-C0 


570,742,753 


1,242,080 



coxsrsiPTioy in EVitorE and ameeica. 



For the sake of comparison, we bring forward our 
figures for previous years, giving the totals of tlio main 
items. 





Spiudlc's. 


Yarn, 
Averai;-e. 


Average 

per 
Spiudle. 


Total Consumption. 




Pounds. 


Bales. 


187 5. 

North 

South. 


9,057,543 

481,821 


28-42 
12-07 


56-25 
140-57 


509,009,013 
07,733,140 


1,097,001 
145,079 






Total 1875. 
1874. 
North 


9,539,304 

8,927,754 
487,029 


27-00 

28-56 
12-50 


00-40 

56-86 
122-53 


570,742,753 

507,790,099 
59,793,774 


1,242,080 
1,094,387 


South 


128,520 


Total 1874.. 
1870. 
North 


9,415,383 

0,851,779 
202,221 


27 73 

2S-88 
1---J5 


00-29 

50-87 
124-23 


507,583,873 

348,550,000 
32,575,715 


1,222,913 
752,808 


South. 


70,358 






Total 1870.. 
1809. 
North... . 


7,114,000 

0,538,494 
225,003 


28-38 

2800 

12-88 


53-57 

00-70 

138-12 


381,125,715 

396,880,580 
31,085,702 


823.100 
855,359 


South. 


07,000 






Total 1809.. 


0,703,557 


27-50 


03-28 


427,972,288 


922,359 



The actual /akinr/s for all 
]iavo been as follows. 



purposes 



from IS 715 to 1877 





1873. 


1874. 


1S75. 


1S70. 


1877. 


Taken by- 
Northern mills. 
Southern mills. 


Bales. 
1,003,405 
187,602 


Bales. 
1,177,417 
128,520 


Bales. 
1,002,522 
145,079 


Bales. 
1,211,,598 
145,000 


Bales. 
1,288,418 
147,000 


Total takiiiiis 
from crop.. 


1,201,127 


1,305,943 


1,207,001 


1,350,598 


1,435,418 



GOODS MANUFACTURED. 

The statement of kinds and quantities of goods manu- 
factured is necessarily incomplete. We do not claim that 
these results are as exact as the returns of consumption. 
Spinners are frequently unwilling to state their production 
except in gross, which we are required to divide up on 
information otherwise acquired. The statement may be 
taken, however, for as close an approximation as the nature 
of the case will permit, and is as follows for 1874 and 
1S75. 



25C. 



COTTON FROM SEED TO L0021. 



[cotton goods MANUFACTUKEI) IX TIIK UMTIiO STATKS [,000s Omitted.] 



Year ending July 1, 1875. 



Tlii'eads, yarus, and twuies, 
(lbs.).... , 

Sheetings, shirtings and sim- 
ilar plain goods (yds.) 

Twilled and fancy goods, Os- 
iiaburgs, Jeans, &c., (yd.s.) .. 

Print cloths (yds.) 

Ginghams (yds.) 

Duclvs (j-ds.) 

Bags (number) 



b K 
^ 



45,000 
540,000 



180,000 

610.000 

30,0;)0 

12,000 

8,000 



5 ^ 



19,000 

94,000 

46,000 
109,000 

5,000 
16,000 

2,00U 



64,000 

034,000 

226,000 

749,000 

35,000 

28,000 

10,000 






19,000 
92,000 
21,000 



p i 



83,000 

r26,000 

i47,000 
r49,000 
35,000 
28,000 
10,000 



Year ending Jnly 1, 1874. 

Threads, yarns, and twines, 
(lbs.) : 

Sheetings, shirtings and sim- 
ilar plain goods (yds.) 

Twilled and fancy goods, Os- 
nalmrgs, Jeans, &c. (j-ds ). .. 

Print cloths (yds.) 

Ginghams (j'ds.) 

Ducks (yds.) 

Bags (number) 



32,000 


29,000 


61,000 


18,000 


520,000 


90,000 


610,000 


97,000 


204,000 


80,000 


284.000 


22,000 


481,000 


107,000 


588,000 




30,000 


3,000 


33,000 




14,000 


16.000 


30,000 




5,000 


1,000 


6,000 





79, 

707, 

.300, 

588, 

33, 

30, 

6, 



000 

000 

000 
000 
000 
000 
000 



FUTURE PROSPECTS OF UNITED STATES SPINNERS. 

There are reasons why spinners in this country appear 
to us to be much more favorably situated with regard to 
tlie future than European spinners. Tlie economies in 
manufacture which the depression we have passed througli 
lias taug'lit us, added to the advancement we have made in 
machinery during tlio ten years previous to the panic, 
have put us into a position for more successfuhy competing 
with European spinners than ever before, not only for the 
trade of the United States, but also for that of other 
countries. In the first place, it is not likely tliat foreign 
dry goods will ever again ci^ne here in such abundance as 
previous to 1873. And in the second place, we liold 
decided advantages over Europe, if we only have the 
wisdom to improve them, for all North and South Ameri- 



CONSUMPTION IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. 



157 



can ti'ade; while iu every other country where quality is a 
consideration, onr goods liave already made for themselves 
a market- Of course, any new trade is of slow growth, but 
a close study of what has been done in this respect gives a 
very hopeful outlook as to what may be done. The actual 
figures of exports of cotton goods are as follows. 

EXTORTS OF COTTOX ]\I ANlIFACTrUiES FROM UNITED STATES. 



YciU' eliding June 30. 



Colored goods .... (Yds.) 
do (Val.^ 

Uueolored goods. . (Yds.) 
do (Val.) 

Other iiiauuf s of. .'Vul.) 



1877. 

29,111,434 
.$2.44(;,l4.'"i 
7(i,720,2G0 



1876. 

1(1,488,214 
.iil,4i.j,4G2 
59,319,2(57 



$(;,424,154|$5,3 14,738 
$l,310,()8r) .>f!962,778 



Total cotton manufac- 
tures fc.xported... (Val.) $10,180,984 



$7,722,978 



1874. 

4,600,447 

$6(X),2G2 

13,237,.510 

$1,686,297 

.$744,773 



.$3,091,332 



1873. 

3,585,629 

$590,912 

10,187,145 

$1,655,116 

.$695,500 



.$2,947,528 



Here is a rise in four 3rears from three millions in value 
to ten millions. The total even now is of course very small, 
but it is highly encouraging, for time and experience alone 
can acquaint us with the wants of any trade; and besides, 
this growth has been reached in spite of the very many 
obstacles which have been interposed by ourselves. AYe 
must remember that the margin for profit is of necessity 
small. Hence every impediment, liowever trifling, to the 
freest, cheapest intercourse with nations wanting our 
goods, cripples or fetters to that extent the trade. What 
then we require is to have our navigation laws changed 
and reciprocal trade fostered; or in a word, we need to 
have every facility offered for making freights cheap and 
for securing the fullest and freest intercourse. When this 
has been done, our country will experience an industrial 
development hitherto unknown to us. 



In the following pages we give m full the last annual 
circular of Messrs. Ellison & Co., for the year of 1876-77, 
with a brief notice of the results as to past and prospec- 
tive consumption reached in their 1st of January circular. 



258 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 



ELLISON & CO.'S ANNUAL REVIEW OP THE COTTON 
TRADE FOR THE SEASON 1876-'77. 

Twelve months ago we stated that the seasoa 1875- '76 had 
been one of the most^isappointing and unsatisfactory periods in 
the recent experience of the cotton industry. Tlie season whicli 
has j list closed has been quite as unsatisfactory and even more 
disappointing than its immediate predecessor, inasmuch as after 
several years of depressed markets and unprofitable trade, it was 
thought that a change for the better coud not be far distant. 
Apparently, Europe was just beginning to recover from the 
effects of the widespread crisis of 187:3, brought about by the 
excessive trading and extravagant speculations of lS70-'72, aLd 
during the first three or four m nths of the season there were 
symptoms of renewed healthy activity in various directions; but 
these movements were based upon the expectation that the 
threatened outbreak of hostilities b'^tween Russia and Turkey 
would be averted; and the moment war bt-came certain a reaction 
ensued which left the state of trade in a worse condition even 
than it was before. During the last eight or nine months of the 
S'^asoa the markets have been in a chronic state of over-supply. 
The after-eflfecfs of the commercial and financial disasters which 
commenced in ]872-'73 liave been everywhere visible in the 
shnpe of forced reduced expenditure, which has led to a curtailed 
consumption of all kinds of manufactures. The consunif.tion of 
cotton goods has not perhaps diminished, nor has it kept very 
far behind production; but it Ilcu kept behind, and this slight 
excess in production, com dned with constantly dragging mar- 
kets, has made selling quite a one sided bargain, and almost 
invariably compelled the producer to part with his goods at 
unremunerative rates. It was accepted as certain that peace and 
settled politics would instantly reverse the positions of buyer 
and seller, especially as there was a deficit in the supply of the 
raw material ; and this caused producers to keep up the out-turn 
of their mills, and go on selling whai they could at the best 
prices they could get, until the loss became so great and the 
stocks ot goods so burd'-nsome that (chiefly in July, August and 
part of September) short time was adopted in tlj.e leading manu- 
facturing districts, while the effort tj reduce production was 
further helped by a strike at Bolton. By means of these measures 
stocks were greatly reduced, and the margin between cotton and 
goods materially improved — so much so, at all events, that it 
became le.«s unremunerative to w.)rk full than short time, and 
with few exceptions (a^^ide from the mills closed at Bolton) short 
time was practically abandoned by the closi of Sep'ember. 

COURSE OP THE MAUICET, OCT. 1, 1876, TO OCT. 1, 1877. 
The market closed quiet'y on September 30, 1870, with mid 



CONSUMPTION IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. 259 

dling upland at 5 15 16d. An extensive business liad been done 
during the first half of Auo-ust, and prices had advanced to 
6 8-l6d. from o|d. touched in July. Thence to tbe tnird week 
in September the demand had fallen off, resulting in a decline to 
5 15-lG>i. There was a temporary increase in the demand in the 
lasi week of September, but holders offered their stocks so freely 
that prices did not g'in anything of moment. October opened 
tamely, under tbe ii.tiuence of large receipts at the American 
ports, >>nd a very apprehensive feeling regardiug the future of 
events in Turkey Buyers operated very sparingly, holders 
showed some eagerness to sell, and middling upland receded 
(October 4) to 5^6.., or ^d, to fd. lower than the prices touched on 
August 17, and only -^d. on the spot, and 1-lGd. to 3-16d. in 
futures, higher than the low sales of J uly , which were not only the 
lowest of the year, but the lowest since 18G0. There was very 
little change during the t?u')sequent fortnight, prices on the 
20lh October being pre.ty much the same as on the 4'h of the 
month. 

More hopeful views, however, began to be entertained respect- 
ing tlie eff"orta being made to preserve the peace of Europe. This 
caused the public to look more closely into the position of cotton 
on its own meriis, and in view of the low prices current and the 
probibility of a reduced American crop, buyers commenced to 
operate with unusual freedom, both here ana in Manchester ; but, 
although the sales for the week ended the 36r.i) October leached 
117,8'20 bales, such was the freedom with which tLie demand was 
met that p'ices only advanced 116d. to ^d. per lb. on the spnt, 
and 3-16d. to Jd. for futures. After so large a business it was 
thought a pause might en-iue, and for a day or two the upward 
movement ceased, especia'ly as some uneasiness was caused by 
the ultimatum suddenly delivered to Tii key by Russia ; but the 
newd (received on 31st Ojtobir) of the final arrangement of an 
armistice between tlie P.)rte and Servia rem wed all hesitation on 
the part of buyers, and on the 1st and 2J of November the market 
became quite excited, the sales on ihe last-nauied day being esti- 
mated at 4;). 000 bales, with an ad litionall 0,000 biles after official 
hours. About the same qiantity was sold for forward delivery, 
making a total of 100,000 biles, an aggregate never befo<-e louche I 
in the history of the tr.ide. The result was an advance ot ^d. to 
Jd. on the spot, and ^d. to 5 I6d. for futures. The advance was 
fully maintained on the 3d and 4th November, though the 
demand fell off; but less strength was displiyed on tlie 6th, 
owing chiefly to the desire of speculators to realise the late rise, 
and a slight reaction took place in futures ; but the fall was fully 
recovered on the 7'h. owing to a sharp upward moveiuent in New 
Yo k, and on the 8th the mirket again becime excited, closi g 
strong at an advance of f d. to ^d. per lb. on the week for both 



2G0 



COTTOX FROM SEED TO LOOM. 



spots aud futures, bringing middling iiolaud up to G|d. on tlie 
f-pot and 6f d. for distant delivery, or l|d. tor " ordinary" and 
|d. to Id. for " middling " upon tljr; low sales of July. Mean- 
while, the low and medium counts of yarn gained Ifd. to l|-d. 
per lb., and the current run of 8|- lb. shirtings Is. per pit-ce. 

During the subsequent week or ten days the demand fell oflf, 
and prices gave way ^1. for American on the spot and fd. for 
' ' futures ;" but the decline was fully recovered between the 30th 
and 28th November, owing to the acceptance of the armistice by 
Turkey, and the publication of the pacific assurances by the 
Emperor of Ru;^sia to the English Ambassador — middling uplands 
being quoted 6fd. on the spot and6|l. for distant, delivery. Then 
cuiie a few days of quietness, during which prices gave way 
about ^d. per lb., ovviug to les? assuring Continental advices ; 
the absence of any signs in the lonif-expected reduction in the 
American receipts, and the d sire of sellers to get rid of cotton 
declared against December deliveries. The decline, however, 
again brought in buyers, and withdi cidedly assuring Continental 
news, favorable Indian advices, aud more activity in Manchester, 
pr'ces, with slight interruptions, tended upwards, until the fall 
quo'ed on 2d of December wag more than recovered ; the 
final quotations on the last market day of the year (December 29) 
b ing 6 11-1 GJ. for middling upland on the tpot and 7d. for 
distant " futun s."' 

This animal ion led to a large attendance of spinners during the 
first week of January, especially as tae American receipts were 
falling off so rapidly as to bring the smaller estimates of the 
crop to the fro t again. TLe demand was so extraordinary that 
the sales for the first six working days of the new year averaged 
over 30,000 bales per day, and the coufidence of operators was so 
unbounded that prices advanced ^d, per lb. , middling upland being 
pushed up to 7 3-16i. on the spotaud T^^d. for June delivery, while 
as high as 7|d. was paid for distant shipments — the hi Jiest prices 
of the reason. A' armingly low estimates of the Annrican, East 
Indian and Egyptian crops were current; sanguine views of an 
early settlement of the Eastern quesiion were in vogue; the large 
stock of cotton accumulaoec' by consumers was altogether over- 
looked, andSd. per lb. for middling upland was calculated upm 
as certain to be witnessed during the course of the season; but 
the excitement was too intense to last, and between the 8tu and 
17th of January the demand fell to very mode ate dimensions, 
speculators hastened to real ze the late advance, the idea got 
abroad thit, after all, the American crop might not be very much 
smaller than the previous one, and prices receded fd. per lb. 
The decline led to an improved demand and a recovery of 3-lGd. 
per lb between the 17th and 20th of January; but with aug- 
mented receipts at the American porta (the weekly figures rising 



CO\SJ73[rTJOX IX EVROrE AND AMERICA. 2G1 



from 110,000 on the 2Sth of January to 143,000 and 144,000 on 
the 21 and 9th of February respectively) the reaction recom- 
menced with more intensity than before, and middlinj^ upland 
fell to 6 O-lOd. on the 8th of Ft^bruary, while the s ilfS for the 
week ended on that dtiy reached only 40 000 bales; but, with 
reduci d American arrivals, advancing pricfs at New lork, 
unfavorable crop accounts frcm Bombay and an improved busi- 
ness in Micchpster, confidenc ) revived, and prices gaii.ed 
3-16d. between the 8th and 15ih of February— middling upland 
being quoted Gfd. on the spot and 7 1-I6d. for distant 
deliveries. 

Tbe improvement, however, was only shorl-Mved. The in- 
creased business in Manchester was more apparent than real ; the 
demand for cotton fell off, and with a large import the stock here 
increased from 829,000 bales on the 15th February, to 1,070,000 
on the 22d March. During these five weeks the sales on the spot 
averaged only 7,600 bales }ier day. There was no appreciable 
reduction in the rate of consumption, but witti a slow state of 
trade in Manclipster, spinners fell back upon their large surplus 
stocks. M ireover, they were receivingr an average of nearly 
11,000 bales per week, direct from the quay. During this period, 
too, the market was injuriously afEecied by the pressure to sell 
March deliveries and cotton declared against shipments ; while 
business in Manchester was re>tricted by an adverse turn in the 
Irjdian exchanges. The result was a decline of ^il. tofd. per lb., 
middling upland receding to G^d. on the spot, and 6 l-16d. for 
landing cotton on the 22d March, against 6fd. and (j ll-16d. 
respectively, on tue 13th February. At limes there were pymp- 
t(ims of improvement, but thi y ended in nothing substantial. 
0.1 the 231 and 24th March there was a Itile more inquiry, owing 
to some advance in the Indian exchange^ and a better demand in 
Manchester, but the change for the better disappeared on the 
26lh, on the announcement of the failure of Messrs. Isaac Low & 
Co. This event took the public quite by sur^ rise, and fears were 
entertained that further mischief wou d follow ; the result was 
an instant decline of 1-16J. to ^d. per lb. Middling upland was 
sold at G^ 1. on the spot, aud 6d. landing. The low price attracted 
buyers and the fall was recovered I'etween the 27th and 29ih 
Murch. The market was closed tor the Easter holi.'ays between 
the 29Lh March and the 3d April ; meanwhile (on the 31st March) 
the Protocol on Turkish affairs was signed by the various 
Powers. This yave rise to hopes of a speedy settlement of the 
Eastern question, and, together with the low prices, led to a large 
attendance of spinners on the 3 1 April, result'ng in a bu iness of 
30,000 bales, and an advance of ^d. to 3-lGd in spot ptices, and 
3-lGd. to ^d. in futures ; but the movement met with no response 
in Manchester. The demand rapidly fell off, and the whole of 



26*2 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 

ilie advance was lost between the Gtl\ and ilin Oth April. K ifw 
days later came the rej^^ction of the Protocol by Turk' j', wh'uli 
wag taken not only as indicatinir the certainty of hosiilities 
bftween Russia and Turkey, but as threatening a general Euro- 
jiean war. For several days, therefore, the market was exceed- 
ingly depressed, especially aw t' e gloom occasioned by political 
disquietude was intensified by rumors of impending diJBBlcuIties 
in the market, and eventuallv by the announcement of the fail- 
u-'e of Messrs. Lockhart & Dempster, who were largely engaged 
in cotton operations. The result was that between the 9th and 
the 17tU April prices gave way ^d. per Ih. Daring the sub-e 
quent four days rumors that renewed efforts were being made to 
preserve peace caused an advance of o-l(5d. ; but the acual decla 
ration of war by Russia dispelled all hopes of hostilities being 
averted, while the non-committal character of the Emperor's 
manifesto led to the fear that, in certain eventualities, other 
Powers besides Russia and Turkey might be drawn iuto the con- 
flict. The upshot was a demoralized cotton market and a fall of 
Jd., middling upland selling on Apiil 27 at 5 13-16d. on the spot, 
and 511 I6ii. landing. During the subsequent week there was a 
recovery of 1 16d. to y 32d., but it was lost the week after ; and 
on the 15t.li May the quotations for middling upland were 5f '. 
on the .«pot, and 5 11 16 i. for near deliveries, the loioes prices of 
Hie season. 

The fall in values had now reached nearly l^d. per lb. from 
the highest prices paid in Januaiy, and the current rates were 
only l-16d. to -JJ. above the low irregular sales ma !e durint> the 
most depressed days in the previous season. Buyers, therfoie, 
began to think that little, if any.further decline could reasonably 
be calculated upon, especially as the prospects for the remainder 
oF the season pointed to the certainty of a serious deficit in sup- 
plies, compared with the previous season. Accordingly, after the 
Whitsuntide lioliJays (which occurred between the 18th and 23d 
of May) a raiLer better inquiry was experienced both here and 
in Manchester. The improvement was slow at first, but made 
d cided progress daring the first fortnight of June, ending in an 
advance of 9 16d. between the 15 h May and the 14ih June ; 
middling upland being quoted at G 5-16d. on the last named date, 
against 5fd. on the former. 'I'he advance led to a pause ; buyets 
iu Manchester refused to follow the rise, and spinners Laving 
increased their stocks of the raw material, cut down their pur- 
chases to very small dimensions. Meanwhile the market was 
adversely afli cted by cont'nued apprelunsions respecting ihe 
future of the Eas'ern que<<tion, and \<j the increased gravity of 
political affairs in France, both of which causes were injuring 
triide ill f;eneral throughout the world. Between the 14ih and 
23d of June, therefore, prices lost 8-16 i. j er lb ; but the react on 



CON^SUMPTIOX IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. 2(>3 



again brought in buyers, and the fall was recovered bfiween the 
23d and 28th. The Lardening tendency continued until the 19th 
of July, on which day middling was quoted at Cfd. on the spot 
and 6 7 16d. for distant deliveries. 

Tbe upward movemeuC was due entirely to the unmistakabK 
strong statistical position of tbe market, and received no encotir- 
ageraeut whatever (rom Manchester, where trade was as cull as 
it cotild be. It was as clear as anything could be that a further 
advance in prices could not be prevented except by a reduction 
in the rate of consumption; but although there had been much 
talk of "short time" in the manufacturing disiricis, nothing of 
importance in that direction h^d been done. At lei glh the true 
position of affairs forced iis^lf upon producers, and towards the 
middle of July the "short time" movement becran to make 
decidtd proifrrss, and continued to f^o so during the subseqm nt 
month, so much so that it wi s currently estkna-ed that the 
weekly rate of consumption for part oi July and the whole of 
August did not materially exceed 50,000 biles per week. Mean- 
while, the market was further weakened by the promise of a 
large new American cmp.the failure of the food crops in import- 
ant districts in Inaia, and by tbe apparent certainty of a pro- 
longed war in Turkey. A very bad effect was proouced, too, by 
the stoppage of Messrs. Shorrock, Eccles & Co., of Darwen, 
announced on the 13th of August. The upshot of these various 
influences was, that the sales for the five weeks ended August 
23 averaged only 41,000 hales per week, and that prices gave 
way 7-16d. per lb. — middlingr upland receding to 5 15-16d. on 
the ppot. and 5fd. for near deliveries. 

At last tl e reduc^d rate of production began to make itself 
felt in Manchester, not in any very pronounced way, but still 
sufficient to give firmness to prices. This circum:-tanc", and the 
unfavorable turn taken by the American crop advices, brought 
out buyers of yarns and goods, and led to a little more business 
in cot! on, but the demand was so freely met thut piices gained 
only 1-lG 1. per lb. in the last week of August and the first w eek 
of September. Little attention was paid to the lad crop accouuts, 
i nd the improvement in Manchester was reported as being of a 
very trifling character; but j>s the month of September advanced 
the unfavorable en p news became too general to be altojjether 
ignored, wIiHh it was also clear that more business had been 
doing in Manchester than appeared on the surfa-e. Spinners, 
therefore, became very large operators, esptcially as they had 
allowed their surplus stocks to be (ompletely used up, and dur- 
ing the three weeks ended ihe 27th of S ptember the ^al<'S aver- 
aged over 80,000 bahs per week and prices advanced fd. per lb. 
After so large a business there was less unimation between the 
27th and 29th of the mun'h, and futures lost 1 16d. to id., but 



264 



COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 



sp )t prices reniaint-d steady, middlings upland bi inf? quoted 6fd. 
per lb. on the last day of the month, being 7- 16d. higher thnn 
the opening, fd. higher than the lowest, and 13 IGd. lower than 
the highe-t price s of th'3 season. The average price for the 
season Js 6Jd., agsinst 6.}!. Inst season. 

The following is an account of ',he principil fluctuations during 
the season in tlie leading descriptions of cotton, ami in 33's twist 
and 8^ lb. sbirtings : 



187G. 
Sept. 28..- 
Oct. 10... 
Nov. 9... 

" 18... 

" '28... 
Dee. 2... 

" 29... 

1877. 
Jan. 8... 

'• 17... 

" 20... 
Feb. 8... 

" 13... 
Mar. 22... 
Apr. 27... 
May 15... 
June 14... 
Julj' 19... 
Aui;. '23... 
8ept. 29... 



515 



16 



H58 
(>38 

Gil _ 

~''l6 

Gi:ii6 

7 

GH 

5l:ii6 

534 

(j»16 

G^s 

''16 



G38 



Deliveries 



(I. 

51:*! 
.5203 

G17.J 

GI4 

U-'lG 
()5,(5 

0^8 



5-^8 
5^8 

g;u 

G^s 
GUi 
GV 

7 



16 



7I0 
75^0 

~^16 
G:ii.,.; 



<;'i6 

Glvo 



■ iisi 

till 

Gh, 

511 

5uIbI5:u:. 

G9.J., {(iV, 

G38 «38 

5 "8 515:{; 

GI4 G^ie 



IJU] 



7I16 
1J34 

0^8 

GHj 
G-he 

()l8 
G38 
G38 
Gi 



16 



t.-'8 



d. 

4^16 
438 

413ie 



51I16 

59] fi 



liiu 

458 

518 

.3:1 IG 
5I16 

5I8 



32's Twist. 



d. d. 

838 to 938 

SSyto 958 
10 to 11 

9^8 to 105^ 
9'"i8tU 1058 
958 to 1058 

10 to lO'^s 



1058 

101.J 
10 12 

9 ■^8 
9-78 
8'^8 
858 
838 
834 
834 

812 
918 



to 1158 
to lllo 
tolllo 
to lO'^y 

to 1034 

to 958 



938 

91s 
918 

958 

914 



Sliirtings. 

8I4 11)8. 



.s. (1. .s. rt. 

G G to 8 412 

G 71s to 8 6 

7 3 to 9 

7 I08 IOI2 

7 3 to 9 

7 3 to 9 

7 412 to 9 



710 to 9 
■i'^- to 9 
4i2t()9 
3 to 9 
3 to 9 
1012108 
9 to 8 
3 I08 
7I13 to 8 
G to 8 
3 to 8 
412 to 8 



3 





3 

3 

9 

9 

G 

9 

G 

1^2 

4I2 



IMPOKl'S AND STOCKS. 



The imports and stocks of the whole of Europe compare as 
follows, in 1,00 )'s of bales: 





Ameri- 
can. 


m'^fian. ^--1- 


Egypt. 


Smyr- 
na.. 


\V. Ind. 
&c. 


Total. 


Import— 

187G-77 

1 873-76 ' 


3,019 
3,'20G 


1.135 
1.'220 


444 
402 


443 

4G4 


107 
107 


90 
113 


5.238 
5,512 


Decrease 

lucrcase 

Stocks, Sept.30— 
1877 


187 

575 
570 


85 

179 
312 


"42 

127 
1G2 


21 

67 
G5 


17 
21 


23 

30 

38 


274 
1,001 


187G 


1.1G8 


Decrease 

Increase 


-5 


133 


35 





4 


2 


167 



DEMVEIIIES FOR SEVEN SE.VbOXS 

The following is a comparative statement of the deliveries in 
1,000's of bales during the past seven seasons, with the weight in 
pounds: 



CONSUMPTION IN EUROPE AND A^IEPICA. 



265 



GHKAT BltlTAIX. 

1876-7 

1875-6 

1874-5 

1873-4 

1872-3 

1871-2 

1870-1 



Continent. 

1876-7 

1875-6 

1874-5 

1873-4 

1872-3 

1871-2 

1870-1 



Ai.L Europe. 

1876-7 

1875-6 

1874-5 

1873-4 

1872-3 

1871-2 

1870-1 



1.990 
1,948 
1,606 
1 ,701 
1,654 
1,412 
1,925 



1,023 

1,184 
981 

1,021 
890 
671 

1,118 



3,013 
3,132 

2,587 
2,722 
544 
2,083 
3,043 



407 

479 
()(iS 

(>(>() 
737 
65S 

558 



862 
916 
947 
874 
790 
726 
753 



416 
23H 
461 
413 
509 
()6M 
379 



63 
109 
1.54 

187 
231 
298 
212 



1,269 479 
1,395 347 
1,615 ^ 
1,534 
1 ,527 
1,384 
1,311 



61 

(iOO 

740 

96() 

591 



286 

298 
245 

30(i 
239 
241 



155 
166 
85 
91 
101 
65 
96 



50 

54 

97 

90 

129 

155 

119 



Total 



3,149 

3,017 

3.077 



©;3 
bf. it 



406 

421 
3>^9-6 



3,149 394 



3,33 
3,132 
3 222 



{84 
360 
392 



152 2,255 408 
17S 2,553 402 

174 2,341 382 
19(!:2,3(i9 377 
ISl ,2,193 366 
22111.981 
186 2,365 



441 202 

4641232 

;!3o:271 

376 2S(; 

407 310|5,52S 

3041376 5,113 

337 305 5,587 



3,50 
380 



Total wciglit. 
Pounds. 



1,278,538,000 
1,270,287,000 
l,19S,s:iS,000 
1. 24(1, 706, OliO 
1.2SO,610,000 
!, 127, .520,000 
1,263,024,000 



920,082,000 
1,026,374,000 
894,262,000 
893,1 i:f, 0(10 
802,63S,(K)0 
693,3,50,000 
898,700,000 



5,404 406-8 2,198,620,000 
5,570 112-3 2,2;t(i,6(;i,000 

5,11 s':;s(;-;i 12,093,100,000 

5,5ls]:i^(;-7'2,i:;:!,si;».ooo 

376-S|2,O83,27S.000 

356-1 1,820,870,000 

386-9 2,161,724,000 



Tbe avera 


^e weekly deliveries in 


bales were as follows 






1876-7. 


1875-6. 


1874-5. 


1873-4. 


1872-3. 


1871-2 


1870-1. 


GT UlUTAIN. 
Anierieaii .. . 
East Indian.. 
Other kiiuLs.. 


38,274 

7,833 

14,452 


37,468 

9,220 

11,337 


30,885 
12,846 
15,442 


32,711 
12,692 
15,154 


31,808 
14,173 
18,154 


27,154 
12,654 
20,423 


37.019 
10,731 
14,211 


Total 

Continent. 

Aniericau -. . 
East Indian.. 
Otbcr kinds.. 


60,559 

19,681 

16,574 

7,110 


58,025 

22,773 

17,607 

8,719 


59,173 

1«,865 

18,212 

7,942 


60,557 

19,635 

16,807 

9,116 


64,135 

17.115 

15,192 

9,866 


60,231 

12,904 
13,961 
11,231 


61,961 

21,500 

14,481 
9.500 


Total 


43,365 


49,099 


45,019 


45,558 


42,173 


38,096 


45.481 


Grand total 


103,924 


107,124 


104,192 


106,115J106,30S 


98,327 


107,442 



'\.\w avtrage iceirjlit oi American packages consumed this y< ar 
we estimate at 4o8 lbs., against 441 Ihs. last year; of Egyptian, 
601 lbs., against G02 lbs; of Brazil, 164 lb?., against 160 lbs.; of 
West Indian, &c., 205 lb?, for both years; of Smyrna, 370 lbs. for 
Great Britaiu, and 350 lbs. for the Continent, for boih years; of 
Eist Indian, 384 Ib-i., against 380 lbs., for Great Britain, and 373 
lb-"., against 867 lbs., for the Continent. 

CONSUMPTION OP GREAT BRITAIN. 

It is generally supposed that at the end of Augu-^t English 
spinners held only a bare working t.tock of the raw material. 
During the four weeks of September tht-y took 258,500 bales 
(averaa-ing 401 lbs. each) from Liverpool and London. Allowing 
for the closing of the mil!s at Bolton, and for " short time" else- 



•266 



COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 



where, it is thought that the actual rate of consumptioii dil not 
exceed an average of 50,000 bales per week, or a total of 224,000 
bales for the four weeks. Thij would leave a surplus of 34,500 
balt^s, w> ighing about 13,800,005 lbs., at the end of the month, 
and also at close of the season, against 8,518,000 lbs. twelve 
months previously, showing an increase in spinoe's' stocks of 
5,282,000 lbs. this year ovar 1 ist. If w3 deduct this latter figure 
from the w-ight of cotton delivere 1 — 1,278,53S,000 lbs. — we shall 
get 1,273,256,000 lbs. as the weight actually coisuraed, again-t 
1, 370,287 ,00J lbs. last season. The movements for the past five 
seasons compare as follows: 





Actual wcijibt 


Estini't'dw'irht 


Surplus 


Dcticit 




delivered. consumed. 


pouuds. 


I)ouud.'». 


1872-73 


1,280,640.000 


1,227,453.000 


53,187,000 




1873-74 


l,240,TO(i,000 


l,2r)i),s:j(i,()00 




19,130,000 


1874-75 


l,10.s,s:!s,i)()() 


1,221,:!77,000 




25,539,000 


1875-76 


1,270,2«7,000 


1,270,2S7,000 






1876-77 


1,278,538,000 


1,273,256,000 


5,282,000 





Our estimate of the requirements of the season was 1,297,0C0,- 
000 lbs., or about 24,000 000 lbs. less than the weight actually 
consumed; but the loss in spinning American cotton was from 2 to 
3 per cent less than in the previous season, and 2.^ per cent on 
the weight of American spun (1,990,380 bilf^s of 43S lbs., or a 
total of 871,733,880 Ib-s.) comes to 31,793,000 lbs. So the weight 
of yarn actutUy turned out was practically about the same a^ 
our estimate. 

EXPORTS OP TARNS AXD GOODS. 

The following is a comparative ntatement of the export of 
cotton yarns and piece goods from Great Britain in each of the 
past ten seasons, ended Sept. 30, in millious of pounds and yards: 





Yarn 
pounds. 


Goods 
yards. 


1871-72 


Yarn 
pounds. 


Goods 
j'ards. 


1876-77 


229'9 
223-2 

218-1 
218-5 
219-2 


3,803 
3,635 
3,546 
3,530 
3,526 


200-5 
194-0 
181-5 
109-3 
179-6 


3,449 


1875-76 


1870-71 


3,432 


1874-75 


1869-70 


3,412 
2,908 
2,980 


1873-74 


1868-69 


1872-73 


1867-68 









The exports for the past season show an increase of 3 per cent 
in yarn, and 4-6 per cent in piece goods, over those of 1875-76. 

THE CONSUMING POWER OP THE CONTINENT. 

The following table is baaed upon answers given to the qups- 
tion, " What is the average consumption of cotton per spindle 
per annum in your neighborhood when all the machinery is ful'y 
at work ?" and upon official accounts of the deliveries of cotton 
for consumption in each country : 



COXSVMPTIOX IX EriiOFE AXD AMERICA. 



267 



Russia & Poland . . 
Sweden & Norway. 

(jreruiany 

Au.stiia 

ywitzerland 

Holland 

Belsiunu 

France 

Spain 

Italy 



Total. 



No. of 
spindles. 



2,.5()(j»,O0O 

310,0U0 

4,700,000 

1,55S,000 

1,8.') 0,000 

2:10,000 

800,000 

5,000,000 

l.TT.i.OOO 

880,000 



19,603,000 



65 

80 
55 
'J7 

(iO 
«0 

48 
48 
67 



Total 
pounds. 



162, .500,000 406,250 



53-2 



:4,s(i4,ooo 

■ 2'')S,, ")(•(), (1(10 
I0l,:i>'fi.(io(i 

4s,'J5O,0O0 
18.^00,000 
4S,OOO.OliO 
240,000,000 
85, 200,000 
58,060,000 



Bales of 
400 lbs. 



Ave'ge 

l)er 
week. 



62,1 (iO 
(; t(;,-_'5o 
•j(io.;i(;5 

12().(i_'5 
34.500 
120,000 
600,000 
213,000 
147,400 



1,044,460,000 2,611,150 50,214 



7,812 
1,1 i>5 

12,428 

5,01!) 

2,320 

663 

2,308 

11,538 
4,G96 
2,835 



CONSUMPTION OF THK CONTINENT. 

The above figures d fEer t^ligkily from those givea ia the pre- 
vious reports, but they are more correct. In the fol'owing table 
we give au approximate estimate of the quantity of cotton 
actually consumed in each country duriag the past season. 
Compared with the full rate of consumption as shown above, 
there is a reduction of 12^ for Russia, 10 per cent for Switzerland, 
Belgium and Italy, 5 per cent for Germany, France and Spain, 
and 2| per cent for Aust'ia. 



No of 
spindles. 



Russia & Poland..) 
Sweden & Norway. 

German J' 

Austria 

Switzerland 

Holland 

Belgium 

France 

Spain 

Italy 



2,500, 

310, 

4,700, 

1,558, 

1,850, 

230, 

800, 

5,000, 

1,775, 

880, 



000 

000 
000 
000 
000 
(HiO 
000 
000 
000 
000 



Total 10,603,000 50-02 979,895,000 



57 
SO 
53 
65 
23 
60 
54 
46 
45 
60 



Total 
pounds. 



142. .500,000 

21.SOO.O(I() 

24!i, 100.000 

101,270,000 

42, .'.50, 000 

lo,'^0(»,000 

43,200,000 

230, 000. 000 

79, ^■75,000 

52,800,000 



Bales of 
400 lbs. 



306,250 

(;•_', 000 

622,750 
253,175 
10(i.375 
31,500 
10s,(»00 
575,000 
l!l!t,iis7 
132,000 



2,399,737 46,148 



Ave'ge 

per 
week. 



5,889 
1,192 

11,976 

4,868 

2,046 

663 

2,077 

11,058 
3,840 
2,539 



These figures show an increase of 18 per cent over the esti- 
mated consumption of 1875-76, atrainst an average increase of 5 
per cent in 1875-76 over 1874-75, and 1874-75 over 1873-74. 
Compared with a full rate ot cousuraption, the qu.mtity of cotton 
spun in 1876 77 shows a deficit of 63 per cent. The movemenis 
for the pist four seasons compare as follows: 



1873-74.. 
1874-75.. 
1875-76.. 
1876-77.. 



Actual weight 
delivered, lbs. 



Estim't'd w'gbt 
consumed, lbs. 



893.113,000 872,000,000 

,S04.2(>2.OOO I 915,375,000 

l,02(i, 374,000 I 901,143,000 

920,032,000 979,895,000 



Surplus 
pounds. 



21,113,000 
65,23 1,600 



Deficit. 



21,113,000 
59,863,000 



It appears, therefore, that the surplus stock of 65,330,000 lbs., 
over and above ordinary working requirements, held by spinners 
twelve months ago, lihs been reduced to 5,368,000 lbs., or about 



2fi8 



COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 



13,000 b»les of 400 lbs., or about 150,000 bales less than at tbe 
close of September, 1870. 

But although the slocks of cotton at the mills are much 
smaller than they were a year since, we should think, from the 
tenor of our correspondence, that the difference is quite counter 
balanced by increased stocks of yarns and goods. 

CONSUMPTION OF THE UNITED STATES, 

The consvamption of cotton in the United States continues to 

make rapid progress, the unsatisfacto-y state of trade notwitli- 

standing. In refei'ence to the course of busintss during the past 

season, the New York FinanciaIj Chronicle, in its annual crop 

statement, issu'^d last monih, says: 

" The pist year h s pruved far from a sifsfactoi y one for our spinners, not- 
wittit^tiuang they havf mannf.ictiired goods in increased quactiiies, aiTcl sold 
them all. Several cin mnstaiues hive combined to produce this d saipoint- 
ment (for a disappo ntnient it has been' since they bcjran the season with a 
favorable outlook . nd very hopeful anticipations. In ihefir t place, nil trade 
in th'- c ■UMijy has lieen m re iiepressed jukI sp ritle-s duriiiE; the pa-r twciVe 
months than duriu'j; any similar jjeriod since ti e p:inic. Very natiuaily. tin rr- 
fore, ihe di inand for cotioii goods ha-, in jicnera , bei^n of a quiet nainre, not 
fav ranle to nil price?-; absorb'ng the production to be sure, bin in Kich a 
shiu'-'ish, hind-to-mouth way, as to keep the seller netrly all the time to the 
disadvantatfe of having to force his good--. Ihen, .'igain, the vagaries <f the 
cott>n market have bellied to intensifv the indisijositiou to i nri base among 
buyers. When he year beg m. the piice of cnttOii statistically api eared viiy 
low. The last seison'- consiiraptibn and this season's prospective ^^pplJ'• 
cle irly shnvved a deficiency. Conseqaenly, spinners stocke I up, and prices of 
good-i improved. B;it tli • rumors of war in h-urope and flually war itself, 
chauL'ed entire y the situation, giving a drooping tendency to cotton, an 1 of 
course imparting [he same inclin .lion to manufactures. No one buys 1 rgely 
or eag r y on a filling market, and especially when all trade is depros-ed." 

Allowing for differences in stocks in the Northern interior 
towns, and deductinji the cotton sent to Canada, and that burnt 
or lost, the deliverie.-^ during the past five seasons were as follows : 





1873. 
BaU'.s. 


1S74. 
Bales. 


1875. 
Bales. 


1876. 
Bales. 


1877. 
Bales. 


Taken by Northern 
mills 


1,063,46.5 
137,662 


1,177,417 
128,526 


1,062,522 
145,079 


1,211,598 
145,000 


1,288,418 


Taken l)y Southern 
mills 


147,000 






Total takings from 
crop 


1,201,127 


1,305,943 


1,207,601 


1,356,598 


I,435,41S 



As spinners hold le?s cotton thun they did twelve months since, 

tlie consumption ha-i made greater progress even than that indi 

cated in the foregoing statement. 

In reference to this increased consumption, the CHTtONiCLR says: 

"These lignres verify our remarks and the mill-retnrijs which we pnbli-lied 
some Weeks sine •, showiig ihat the Nerihrin spinners wi-re using increa-ed 
amounts of cotton. We should r^ ni'-niber, however, ih it ii crea.-ed t 'kings do 
not ' f lecessity ;iid rate increised \ard8 of cloth m nufactured. With cotton 
at 11 cents perib , the heavier make.s bee me lelaiively ihe cheaper, whd^i our 
exjwrt movemen to China, Afric i, and 8 nth An erica runsupon he ivy ij-bric-. 
Fuiihermorc. as wh stated a year ago, low i rii es ar enlariring th ■ uses of this 
Btapl ■. For instance, in Worsted a d woolen mills aid knir'goods there has 
b' eu of 1h'<- years a constaiitly-increasii g pruportion "f cotton consumed. In 
triese and o h<r ways, the demand f or the sla.le is lirowing, ant! >. specially has 
this been the case durinsr the past three reasons." 

What becmes of a portion of the increased out turn of 



CONSUMPTIOX AY EUnOPE AND A2r£RICA. 



269 



American spindles and looms is shown in tlie following account 
of the exports of cotton manuf-ictures from tiie United States 
daring the years named, endinfj June 30 : 





ITICCK GOODS. 


Cotton 

Manuf't'tiucs, 

all l<inils, 

Value. 


Years. 


Plain. 
Yards. 


Colored. 
Yards. 


Total. 
Yards. 


1872 

1874 

1876 

1877 


S,-<59,191 
13,237,510 
59,319,267 
76,720,260 


2,844, SS8 

4,600,447 

16,4SS,214 

29,111,434 


11,704,079 

17,837,957 

75,807,481 

105,831,694 


$2,301,330 
3,091,332 

7,722,978 
10,1,S0,984 



The last complete count of spindltr-s in the United State.s was 
made two years ago. There were then 9,057,543 in the North 
and 481,821 in the Soutli.- Since then about 41 5,000 new spindles 
have been put up in th" Nor'h and 100,000 in the South, eo that 
th' re are now about 9,472,543 in ihe one ?ecTion and 581,821 in 
the other, or a total of 10,054,364 in the United States. 

THE AMERICAN COTTON CROP. 

The last Ami-rican crop reached 4,485,423 bales, against 4,669,- 
283 bales in the previous season. The exports to Great Britain 
amounted to 2,024,877 bales, against 2,08 ',711 bales, and to thn 
Confine' t 1,024,620, acHinst 1.172 283. .American spinners took 
1,435,418, agaiuet 1,356,598 bales. The weight of each of the 
past four crops is estimated as follow.-* by the New York Finan- 
cial Chronicle, upon ret-arns received from the various 
Southern fhipping ports : 





CROP. 


Avera.ire 


Season of — 


Number, Bales. 


Weight, Pounds. 


Weight 
l>er Bale. 


1876-77 


4,485,423 

4,(i(>9,288 
3,832,991 
4,170,388 


2,100,465,086 
2.201,410,024 
1,786,934,765 
1,956,742,297 


46>i-'^8 


1875-76 


471-46 


1^74-75 

1873-74 


468-00 
469-00 



The foregoing are gross weights, and include bauds and wrap- 
pers. 

THE COTTON MILLS OP INDIA. 

According to a recent offiiil reiort, there are now flt work in 
the cotton mills of India 1,231,' 00 spindles, and from 10,000 to 
11,000 looms. It is not ea>y to ascertain the weight nf cotton 
consumed by these spindles, as liiany of the mill companies have 
declined to fill up the Government forms with the tecessary par- 
ticulars ; but the returns received show an average of 75 lbs. per 
spindle per annum. On the basis of this averai/e the present 
rate of consumption is about 92,395,000 lbs., or 337,000 bales of 
390 lbs., per annum. The extraordinary progress made by this 
new brarch of Indian industry is shown in the following table : 



270 



COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 





Spindles at 
work. 


Cotton Consumed. 




Year. 


Pouiicl.s. 


Bales of 390 
ptmiids. 


Bales 
iP week. 


1«(51 


338,000 
51)3,000 

SS(!,000 
1,124,000 
1,231,000 


25,350,000 
44,475,000 
(iti.450.000 
84, .300,000 
92,325,000 


(i5,000 
114,000 
170,000 
21(>,0(lO 
237,000 


1,2.50 


1874 

1875 

1876 

1877 


2,190 
3,270 
4.150 
4,5(J0 







It may be that Home portion of this increased production by 
steam power lias taken the place of the native h mdmade yarns 
and goods ; but most unquestionably the bulk' of tlie out-turn 
has gone to supply wants that would othersvise have beea met 
by imports from Great Britain. 

STATE OP THE COTTON INDUSTRY ON THE CONTINENT. 
In September we forwarded printed forms, containing the fol 
lowing list, of questions, to correspondents at every cotton port 
and cotton manufacturing district ou the Continent : 

1. Has the chancter of the bn<iness of the past season heen satisfactory or 
unatisfactory, and what causes have influeiiced the conrse of trade ? 

2. What is die present state of the trade, and what are the prospects for the 
comiiio; seasou ? 

3. Has the c iisiimrtion of cotton in your diftrict incn^aserl or decreased, 
and wh t do yo . estimate the differLnte per cent compared with tue previoas 
st'a.'-oii ? % 

4. Aie the stocks f raw cotton at th? mills in your iicighbuhood lararf^r or 
snidier than they were at this time lasc year ? If so, what is the approximato 
difference per cent ? 

5 Are the stock- of y:irii8 and aronds larger or smaller than they were at this 
time last year ? If so, what is tlie approximate ditleronic p i- cent ? 

•i. What increase (if any) has there been i.i the number of spindles in your 
I eit'liborhood ? 

7. What is the total number of spindles now in ex"s ence in yonr country, 
and h )W many (if any) are not runnintr at the present lime ? 

8. Whai is tlu' average constimpiion of cotton per spindle per annum in 
your neighborhood when all the machinery is fully at w. rk ? 

9. PlHjise state thi' number of power loom-; in yonr C;)untiy, and the number 
of hands employed in spinning and weaving, eittier by official return or approx- 
imat -ly. 

;U. Your views on other matters of intire^t to the trade not included in the 
above questions would alo be gladly received. 

We take tbis oppor uuity of thanking our numerous coKre- 

spondents for the prompt and hearty manner in which they have 

answered our questions, and we trust that the perusal of our 

report will affoid them some r^compen8e for the trouble which 

they have been put to in complying with our wishes. 

KUSSIA. 

Past Season. — Very favorable for yarns, owing to reduced pro- 
duction, better also for goods but less so thau for yarns, owing to 
stocks of calicoes and prints being heavy at the opening of the 
season, and the sale slow in consequ^iDCa of the war. Producers 
have benefitted by the low exchange, advanced duties, shorter 
terms of credit, and gradual reduction of stocks. 

No increase in spindles. Consumption of cotton reduced in the 
Moscow district, but no change of moment in the St. Petersburg 
district. Night work partially suspended during a portion of the 



CONSUMPTION IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. 271 



year, but now resumed. Reduced consumption for all Rur=sia ; 
pfobab'y not m^re than 10 to 15. per cut. Stocks of cotton at tlie 
mills considerab y emdller than last year. Stock at St. Peter>^- 
burg nearly all sold. Stocks of yarua very small; spinners under 
contract for some months to come. S ocks of goods much smaller 
than last j'ear, but large in proportion to yarns. 

Pi aspects — Very uncertain. Everything depends on the chances 
of peace and the improvement in exc'iange. There is a fair 
deniHud, but tbe fear is that the rise in prices cannot keep pace 
with ihe fall in exchange. 

POLAND. 

Pant Seaon. — Opened with little doing. The outbreak of the 
"•ar cau.=!e<l some activity, but the panic in Russia inundated us 
a'terwards with Russian manufacures, and prevented prices 
from rising. Now everything is better. 

No increas- ia spindles. Consumption ab )ut the same as last 
year. S ocks of raw cotton at the mills 15 per cent to 30 percent 
largfT. Hardly aLy stocks of yarns or goods. 

Prospects. — Nic bad, but the war causes muCix diffidence ; and 
the depreciation of the Russian currency \n also a great drawback. 

SWEDEN AND NOKWAY. 

Pa t Season. — Very favorable during the greater part of the 
season, but not so favorable at the close. 

A few new sfiindles have been pat up in several mills. The 
consumption of cotton siiows no change of importance. The 
stock of cotton at the mills same as last year. Stocks of yarns 
and goods larj'er. 

Proq)ects.—'^ot favorable, owing to accumulation of stock?, 
and dull trade. - 

GERMANY. 

Prussia. — Past S ason. — Very unsatisfactory, owing to the 
slow sale and de, ressed prices of yarns and good-^, occasioned by 
tliH war, and the consequent stagnation in business. Coarse 
counts of yarns (2's to 20's) worse than ever known. All attempts 
to bring about a better state of things, by reducing production, 
have been frustrated by Manchester c impetition. 

No new mills opened ; but some new spindles added to old 
mills last year have since been put to work. On the whole rather 
more cotton has been spun this year than last. Stocks of cotton 
at the mills decidedly reduced. Stocks of yarns and gocds very 
greatly increased. 

Prospects. — Present state very unfavorable, owing to the 
unprecedtrntedly unprofitable scale of ])ricts. There has been a 
rather better inquiry within the past month, and a further 
improvement is expected during the winter. If this hope should 
not be realized, the present rate of production cannot be con- 
tinued, as socks are already very excessive. 



COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 



Saxony. — Pad Season. — Unsatisfactory throughout, owing to 
the rise iu cotton in ihe early part, and thn political disquietude 
produced by the Eastern war and the criiical position of affairs 
in Fiance. 

No change iu spindles. Consumptinn slightly diminished — 
some say 5 to 10 per cent. Stocks of cotton at the mills reduced ; 
but stocks of yarns and goods vastly increased. 

Prospects. — Very discouraging. No signs of improvemt-n'. 
Unless a change toi" the better comes qu.ckly, the out-turn of 
ihe mills will Lave to be reduced. 

Bavaria. — Past Season. — Yevy ui. satisfactory, •^specially dur- 
ing the second lialf of the season, owing to the continued after- 
effects of the final cial crisis, the d^cline in the iron industry, the 
adverse infiiieuce of foreign tariff.^, and the unfavorable treaties 
of commerce of the German Empire. Production in excess of 
demand. Prices very unprofitable. 

No increase in ppiudles. Consumption of cotton diminished in 
some mills, but fully maintained iu the majority. More Ameri- 
can used than last season Stocks of cotion 30 to 50 per cent 
smaller. St cks of yarns and goods rather larger. 

Prospects. — Very uufavurable, with little hope of any imme- 
'liate improvement, owing to the general (iepressiou in all 
departments of trade, and the unseasonable weather for the 
potato, wine, tobacco and fodder crops. 

Baden. — Pa t Season. — Fairly satisfactory at the opening, but 
bad later on, and very bad at the close, especially f^r manufac- 
turers. The adverse influences iu operation hiive been — financial 
losses, which have forced people to economize ; general depres- 
sion in trade, owinsf to political disquietude; and over production. 

No increase of spindUs. One mill with 15,000 spindles burnt 
down early in the year, but now at work again. Consumption of 
cotton slightly diminished. The quantity of cotton at the mills 
much smaller than last year, most mills holding only a bare 
working stock. Stocks of yarns moderate ; stocksof {roodseuor- 
mous in first hands, but very small in second and third hands. 

Piospt-cls. — Business lethargic, and no appearance of any early 
improvement. No likelihood of any amendment until the war 
is at an end. 

Alsace. — Past Season. — Unfavorable, from bad to worse, 
owing to slow sales and accumulation of stocks, caused by th • 
supp-ession of protective duties ; by the hiyh tariffs o France, 
Austria and Russia ; and by the commercial depression arising 
out of the political uneasiLess occasioned by the crisis in France 
and the uncertain eventualities of the war in Turkey. 

No increase in spindle^. Consumption of cotton about the 
same as last season, though possib y rather les.'*, owing to some 
mills having gone on to finer numbers. Minor efforts have been 



C0NSU2LPTI0N IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. 273 



made t > reduce production, but tliey have been too unimportant 
to notice. Stocks ot cotton at the mills greatly reduced ; in most 
cases they now on'y amount to ordinary working requirements. 
Stccks of goods largely increased, and now unusually lieavy. 

Prosp cts. — No sigQS of improvement. No improvement pos- 
sible until the caus s enumerated above are removed. The only 
redeeming feature is tiie low price, which enab'es producers ti) 
lio d stock easier and with less liability to loss than brfore, and 
encourages tLe hope of increased consumption. With peace, no 
doubt a g'-tat revival of trade would take place, ■•.vliich, by 
increasing employment for the working claspea everywhere, 
would eunble consumers to increase their expenditure in clothing. 
Aside from this, Alt^ace also wants the establishment of import 
duties equal to those of France, as a protection against English 
competition. 

AUSTRIA. 

Past Season. — Favorable during the first three or four 
mouths, owing to advancing prices, good demand and rising 
exchanges ; but unfavorable during the remainder of the season, 
owing to declining prices, diminished demand, and falling 
exchanges. On the whole there has been a fair sale of goods, 
and stocks have not accumulate.! very much, but prices have bet u 
very unsatisfactory, owing to the competition of English imports, 
which have been forced off at low rates. 

About 15,000 new spindles have come into work, but a mill 
witli 12,000 has been burnt. The consumption of cotton has 
diminislit-d about 5 per cent in some districts, but has been well 
maintaini d in other,-:. Average reduction perhaps 2|^ per cent. 
Spinners have gone on to lower counts of yarn, owing to foreign 
competition in ihe higher counts. The stocks of cotton are larger 
at some mills, but smaller at others, than last ^ear. The stocks 
of yarns are moderate. The stocks of goods are smaller at eome 
mills, but much larger ai; others ; on the whole, possibly a little 
heavier than last year. 

Pnspects. — The outlook is not good. The favorable anticips- 
tions based upon the bountiful harvest have not been realiz d. 
The recent rise in cotton has not been followed by a corres- pond- 
ing advance in yarns and goods. Any movement of moment in 
this re.spect has been prevented by the competition of Engli^i 
imports. Th^ result is that producers are working at a 1 >ss. Ono 
of our correspondents says "spinning of high counts does not 
pay, and requires a higher protecive tariff. Low numbers and 
waste spiaiiiog pays, and has largely increased." Another says — ■ 
"The Eastern War, uncertainties of present situation, and 
absence of demand from tho.se countries ; effects of the crisis 
since 1873 ; differences in Austrian and Hungarian commerciil 



274 COTTON FEOM SEED TO LOOM. 



aud financial relations ; and dit-satisfaction of spinners requiriug 
h'gber protective duties, — sadlv disturb business." 

SWITZERLAND. 

Past Season. — Very unsatisfactory. Proluction constantly in 
excess of demand. Demand slow, owing to the influence of the 
war in the East ; general political uneasiness ; the competition of 
Eugiish products in our home maiket, and in those of our foreign 
customers ; aud the diminished buying by consumers who have 
suffered heavy losses iu home railways aud other speculative 
iuvestments. 

No increase in spindles. The consumption of c )ttou has been 
reduced from 5 to 10 per cent. The stock of cotton at the mills 
is reduced to a minimum, stocks of yarns slightly, those of goods 
considerably larger than last year. 

Prospects. — Very unpromising. No chanca of improvement 
until the war is at an end. Switz^rlaod usually does a large 
business witU the East of Europe, but at present this is seriously 
reduced. Improvement at home will increase slowly, as the 
losses entailed by unfortunate investments are gradually made 
up. With peace and a general revival of trade, it is expected 
that English products will find profitable outlets elsewhere, am), 
therefore, that the competition here will be diminished. 

BELGIUM. 

Past Season. — Un-afisfactory throughout th^ year; the cotton 
industry having suffered from the general distress experienced 
during the past three yeais. 

No increase in spindles. Tlie consumption of cotton has been 
5 to 15 p^'r cent b'-low full r ite. The stocks of cotton at the mills 
are reduced to not more than half the quantity held last year. 
The stocks of yarns aud goo Is are nearly double what they were 
a year since. 

Pfospects.— The position is bad, and the outlook not brilliant. 
In ordiuarv times, when the price of the raw material is low, the 
consumption of cuton goods would incrt-ase, but the present 
times are bad, and it is to be feared that the general depression 
will continue for a Wuile. 

HOLLAND. 

Past Sen.'ion. — Unfavorable owing to the generally unsatisfac- 
tory state of trade iu Europe, causrd by the slow recovery from 
the effects of the last financial crisis, and by the unremunerative 
condition of the business with India and China — particularly 
with Java, where the stocks of goods are heavy. Spinners have 
not done badly, except a few who, in the winter months, bought 
largely of cotton at high prices ; but the season has been very 
unprofitable to weavers, owing to their being constantly ham- 



GONSVMPTION IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. 275 

pered by excertive stocAs, which they have had to force off at 
lo.'-ing prices. 

No increase in spindles. The consumption of cotton has not 
varied materially from last season. The stocks of cotton at the 
mills are smaller than last year. The stocks of yarn are also 
smaller, but those of goods are much larger. 

Prospec s. — Unfavorable, and no indication of any improve- 
ment, as the Blocks of goods everywhere are excessive. 
■ FRANCE. 

Piist Season. — Unsatisfactory, owing to the dragging trade 
caused by the apprehensions a ising out of unsettled politics 
abroad and at home ; while matters have been made still worse 
by tlie continued competition of Manchester goods. 

There is no increase in spindles ; a few thousands ot new ones 
have been put to work, but there have been couulerbalaucing 
losses of others by fires. In some places attem^its were made 
during the year to reduce consumpoion, but they were shortly 
abandoned, and the weight of cotton spun has probably not been 
much short of a full rate of consumption. The stocks of cotton 
at the mills are about the same as last year. The stocks of yarns 
and goods are very much larger. 

Prospects. — The present situation is bad, but a better state of 
things is anticipated after the settl<-ment of the present political 
agitation, which upsets every department of business. The 
change is more likely to occur because the prices of goods have 
never been so low as they are now. But a substantial revival 
cannot be expected until the Russo-Turkish war is over. 

SPAIN. 

Past Season. — Unsatisfactory on account of general depression 
in all branches of trade, and the consequent difficulty of selling 
except at irregular and unremunerative prices. 

Increase in spindles, 25 OOJ to 30,000 ; but this increase is 
counterbalanced by short time in some quarters, and the entire 
stoppage of mills in others owing to ineuflicient water sup- 
ply. On the wliole, less cotton consumed this season than last. 
Stocks of cotton at the mills less than last year. S:ocks of 
yarns and goods larger, efpecially the latter. 

P.o.tpects. — Unpromising, in consequence of the continued 
absence of enterprise. The chances of improvement are uncer- 
tain also, owing to the proposed change in the customs and 
excise duties. The industry of the couutry is suffering from the 
effects of the late civil war. 

ITALY. 

Past Season. — Unsatisfactory, owing to the reduced consump- 
tion occasioned by the partial failure of the grain and silk crops, 
and the almost total failure of the olive crop; to the competition 



276 



COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 



of Euglish goods; and to the bad state of trade in general, aris-" 
ingoutof llie war in Turkey, and the unsettled condition of 
politics. 

Tbe number of epindles is increased by about 80,000. Except 
a few mills temporarily stopped owing to want of water, there 
has been no " short time;" but it. is doubtful whether the increase 
in consumpTioa has been in the same ratio as the iucrease in 
spindles. Weavers have, in many instanc s, reiuced Iheir pro- 
duction 10 to 20 per cent. The stocks of cotton at the mills are 
smaller, but those of yarns and goods are much larger than last 
yeir. 

Pro pecis — The position remains as bad as during the past 
season, and there is Uttle chance of any improvement until steps 
are taken to limit the competition of English goo !s. Peace might 
reduce this evil, by diverting Manchester fabrics to other mar- 
kets; but the remedy really required is an increase in the import 
duties. 

THE CONSUMIJSrO POWER OP KUROPE AND THE UNITED STATES. 
REQUIREMENTS FOR 1877-78. 

In round numbers there are in Great Britain 39i milliou spin- 
dlf-p, on the Continent 19| millions, and in the United States 10 
millions. The following is a statement of tbe consuming power 
of this machinery : 



i 


Number of 
Spindles. 


L1).s. 

per 

Sp'dle 


Total 
lbs. 


Bales of 
400 lbs. 


Av. per 
week. 


Great Biitam. . 
C()iitiu*!ut , 


39,500,000 
19,500,000' 


33 
53 


1,303,500,000 
1,033,500,000 


3,258,000 
2,584,000 


()2,(!00 
49,700 


Total Europe.. 
United States.. 


59,000,000 1 

10,000,000: 


40 
63 


2,337,000,000 
630,000,000 1 


5,842,000 
1,575,000 


112,300 
30,300 


Grand total.. 


09,000,000 


43 


2,967,000,000 


7,417,000 


142,600 



Judging from the experience of the past few peasons, the spin- 
ners of the United States will require for 1877-'78 about 1,500,000 
bales o/f 438 lbs., or about 1,640,000 bales of 400 lbs. What 
Europe will require will depend upon the course of po'itics in 
connection with the war, and upon the chances of a recovery 
from the present unsatisfactory state of trade in all departments 
of industry. With peace we should no doubt see an extraor- 
dinary revival iu business, but wiili continued war and political 
disquietude we may witness a repetition of the dra^-giu'jr trade 
experienced during the past season. The full requirements of 
Europe compare as follows wiih the actual consumption for the 
past season: 



COXSUMPTION IX EUROPE AND AMERICA. 



Ill 





Gi'e.'it Britaiu. 
Pounds. 


Continent. 
Pounds. 


Total. 
Pounds. 


Estimated full rcqiiiremeuts 

Cousuiuptiou past season 

A veraire 


1,303,500,000 

l,273.25(),00(i 

1,288,378,000 

3,221,000 

62,000 


1,0.33,500,00012,337,000,000 

079, 895,(»0()j-.', 253, 151,000 

1,00(5,697,000 2,205,078,000 


Bales of 400 pounds 


2,517,000 5.738.000 


Average, per week 


48,000 


110,000 



For the coming season, therefore, Europe will require at, least 
110,000 bales of 400 lbs. per week, and may want more. 

PROSPECTS OV SUPPLY. 

Two or tliree months atjo estimates of the probable yield of 
the American crop most'y varied between 4^ and 4f million 
bales ; sinca then the prevalence of caterpillars in some districts, 
drought in others, and the recent occurrence of heavy rain- 
storms in 1 11, have reduced th.^ figures by at least a quarter of a 
million of bales, and n 'W the estimates current rancje from 4|- to 
4| millions. Tlie actual result depends upon the weather during 
the r< ma nder of the season. Of this, of course, no one can 
speak positively, but as the crop is some two or three weeks 
late, the risk of serious injury from frost is correspondingly 
increased. Under the circumstances, A:\ millions is considered a 
full estimate. Supposing thi'^ figure to be attained, American 
spinnejs will take fbout 1,500,000 bales, leaving 3,000,000 for 
shipment lo Europe. 

Last season the import ryi cotton into Europe from Ii.dia 
reached only 1,133,000 bahs, against 1220,000 in 1875-C, and 
1,544,000 in 1874-5. The following estimates-hows that 1,2.^0,000 
bales would be a full estimate of the probable receipts for the 
new season : 



Atlortt eouuiieueeuient of scas'n 
Shipments Oct. 1 to Sept. 30 . . 



Supply 

Afloat end of .season 



Import into Europe, Oct. 1 to 
Sept. 30 



123,000 
1,309,000 



1,432,000 
182,000 



1,250,000 



1876- 



249,000 
1,009,000 



1,258.000 
123,000 



187.5-76. 1874-75 



301,000 269,000 
1,204,000 1,576,000 



1,505,000 1,815,000 
288,000 301,000 



1,135,000 1,220,000 1,544,000 



The estimated increase in shipments is 300.000 bales. The 
inc ease is hirdly likely to be any more than this, and it may be 
less. As the bulk of the increase will be late in the year, the 
amount afloat at the close of the season will be much larger than 
at the opening. 

From Egypt we shall probably get about 4,50,000 bales, against 
443,000 ia^'t season. From the Brazils probably not more than 
400,000 bales, agflinst 444,000, the accounts from that quarter 
reporting injury to the crop by drought. Sundry Mediterranean 
sources may supply 100,030 bales, against 107,000. From Peru, 



278 



COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 



the West Indies, etc., we may receive about the same as last 
year, say about 90,000 bales. 

A recapitulation of the foregoing gives the following as the 
probable import into Europe, in bales and pound:', in 1877-78 : 





Bales. 


Weight. 


Poimds. 




3,000,000 

1,'2.">0,000 

450,000 

4< (0.000 

100,000 

90,000 


43S 
378 
601 
164 
350 
205 


1,314,000,000 


K;ist Iiuliali 


47'-', .")()0. ()(»(» 




270, ir)i»,()0(> 


j;riizili;ui 

Suudi-y Meditcrraueiiu 


(;."), (iO(),ooo 

35.OOO.000 
IS, 150,000 






Total 


5,290,000 


411 


2,170,000,000 



SUPPLY, DEMAND A D PRICES. 

We have shown above that on a moderate computHtiou the 
consumption of Europe in 1877-78 will reach: 

Pounds. 

For Great Britain | 1,2mS,000,000 

And for the Continent ! 1,000,000,000 



Or ii total of 

To meet whicli we have a supply of 

Showing a deficit of (295,000 hales of 400 lbs.) . 



118.000,000 



If the consumption should not exceed that of the past twelve 
months, the case will stind as follows : 



Consiunption of Great Britain. 
Consumption of the Continent . 



Total 

Estimated supply as al)ove. 



Deficit (192,000 hales of 400 lbs.). 



Pounds. 
1,273,000.000 
980,000,000 



2,253,000,000 
2,17(i,000,000 



■7,000,000 



So that will a rate of coDSumptinn that pre-supp >ses a continu - 
ance of bad trade, and with a supply that includes an American 
crop of 4,500,000 bah s, and an increase of 300,000 bales in the 
shipments from. India, we have to face adi-ficit of 192,000 balesof 
400 lbs. each. Besides this there is, compared with last year, a 
reduction of 167,000 bales in the stocks in the ports, and 'ul'y 
150,000 bales in the stocks at the mills, or a total of ol7,000 
bales. 

With a smaller prospective supply than even the retarded con- 
sumption of last season, we must, in the ordinary course of events, 
look for a higher range of prices in 1877-78 than ruled in 1876-77. 
At the end of September, 1876, the price of middling upland was 
5^d. In our annual report w^ stated that we looked for an 
advance durioir the course of the season. TIie average for the 
season was 6id., and the closing price 6fd. Unless the war 
spreads, the average for 1877-78 will not be lov-^er than in 
1876-77 ; how much higher will depend mainly upon the out- 
turn of the American crop. A yield of four and three quarter 



CONSVMPTION IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. 



279 



millions might prevent any rise of importance, but in the absence 
of any new political misforiuue, such a crop would not lead to 
any a ver.ige decline worth mentioning; while witli peace four 
and three quarter millions would be found too small for tue wants 
of tlje world. 

At the moment, the strong statistical position of the raw mate- 
rial is weakened by the knowledge that the s'ocks of goods are 
large, that the po.-itioo of producers is very unsatisfactory, that 
general trade sho«g no signs of revival, and by the fear that 
UH V political complications may arise out of tlie Eastern war. 
These weakening ii.fiuences may continue in operation for some 
time, and with huflicient, force to retard or prevent the advance 
iu prices that would be inevitable if cotton whs on its own 
merits. Bur, taking a broad view of the situation, it would 
appear that, whatever may be the extent of the flucuatiuns in 
tbe course of the twelve months, the average price of mi Idling 
upland is more likely to be over than under that of the past 
ee Bon. 

Mr. Ellison, in liis 1st of January circular, says that the 
consumption in Great Britain in 1877 was nearly 3 per 
ceiat less than in 1.S7G, and at least 5 per cent less than the 
full rate; that on the Continent the average rate of con- 
sumption the last three months of 1877 has been over 16 
per cent short of the full spinning power. He estimates 
the requirements for 1878 at about 7 per cent below the 
full working power, and gives the following as a minimum 
estimate of the requirements of Europe for 1878. 





Pounds. 


Per Cent. 


Bales. 


Per 
Week. 


Great Britain. . . . 
Continent 


1,275.0 0,0 

V)7it,0J0,(iu0 


5f) 3 
43-7 


3,187,5 Oof 400 1b?. 
2 425,01 of 4)0 lbs. 


6 ..-^00 
46,600 


Total 


2.f45,nno,ooo 


100- 


.'5.61-2,50f1of 4'Olbs. 


107.9 



"We now add our report of tlie United States crop for 
1876-77. 

COTTON MOVEMENT AND CROP OF 1876-77. 

Our statement of the cotton crop of the United States for the 
year ending Sept. 1, 1877, will be found below. It will be seen 
that the total crop for the year ending that day reaches 4,485,423 
bales, while the exports are 3,049,497 bales, and the spinners' 
takings 1,435,418 bales, leaving a stock on hand at the close of 
the year of 119,638 bales. The tables which follow show the 
whole movement for the twelve months. The first table indi- 
cates the stock at each port, Sept. 1, 1877, and the total on Sept. 
1, 1876, the receipts at the ports for each of the last two years, 
and the export movement lor the past year (1876-77) in detail 
and tbe totals for 1875-76. 



280 



COTTON FROM SEED TO L002I. 





Receipts year 
ending 


Exports year ending Sept. 


, 1877. 


Stock, 

S.-pt.1 

-8;7. 




Sept. 1, 


Sept. 1, 


Great 


Chan- 




Other 






1877. 


1876. 


iritain. 


nel. 


Fr'nce 


for'igij 


Total. 




Louisiana... 


1.10,5.n35 


lA !^M') 


665,325 


26,104 


333 335 


179,937 


1,2 4,591 


21,356 


Alabima. .. 


3(Vi,i)18 


374.673 


143,4.53 




29.758 


46 -J 92 


2U. (3 


2.4 6 


So. Carolina 


^(iS, ai 


4^;,37--a 


2 3,! 13 


10.60J 


50.()79 


73,0-7 


337,480 


2,898 


Georgia 


4l)l,8>i 


5-:4.8 5 


204.605 


5 7.50 


14,' 87 


73,498 


298 540 


].9l)-( 


'I'exas 


506 (iU 


488.'i4 1 


r.O.iHC' 


10,65 • 


£4, -,74 


36. -.19 


258. •\35 


4,7.8 


Florida.. 


:>3,08') 


!7,4;4 


1..36 








1.362 


6 


. Carolina 


1:^8.087 


107,836 


20,184 


3773 


2,511 


10,606 


36.3 4 


.''96 


VirL'inia .. . 


57.-i,941 


520, v!6 


116,5.54 


3. (S 


1 60 ' 




1 1,169 


1,9 8 


New York*. 


]2l.a'3* 


]9'*.fi93* 


35S 448 


3l),S 3 


9,368 


36,53m 


434,1 8 


6-,. 03 


Boston* ... 


)(>0,-206* 


71.306* 


7.5,3 il 






91 


7.5. SI 


13,747 


Phi'a'Ulp'a* 


4.5 21-* 


36,836* 


3i),iUl 






833 


30,814, 2.C84 


Baltinj. n* . 


".fi 1* 


6,3 :7* 


16,892 






15,4.4 


33,3.61 64.) 


Portland*... 


4.: 05* 


3,066* 












S. Francisco 






415 








4;5' . .. 


Tot. this yr 


4 138, 41 




.',024.877 


'i4.7iin 


466.704 


463 -T) 


3.049,497 119.638 


Tot. last yr 




4.19', 143 


;',0-0,-ll 


68,5.7 


4.5(1,873 


646 884 


3,2 )3.994 12 1,380 



tW" * These figures arj only the poition of the receipts al, these ports 
which ar.-ive overland from Tenn ssee, &c. Ths total recei;)t« at New Yoik, 
Baltimore, Boston ; nd Pliil de'phia, for th3 year ending August 3', 1?77, are 
given in a snb equent part tf this report. 

By the above it will be spen iliat ilie total receipts at the Allan- 
tic and Gt('f sliipping 2)orts this year have been 4,038,141 bales, 
against 4,191,143 bales last year. If now we add the shipments 
from Tennessee and elsewhere direct to m mufacturers, we Lave 
the following as the crop statement for the two years: 

, Year ending Sept. 1 , 

187G-'77. lS7.5--7(). 

Receipt.s at the shipping ports hales 4.,03S,14 j. 4,191,142 

Add sliipiiu'iits fi'oiii Teiiue.ssee, &c., direct to 

manufactuiers 300,2S2 333,146 



Total 

Manufactured South, not included in ahove 



,338,423 
147,000 



4,.52 1,288 
145,000 



Total cotton crop for tlie )ear, balei^i. 4.43.5,423 4,669,288 

The result of tuese figures is a total of 4 485,433 bales as the 
crop of the United States for the year ending August 31, 1877. 



Overland and Inter-State IWoveiBient. 

To prevent, any niisundirstai diu<^ of our overland movement 
we give a bi-ief explanatiou of it. lu studying these figures, 
however, and, in fact, every other portion of our crop state- 
ment, it must be remembered that it has always been our 
plan to count each ba'e of cotton at the Southern eutport where 
it first opjjenrs. This is a simple rule, applying to every part of 
our annual cofon crop report. We in this way not only preserve 
the unitj of the report, and therefore simplify it, but, as a con- 
sequence, also make it mire intelligible, and less liable to error. 
Hence, iu the overlnud stat. iiient, the reader will find three classes 
of deductions from the gross amount carried overland. 



COXSUMPTIOX IN EUROPE AXD A2IERICA. 



281 



First, all cotton sliipped by rail from Souilif rii outports to the 
North. For instance, fioin New Orleans, Mobile, Savannah, &c. , 
frequent shipmen s are thus made, an account of which is k' pt, 
but it is all included in the crop of New Orleans, or Mobile, or 
Savannah, &c., as the case may be, when it first appears there, 
and therefore when the same cotton appears aijain in the over- 
land, it must of course be deducted, or it will be twic^ counted. 

Second, we deduct from overland likewise the small amounts 
taken from the Southern outports for Southern consumpiiou. 
They also, for the sake of unity and simplicity, are counted at 
the outports where they first app^ar. But, as is well known, the 
entire Southern consumption is made ud in an item by iiself, and 
add d to the crop. Hence, unless these small lota which thus go 
into Southern consumption from the Southern outports, are de- 
ducted somewhere, they will be twice counted. 

Third, we also deduct the arrivals, during the year, by railroad 
from the West and South, at New York, Boston, B.iltimore, Phila- 
delphia and Portland. Those receipts reached these porta l.y 
coming across the country, and appear in the weekly totals, 
becoming a pirt of the receipts at the ports, under the heads of 
' New York" and "Other Ports," but now have been divided up 
and included u ider each separate city, accordiuij to the amount 
thus received by it during the year, as indicated in the first table 
of this report. All this cotton, then, having been counted dur- 
ing the year, must now be deducted as h is been done. 




A Mo. Kan. & Texas HR. connection. 
B Sp.liigfiel I .V 11. Southeahi I-" RK. 
(; 1.11 .ois • eiilral KR. uiid branches. 
Si. Louis .\5 > ouihcivstern RR (from 

Sliawn'etown anct Evansvilie.) 
"aii-j .V. Vinceiinci RK. 
Evansville i<i Orawf orilsvHlP, RR. 
tuisviile N w / lb:inv ^' Cliic. KR. 



D 



E 
b' 

(r 

ll&Ii Jellersr-Qville Madson *. indiuii- 
apoHs liR. and Madls n ranch. 

I Ohio & Miss. KR., Louisvii'e Branch. 

L Oulo <fe M<BS. KR., m>it!i I'Utf. 

M Connections I'l Ohio of the Balti- 
morj& ohlo RU. 



O Baltimore & Ohio RR. 

i* l.oulsvill«i lii Nash. KR. and Memphis 

Brancli. 
Q Tin vugh r-iute Mer phis to Norfolk. 
It I hepapeiike <fe Ohio liR. 
T Orange Alexandria & Manassas RR. 

V ■\Vasliingt,n route, via, R chirond 

Frederickstiu'g & Potomac RR. 

V Ri.h'iioud Che apeakj&Yurk River 

Kaih-oid. 
"W Sou hern route from Rlcnmond and 

No'folk. 
X Short Line RR., Lou:svllle to Cinctn- 

uatl. 



282 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 

By examining tlie preceding diagram, and vvii.li the aid nf 
previous expla'ialiona, notliiuif further will be needed to 
explain the following statement of the movement overland 
for the year ending September 1, 1877: 

Sliipmeuta for the yoar from St. Louis 212,651 

C:irri(>cl Nortli over Illinois Coutnxl Riiilroiid from Cairo, ttc 48,429 

Ciirricd North over Cairo & Viut-cuues Railroad 65,586 

Carried over IMississippi River above St. Louis 37,2',)8 

Carried North over St. Louis it Southeastern, less deductions 

Carried North over E\-ausville & Crawfordsville, less re-shipm'ts. 13,874 
Carried North over Jefferson ville IMadisou & Indianapolis RR.. .117,365 

Carried North over Ohio it ^lississippi Branch 48,023 

Shipped through Cincinnati by Louisv. Cincinnati it Lexingt'n RR. 36,614 

Receipts at Cincinnati by Ohio River 47,612 

Shipped to mills adjacent to river and to points above Cincinnati 8,834 



Total carried overland 636,886 

Deduct — 
Receipts overland at New Yorlc, Boston, 

Philadelphia, Baltimore and Portland 278,613 

St. Louis shipments to Louisville, New Or- 
leans, ifec 3,876 

St. Louis receipts from Cairo, &c 1,386—283,875 

Southern consumption and shipments inland 
from*— 

Galveston 

New Orleans 4,994 

Mobile 129,212 

Savannah 2,502 

Cliai-le.ston 

North Carolina ports 5.993 

Virginia ports 11 ,250—154,041 

Less shipments inland heretofore deducted— 

Mobile from New Orleans 862 

New Orleans from Mobile 85,403 

Savannah from Mobile, i&c 10,624 

Charleston from Savannah , &c 743 

Norfolk from Wilmington 3,080—101,312— 52,729 

Total now to be deducted 336.604 

Leaving the direct overland movement not elseM'herc couut'd.300,2S2 

* As previously stated, these items are deducted— (1) so that " Southern 
Consumption" can be added to the crop in one item ; (2) because " Ship- 
ments Inland " have once beeu coimted as receipts at the ports named. 

According to the above, the total carried overland this year 
was 6o6,S8G bales, against, 703,780 bales last year, and tiie move- 
ment direct to manufacturers this year reaches 300,382 bales, 
pgainst 333,146 bales a year atro. This shows a decrease over 
last year of GG,894 bales iu the gross movement, and of 32,864 
bales in tlae net movement. We now give the details of the 
entire crop for the two years: 



CONSUMI'TIOX IK EUROPE AND AMERICA. 283 



EiOuisiana. 

E>:iKHt<>d fi-om N. Orleans : 1S7<j-77- , 1S75-7G. > 

To l(>ivii;u i>orts. l,204,r)i)l 1.303,005 

To coastwise I'Oits 188,003 212,375 

To Noitlicrii purts hv rail 

iiiiil river .' 4,398 7,601 

Bin lit, manufactured, ite. 843 l,07r) 

stoirk at close of year.... 21,350—1,419,191 29,107—1,014,364 

Kfccivetl from Mobile.... 85,403 67,032 

Received from Florida... 221 370 

Received from Oalvestoii 

and Indiaiiola 109.125 120.417 

Stock l»egiuuiug of year. 29,407— 224.156 0,986— 198,405 

ToUl i> rod iipt for year 1,195,035 1,415,959 

A labaina. 

Exiwrted from Mobile:* 

To foreign ports 218,703 213,683 

To coastwise ports 144,536 127,935 

Runit and mauufact'd. . . 312 308 

Stock at close of year.... 2,456- 366,007 4,227— 376,153 

Dei furl : 

Receipts from N.Orlcans 862 559 
Stock at begiuuiiig of 

year 4,227- 5,089 922— 1.481 

Total product of ye.ar 360,918 374,672 

* Under the bea<l of coastwise shipments from Mobile arc included (in 
addition to the amount .shipped to and deducted at New Orleans) 40,533 
bales sliipped inland by rail, which will be found deducted iu the over- 
land movemeut, 

Texas, 

Exported f\*om t^alvcston, itc : 

To fon^iiju ports, (e.\cept 
Me.v-ico) 256,928 235,364 

To Mexico 1 ,307 1 ,085 

To coastwise ports* 249,079 251,951 

Burnt and manufaet'd.. 

Stock at clo-sc of year... 4,768— 512,082 5,345— 493,745 

Tfcducl : 

Received from K.Orleans 103 

Stock at bciiinuing of 
year ; 5,34.5— 5,448 5,105— 5,105 

Total product for year 506,634 488.640 

* Coastwise exports arc made up as follows : 238,886 bales from Galves- 
ton; 0,933 bales to New Orleans from Indianola ; 260 bales from Brazos 
Santiago, of which 158 were to New York and 102 to New Orleans. 

Florida. 

Exijorted from Fcrnaudina, <fec.:* 

To forricrii ports 1,362 

To coast wise ports 21,732 17,432 

Stock at eU.se of year.... 6— 23,100 11— 17,443 

Dcfhici : 

Stock .at beginnlu£; of 
year .". 11— 11 9— 9 

Total product of year 23,089 17,434 

* The.sc figures i-eprcsent this j'car, as heretofore, only the ship7nents 
from the Florida oiilporls. Other Florida cotton has gone inland to 
Savaun.ah, Mobile, itc, but we have followed our usual custom of count- 
ing that cotton at the oulporl where U first appears. 



284 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 



Geor«j1a. 

. 1870-77. . lS75-7(>. ^ 

Exported from — 
Sa\";uiii;ili : 

To torcign ports— Upliiiul 289,560 S68,8t4 

To forciicn ports — Scji Isl. 1,138 1,374 

To coastwise ports — Up- 
land 103,613 165,898 

To coastwise ports— Sea 

Island 4,733 5,493 

Brniiswick: 

To lorcign ports— Upland 7,842 

To coastwise ports — Up 
land 6,876 1,449 

Burnt 1,201 25 

StiK'k close of year — Up- 
land 1,869 2,858 

Stock close of year — Sci* 

Island 99- 500,991 181— 540,122 

Deduct : 

llcceived from Mobile 
and New Orleans 10,621 13,505 

Received from Beaufort, 
Cliavles}on,&e 48 1,623 

Eecei\ed from Florida- 
Upland- 864 976 

Received from Florida — 
Sea Island" 61G 4,292 

Stock bes'iuning year — 
Upland. 2,858 859 

Stock lieffiiming year — 
Sea Island....' 181— 15,191 42— 21,297 

Total prodnct of year 491,800 524,825 

■•• These are only the receipts at Savannah from the Florida ontports, 
and being counted in the Florida receipts., are deduc'ted here. Besides 
these amounts, there have also been 14,731 bales Uplands and 3,804 Sea 
Island, from the interior of Florida, received at SaTannah during the 
year. 

SontU Carolina. 

E.xported from Charleston, <.tc.:* 

To foreign ports— Upland 331,803 276,694 

To foreign ports— Sea Isl. 5,677 5,019 

To coastwise ports— Up- 
land 132,573 135,994 

To coastwise ports— Seu 
Island 5,601 3,212 

E.xported from George- 
town, Beaufort, &c ."... 473 990 

Bnnit at Port Royal 480 

Stock close of year — Up- 
land 1,949 1,417 

St«ick clase of year— Sc^a 

Island 949— 479,511 346— 423,678 

Dcfhicl: 

Received from Florida- 
Upland 134 84 

Received from Florida — 
Sea Island 7,013 3.916 

* Included in the exports from Cliarleston this year are the following 
exports from Port Royal : To Cork, 51 bales damaged Sea Islands; to 
coastwise ports, 27,589 Itales Upland and 773 bales Sea Island. The 
collector of the port, in giving us the foreisu shipments, states that 
6,404 bales additional were cleared for Liverpool in December on the 
Harvey Mill.s; btit, a.s our ivaders arc aware, this vessel got on flre, and 
subsequently the vessel, with 5,978 b.<iles of the cotton, was sent to New 
York ; so, of course, it is not included in the foreign shipments. There 
appears to have been ji loss by the fire of 486 bales. 



COXSrMPTIOX IX EUROPE AXD A3IERICA. 



SoiitU Carolina— (Coiiclndcd.) 

, 1876-77. . 1875-7G. 

Keceivecl from Savannali, 

&c 743 523 

Kecovered from l>ark 

Disco* 1,834 

Stock bcs'iuuiuid: of year — 

Upland 1,417 2,443 

Stock bcsiiiuiiiijjof year — 

Sea Island. . r. 346— 11.4.^7 340— 7,306 



Total product of year 468,024 416,3/2 

* The Disco cleared from Cliarlestou in December for Havre, but wiis 
wrecked on the Pumpkin Hill Breakers. Of her cargo, 1,834 bales of 
cotton were recovered aud ))rouiiht back to Charleston. 

Nortli Carolina. 

Exported from Wilmington, &c.: 

To foreign ports 36,374 

To coastwise ports 100,2 1 1 

Taken for consumption.. 1,206 

Burnt 

Stock at end of year 396— 138,187 

Deduct: 

Stock beginning of year. 100— 100 

Total product for year 138,087 107,836 

Vir<;iiiia. 

E.xportcd from Norfolk,c<>:c.:^ 

To foreign ports 121,169 108.693 

To coastwise ports 44.5,774 412,043 

Taken tor manufacture.. 11,100 10,38.3 

Burnt 101 

Stock at end of year,Nor- 
folk, &c 1,908— 580,052 431— 531,552 

Deduct: 
Received from Wilmiiig- 

tou :. 3.680 1,800 

Stock beginning of year. 431- 4.111 626— 2.426 



27.267 

79,779 

1,148 




"i'oo— 


108,294 


458- 


458 



Total product for year 575,941 529,126 

* " Norfolk, &c.," exportB are made up this year a.s follows : To foreign 
ports, all the shipments lire from Norfolk, except 4,314 l);iles to Liver- 
pool from Riclimond; to coastwise ports, all the shipments are from 
Norfolk, except 53,936 bales from Richmond, Petersburg, ifcc. 

Xeiine»«see. 

Shipments : 

From Memphis 384.469 484..545 

From Nashville 46,970 51,814 

From otlier places in 

Tennessee, Mississippi 

and Texas, &c 346,209 349,166 

Stock in Memphis and 

Nashville ateud of year 6,241— 783,889 5,812— 891,337 

Deduct : 
Shipped from INIemphis 

to New Orleans, etc. . . . 92,947 1 13,919 

Shipped from Memi)hi.s, 

cV:c., to Norfolk, &c .... 95,624 • 105,562 

Shipped from Nashville 

to Southern ports 10,611 17,886 

Shipped direct to manu- 
facturers 300,282 333,146 



286 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 



Tennessee— Concluded.) 

187G-7- . . 1875-G- 



Stock at Memphis and 
Niishville beginuiug of 
year :... 5,812— 5()5.27G 4,546— 575,059 



Total shipments to New 

York, &c 278,613 316,278 

Add shipments to mauu- 

factuievs direct 300,282 333,146 

Total product ft'om Ten- 
nessee, &c.* 578,895 649,424 

* Except the shipments to New Orleans, Norfolk and Charleston, which 
are included In the New Orleans, Virginia and South Carolina crops. 

Total product detailed above by States, for the year ending 

Sept. 1, 1877 4,338,423 

Consiuuedin the South, not included 147,000 

Total crop in the United States for the year ending Sept. 1, 
1877 .^ 4,485,423 

Consumption North and Soutli. 

Our mills Lave even tliis year made a further considerable 
advance in their takings, as may be seen in the following state- 
ment of the consumpuon of cotton during the year. North and 
Sou'h : 

Total crop of t he United States, as s-tato<\ above bales 4,485,423 

Stock on hand, commencement of 
year (Sept. 1, 1876)— 

At Northern ports 76,057 

At Southern ports 44,323— 120,380 

At Providence, &c., Northern in- 
terior markets 9,661— 130,041 



Total supply during j-ear ending Sept. 1 , 1877 4,615,464 

Of this suppl}^ there has been— 
Exported to foreign ports during 

the year 3,049,497 

Less foreign cotton included.. . 6,413—3,043,084 

Sent to Canada, direct from West. 2,872 

Burnt North and South 3,597 

Stock ou hand end of year (Sept. 1, 1877)— 

At Northern ports 83,882 

At Soutliern ports 35,756— 119,638 

At Providence, »&c.. Northern in- 
terior markets 10,855— 3,180.046 

Total takings by spinners in United States, year ending Sept. 

1,1877 1,435,418 

Taken by spinners in Southern States, included in above 

total 147,000 

Total takings by Northern spinners Iviles 1,288,418 

The foregoing indicates that the North and South have to- 
gether taken for consumption from this crop, 1,435,418 bales. 
These figiires verify our remarks and the Mill returns 
which we published, ehowing that the Northern spinners were 
using increased amounts of cotton this year. We should 



COXSVMPTIOX IX EUROPE AXD AMERICA. 



28"; 



remember, however, that iucreased takings do not of necessity 
indicate iucreased yards of cloth manufactured. With cotton at 
eleven cents p«r pound :he heavier makes become relatively the 
cheaper, while our export movement t) China, Africa and South 
Am rica runs upon heavy fabrics. Furtherm )re, as we stated a 
year ago, low prices are enlarging the uses of this staple. For 
instance, in worsted and wo leu mills and knit goods thnre his 
been of late years a constantly increa'^ing proponion of cotton 
consumed. In these and other ways, the demand for the staple 
is growing, aud especially has this been the case during the past 
three seasons, as is illus rated by the following statement of the 
total takings for all purposes at the North aud by the mills at 
the South, for a serie-i of years: 



I8'2. 
B les. 



1873 

tiules 



Taken by Nortlvern mills 
Taken b}' Sautlierii iai!l# 

Total takings f , om crop 



9rr,5lii l,"fi3.4 5 
120,001 13~.6f;2 



l,09r,.5t0il,201,]2r 



1 74. 

Bales 



1-75. 

Ba>s. 



1,177,117 1.08 .',52-' 
128. 26 14o,0;9 

1,305,913 1,207,<10] 



1876. 
Bies 

1,211,508 
145,U(;U 

1,35 ;,5'lf 



1877. 
BiUes. 

1.28 -1,418 
H7,0 

1,4.35,118 



Weight of Bales. 

The gross weight of bdles and of the crop this year we have made 
up as fo lows. We give last year's statement fo"* compel rison. 





Ye.ir eiidi 


ig Septem'^er 


1, 1877. 


Y. ar ending S 'pt m'^er 


1, 1 76. 


Crop of 


Number 


Weight, 


Aver'ye 


Number 


Weight, 


Av'ge 




ol b.les. 


in pounds. 


weight. 


of baits. 


in pounr!?. 


wei hi 


Texas 


506,634 


i54,lo3,078 


531-6- 


483,640 


245,8 8,9 8 


503 IT 


Louisiana. . 


1, 95, 35 


54>,217,131 


453-7=) 


1,41 \95:) 


659,8:36,8 4 


4660) 


Alabama. .. 


3:J0.9H 


178,838,1 ;« 


495 51 


374,672 


l'JO,080,8-39 


50. -3-. 


Georgia . . . 


491, 8J0 


228,195,-.!00 


451 00 


524.82') 


243,6 4,-.61 


464 22 


S. Carolina. 


463, 124 


21i,0.9,552 


45301 


416,372 


1S4,8 9,163 


441 00 


Virginia . .. 


5^5,941 


267,o70,C i'.) 


461 5S 


529,1.6 


24 1,8 10..^ 82 


457 00 


N.Carolina. 


138,087 


62,412 5 2 


451 98 


107,8 6 


4-,232,l(i8 


433-10 


Tenn., &c.. 


74-NH84 


35.5,018,4 1'i 


474 (0 


811.858 


388,063, 1-J4 


478-10 


Total crop. . 


1.485, lv3 


2 I00.46%086 


46S-28 


4,669.288 


2.201,410,0-24 


471-6 



According to the foregoing, the average gross weight per 
bale this season was 468-28 lbs., against 471-4(3 lbs. in 1876, or 
3-18 lbs. less than last year, w.aich indicates nearly '7 per cent 
decrease in weight. Had, therefore, as many pounds been put 
into each bale as during the previous season, the crop would have 
aggregated about 31,0J0 bales less than tie present actual total. 
The weights, however, wrr* unusual last year, as may be seen 
from the following comparison : 

Season Cr p, 

of nnm ir biles. 

1^70-77 4,4854-.'3 

1815-76 4 669.288 

18.-4-75 383 ',901 

1873-71 4,170,388 

It should be remembered that the above are gross weights. 



Crop. 


Av. weight 


Wfiglu, lbs. 


per tial.'. 


2,10.i.46->,i86 


468 i8 


2,201,41 .0-24 


4;i-4'i 


1,78 .931,765 


46-1 00 


1,'.56 742,-J97 


4i9-t0 



288 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 



Sea Island Crop and Consunip:ion. 

Through tbe kiudness of the various receivers and shippers of 
Sea Island cotton, we are able to continue our annual repoi-t of 
that s aple. As our readers are aware, no record is kept of the 
export movement of Sea Islands except fur the ports of Charleston 
and Savannah. For the Northern ports, ( 'ustom House manifests 
furnish no guide. We have found it impossible, therefore, to 
perfect these figures except by special correspondence in every 
case with the consignee or the shipper, and in this way following 
every bale of Sea Island f.fter it appeared at a Southern outport, 
until it either had actually been exported or taken for consump- 
tion. We should also state that for the shipments of cotton 
airect from Florida to ports other than Charleston and Savannah, 
we have in the case of each cotis'gnment at the lime of its 
receipt procured Irom the receivers the exact number of bales of 
Sea Island received. Hence in the following results' thus 
obtained there is but little room for error: 

Florida. 

Receipts at Ravaunali.. bales. 3,032 4,292 

Receipts at Charleston 7,013 3,!)1G 

Receipts at New York 1,0(>5 7i;«) 

Receipts at New Orleans 49 16 

Shipments to Liveipool from 

Florida direct 55 

Total Soa Island crop of 
Florida 11,214 8.950 

Georsla. 

Receipts at Savannah 0,137 7,212 

JJeducl: 

Received from Florida 3,032 4,384 

Received Iroui Florida for 
Charleston 1,388 1,523 

ReceivcdfrouiBeaufi)rt,&c 48— 4,468 92—5,999 

Total Sea Island crop of 
Georgia 1,669 1,213 

Sontlt Caro'iiia. 

Receipts at Charleston 11,057 8,188 

Shipped tioiu Port Royal, 

coastwise 768 435 

Receipts at Savannah from 

Blutrton.&c 48 

Shipped from Beaiifoit to 

GreatBritaiu 51—11,924 49—8,672 

Deduct: 

Received from Florida 7,013 3,916 

Total Sea Island crop of 
South Carolina 4,911 4.756 

Texas. 

Receipts at Galveston 29 74 

Receipts at Corpus Christi 29 3— 77 

Total Sea Island crop of 
Texas 29 77 

Total Sea Island crop of the 
United States 17,823 14,C96 



CONSUMPTION IN EVEOPE AND AMERICA. 



289 



The distribution of the crop has been as follows: 





Supply year eudiuu' 
Sept. 1, 1877. 


How 
Distrllmtcd. 


Of -which exported to 


Ports of 


St'ek 

Sep.l 

'70. 

.346 
181 

527 


Net 
Crop. 

4,911 

1,669 

11.214 

29 


Total 
S'pply. 


.Stock, 
St-jvl, 

'77. 


Leav'ij 
tor dis- 
tiiirt'u 


Great 
Britain 


Havre 


Total 
ex- 
ports. 


.So. Carolina*. 

(ieoi-.i^ia 

I' loriila 

Texas 

New Orleaus. 
New Yorkt... 

Boston 

Baltimore . . . 
Philadelphia 


5,257 

1,8 

11,214 

29 


949 
99 




4,308 

1,751 

11,214 

29 


5.037 

1,090 

.5,5 

41 

2,710 

411 

2,442 

52 


640 

48 

681 


5,677 

1,138 
55 
27 
41 

3,391 
411 

2,442 
52 


Total 


17,823 


18,350 


1.048 


17,302 


11,865 


1,369 !l3,234 



* South Carolina exports were all from Churlestou, cdccpt 51 bales to 
Cork from Port Royal. 

t New York exports to Great Britain were all to Liverpool, except 53 
hales to Glasgow. 

From the foregoing we see that the total growth of Sea Island 
this year i-< 17,823 bales; and with the stock at the beginning of 
the year 527 bales, we find — 

The total supply has been bales. 18,350 

The stock at tlie end of the year, Sept. 1, 1877, was 1,048 

Making the total distributed 17,302 

Of which exported to foreign ports 13,234 



Leaving consumed in the United States 4,068 

We thus reach the conclusion that our spinners have consumed 
of Sea Island cotton this year 4,0G8 ba es, less whatever (if any) 
stock there may be remaining in our Northern ports in excess of 
last year. Why there has been this v<-ry considerable increase 
in Consumption in thi^ country the present season, we are unpre- 
pared to state. The following very useful table shows the crops 
aud movement of Sea Islands since the war: 









CRor. 






EXP -RT 


5. 


AnitT- 


TO 


Seisou 






Souih 










Total 


Con- 


.<' fco 




Florida 


Geor- 


("ate 


Tex- 


Total. 


Great 


Conti- 


es- 


sump- 








gia. 


Una. 


as. 




Britain 


nent. 


ptirt.-. 


tion.* 


1876-TT. 


:!,-14 


1,6 9 


4,911 


;i9 


17 8 3 


11, (-65 


1,369 


13 iZ4 


4,06-t 


1,("4S 


187 -76. 


8,950 


1,213 


4,7:6 


77 


14.996 


11,591 


i,:345 


12 93-- 


1. 915 


5-'7 


lf74-?5. 


^,;^ :J 


l,liO 


7,4.0 


•-'04 


17.027 


13,1 9 


i,9o; 


1.5.146 


2,192 


;hs! 


^8T3-U. 


8,8 .'.5 


1,4 '8 


h,7.5;' 


9W 


lv,91-.i 


16.986 


1.887 


18,873 


2,113 


.59.3 


187iJ-7.i. 


10.76-1 


1 .--^69 


1.3,156 


1,10.) 


26 289 


22,847 


Wi 


2H,469 


1 ,523 


l,t.6i 


1871-73. 


5.6-'4 


1,5.7 


8 755 


899 


16,845 


14.991 


£9 5 


15. .584 


l,.'i26 


;iro 


18rO-71 


8153 


4 9.i4 


7,-218 


704 


21,1.09 


19,h44 


61 


19,9 5 


1.67:2 


(.35 


lf:t)9-70 


9,918 


9.2;i5 


7,33 1 




i6,.507 


22,776 


1,940 


24,7i6 


1,:99 


m\ 


18t)8-i.9 


ii,7(l3 


6.371 


5,608 




18,68-2 


15,3 8 


1,>-51 


17,239 


1,-388 


ill 


18'iT-68 


10.40i 


6,a:;6 


4,. 57 7 




21,-^75 


19,7.1 


15J 


9,8.59 


1 (.70 


15i 


186«-67. 


i\,il-i 


10.1115 


11,(101 




3-.',2-^8 


30,3 4 


■■.w. 


30,7(16 


1.5ii7 


410 


18)5-66 


a,4.8 
103 136 


10,957 
56,' S4 


5,631 
89,105 




19,(115 


18,08o 
217 534 


145 

12.214 


18,->31 


1,101 


485 


Total . . 


3.9.33 


252,208 


:i29.798 


22.163 





{:S° * The column of "American Consumption" in this table includes 
burnr in the United States 



200 



COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM. 



MoTenient of Cotton at tlie Interior Ports. 

Below we give the total receipts and shipmeuts of cotton at 
the interior ports, and the stock on the 1st of September of each 
ytar. The shipments in this statement include amounts taken 
from ihesa interior ports for home consumption: 





Ye->r en 


[lin^ Sept. 1 


, 1 76. 


Year endi 'g Sept. 1 


, 1877. 




Receipts. 
1 72,-593 


S lipnienis. 

i;3.865 


Stock 
635 


Receipts. 
1 9 691 


Shipments 


Stock. 


AUKttftii, G.i 


18'',733 


595 


Columbus, Ga 


51,8 3 


51,864 


494 


7:^,534 


73,2 ^2 


7.6 


Macon, Ga 


54,' 3T 


53,470 


93 1 


'".9,113 


79.. 70 


468 


Montgomery, Ala.. 


73,727 


7-A38I) 


9j9 


67.337 


67.509 


18.' 


Selma, Ala 


8',5m. 


88 378 


9 13 


6 ',33) 


69,'< 9 


t,34 


Memphis, Tenn. . 


487 3r6 


<84,5I5 


5,4u3 


gg4,35S 


3^ ,41.9 


5,-9: 


Nabhville, 'i enn . . . 


50,. 58 


51,811 


4,8 


47,50 < 


46,9,0 


94 1 


Total, oldp iits.. 


9 7,439 


975, . 16 


H,748 


909,864 


910,453 


9,161 


Dallas, Texas.. . 


49,6r,7 


49,3:i6 


273 


44.104 


44.''45 


13! 


JifEt-rsoii, Ttxas. .. 


40.333 


40,1-19 


213 


36,936 


37,fi59 


8.) 


Shreveport, La . . 


1 4,095 


104,' 31 


1 5 


1 i.8:i5 


!i 1,797 


I'.M 


VicKslmrg, ^ll^s^.. 
Columbus, Miss.. . 


60,784 


60.:84 


1,5 8 


55.048 


5H,339 


227 


^1,383 


21,336 


130 


i3,043 


23. il 


4' 


Eufaula, AI,j. 


o7,078 


o6,79 5 


300 


47,195 


47.095 


40' 


Griffln, Ga 


12,7,2 


13.786 


3i 


111,43: 


16,531 


17 


Atlanta. G i 


60,150 


60 339 


29'i 


90,175 


9^',2)1 


2 


Roiue. G I 


; 2.1 51 


33 5*8 


53 


33,100 


33.0;i6 


57 


Chariot e, N. *J .. 


43,638 


43,445 


•85 


48 336 


48,35T 


li4 


-t. Lnii-, M" 


21-,0il 


34M,061 


2.231 


219 010 


S17 5 9 


1,-'01 


Cincinnati, O 


185,376 


-179,>..59 


6,6.2 


175,53; 


17.-,-.i81 


4,!: 58 


Total, new ports 


891,867 


8ri3,353 


13,079 


839.1 .35 


891, 69 i 


7,879 


Total, all 


1,'-69.S96 


1.85^569. 


21.827 


1 7i!9 4'.i9 


,803,144 


1 ,040 



Gross Receipts at New York, Boston, &c. 

The following are the receipts of cotton at the ports named : 





New York. 


Boston. 


Philadelphia 


Baltimore. 




187^.-77 

163,-193 

93,1,7. 
1.8,33.- 

13," 93 
106.918 

SJ.061 
3,34.860 

l.,681 

131,313 

5,9,^8 

959,955 


i 875-7 6. 

179 463 

94, 30 

1 6,763 

4,060 

7,371 

105,10; 

54,676 

184 I 03 

i4 09i 

19j,6',) 

4,188 

943,491 


1876-77. 


18:5-76 


1876-77 


1875-76, 


1876-77. 


1675- 6. 


New Orleans. . 

Texas.. 

Savannali .. . 

Mobile* 

Pari la. . . 
S. Carolina .. . 
N. Curuliu.i. . , 

VirgM' a ,. 

Nor. hern p rt 
'J'eLnesst;e,&c. 
Foreign 

Tot'l 


15,359 

9, .1,7 
37, ;7 
l'J,895 

"2,5Vl 

'82/' 43 
106,83^ 
100,306 

55,355 


19,16'^ 
8,.593 

31,8 6 
0,483 

' i;879 

74,6' 9 

87,866 

71.396 

4 

3-11,314 


2 84' 
52,3 3 

i5;263 

7.8.9 

39,. 83 

45,318 
133,76 


43 ■ 
1,237 

i;,ij1o 

"13,3' 3 

r,957 

46,339 

38, 36 
134,7 3 


24^666 

i'9,.533 
13,1-1 
6,, 148 

' 7,871 
126,388 


834 
i8,8'7i 

11.138 
31,38! 
57,yl4 

"6,297 
116,4:5 



'* There hav.- b 'en shipments for New York, &c., from Mobile, which do 
not appeal- in this statement, having bjen made by railroad, overland. 

Exports. 

In the first table given in this report will be found the foreign 
exports the past year from each port to Great Britain, France and 
other ports, stated separately, as well as the totals to all the 
ports. In the following we give the total foreign exports for six 
years for comparison: 



CONSUMPTIOX I.y EUBOPE AND AMERICA. 



291 



Total Exports of Cottou to ForelKii Ports for Six Years. 



Fi om— 

New Oilcans baes.. 

Mobile 

South Carolina 

Ue irgi I 

Texas 

Florida 

North Carolina 

Virginia 

New Yolk 

Boston 

Philadelphia 

Baliimore 

Portland, Maine 

San Francisco 



--Espoits to foreii 
1S72. 1873. 

888,n'.0 1,177.('58 1, 
]37,!l77 132,liO 
111,388 16(»,169 
■■ii)) 7i)8 375,tf9 ) 
110,597 210,138 



1,632 
7,722 
573,498 
11.128 
6,, 92 
20,'.;4;i 



3.807 

373,071 

13,128 

2,106 

14,311 

143 

12 



■6ii 



n ports 

1:74. 

,147,314 

132,367 

247.8';6 

429 571 

274.383 

835 

6,^33 

20.721 

485,596 

2.5.:i99 

28,248 

41,528 

av2 

468 



f r year 

1873. 

99.-).2T0 

131,311 

i7.).13i 

4.'3,2i5 

22J,284 

41 

15.375 

67,-il2 

4.5,ni 

3ii.25i» 
26,090 
44,567 

'"'■isi 



ending Aui 
1876. 

1,3 3,0i)5 1 
24;j,(i8;i 
281 7l3 
o70,-<!l8 
i.36 449 



ic. Eil. 



27,267 
108,693 
494,:i74 
5-1,075 
40,007 
2), 114 



3»! 



1877. 

,204,501 

21S,703 

337,480 

298,5^0 

258,235 

1,362 

36,374 

121,l;.9 

434,158 

7o,3i0 

30,844 

32,316 

"415 



Total from Un. 8tatcs.l,957,311 2,679.936 2,8I0,£81 2,684,410 3,2:2,994 3,049,497 

Below we give a di-tailrd statemeut of the year's exports from 
each port, showing the directiou which these shipmeuts have 
taken: 



TO— 


New 
Orleans. 

C6.5,22o 

23,101 


Mo- 
bile. 


Gal- 
veston 


Char 
leston. 


Sav'n- 
nah. 


New 

York. 

352,827 

29,813 

5,621 


Bati- 

more. 

16,892 


Other 
Ports* 

244,043 

5,788 


Total. 


LiverjMJol . 
Cork. Fal- 

m :)uth,&c 
Hull and 

London... 


120,618 
21835 


185,968 
16,650 

"4;i24 
24,-; 74 


201,112 
10,6 2 


04,605 
29,003 


1,993,290 

lC9,-95 

5,621 
4,121 


Havre 

Rouen . . . 
Bordeaux 

.Mud DiiL.- 

kirk 


.327,1110 
6,313 

S6i 
£8,6 SI 
86 
4,171 
6,91 1 
2,53 
19,38o 

11,386 

5.4(K 

2.i.KT4 
6,992 

1.000 
2,710 
17.1.2 


23,758 


53,67rf 


14,687 


9,368 


■ ■■ 


4,113 


460, 89 
6,315 

261 


Bremen . . . 
Hamburg.. 
Antwerp 
Amsteril'm 
Rotterdam 
Reval .. . 
Croi:stadt, 
&c.. 


15,972 


19,920 
2,23i 


10,590 
2,150 


15 5.90 



15,211 

2,87» 
luo 

' "836 
ll,bU5 

900 

35 
4,014 


14,- 66 

"'266 

644 


1,868 

"i,608 
VJ&i 




162 3:18 

8,141 
.^,879 


8,931 

"3,800 

2,025 

956 

ll,78S 


" 1,213 


i'6,933 
l,t49 

1.470 


7,829 

8,280 

3,065 

3,270 
7,04 

1.49.J 


48,, 87 
6,881 
43,270 

18,846 


Goihenb'g 
&c. 




1,3 3.154 






14.11T 


Barceloea. 

M alaga . . 

Santander, 

&c 




3 1,251 
1,430 

680 

"" 780 


14 




1 5,981 
8,4.2 

3,175 


Gibri.ltar . 
Genoa, &c 




"'729 


' 3,6:6 


' "566 
250 






81 


2,7 '0 

22,797 

250 


Br. No. Am. 










8! 




6,650 




1,307 










7,9.7 












10 


10 




1,204.591 


218.7' 3 


25^,235 3 7,480 


298,510 








Total. . . 


4.?4,158 3?,316 


.265.474 


3,049,497 



* "Other ports" includes the following shipment-^ • 

From Florida, 1,?53 biiles to Liverpool, and 7 to Dundee. 

From Wilmington, 2r).4-4 baie.s to Liverpool, a, 773 to Cork and Falmouth, 
2,5; 1 to Havre. 1,868 to Bremen, 7.9i:3 to Amsterdam, and 775 to Antwerp. 

From Norfolk-, 112 245 bales to Liverpool, 3,0u8to Cork, and 1,602 to HaTre. 

From Richmond, 4,314 bales to Liverpool. 

From Boston, 75,219 bales to Liverpool, 81 to Nova Scotia, and 10 to other 
foreign ports. 

From Philadelphia, 30,011 bales to Liverpool, and 833 to Antwerp. 

From San Fraucirco, 41j bales to Liverpool. 



INDEX. 



INDEX. 



A. 

Acreage figures in United States 
— liow far reliable — grounds 
for accepting same— census of 
1869 — growth since, shown by 
total crops — progress not uni- 
form, but constant — planting 
of 1870-71 compared with 
planting of 187o-76 67-71 

Acreage in cotton, in India. . .50-55 

Acreage in cotton, in United 
States 67-82 

Acreage, increase in, from 1870 
to 1876 73 

Acreage, its growth from year 
to year 15 

Acreage of 1877-'78, the best 
and the poorest yield possible 
from 79 

Acreage, production in l)iiles 
and pounds per acre in each 
Southern State, 1869 to 
1877 75, 76, 79 

Acreage revision by " Chroni- 
cle " in 1876, how made and 
sources of information 71, 72 

Acreage revision for 1876 made 
in 1877 by Agricultural Bu- 
reau at Washington 72, 80 

Acreage (totals) planted, crop 
produced, pounds per acre, net 
weights 7-1 

Agricultural Bureau's estimate 
of crop, 1870 to 1877.... 152-155 

Agricultural Bureau's figures 
of acreage 72, 80 

Agricultural Bureau's figures of 
condition, 1870 to 1877. .152-155 

Agricultural Bureau's percent- 
ages of increase and decrease 
in acreage 156 



Agricultural Bureau reports of 
weather, January to June, 
1871-1877, 92, 94, 96, 99, 

102, 105, 109 

Agricultural Bureau reports of 
weather, Julj' to December, 
1871-'77 .120, 122, 125, 129, 

1H4, 138, 142 

Alabama, cotton acreage, pro- 
duction in bales and pounds 
per acre, 1869-1 877 75,76, 79 

Alabama, date of receipt of first 
bale 163 

Alabama, killing frost and end 
of picking season— from 1870 
to 1877 145 

Alabama, percentage of total 
acreage and of total crop 
raised, 1869-1877 81 

Alabama receipts of cotton, 
1824-1877 30-37 

America, Central and South, 
first using cotton 20 

Apalachicola, receipts of cotton 
at, 1826-1877 31-37 

Arkansas, cotton acreage, iiro- 
ductiou in bales and pounds 
per acre, 1869-1877 75,76, 79 

Ai-kansfis, killing frost and end 
of picking season— from 1870 
to 1877 145 

Arkansas, percentage of total 
acreage and of total ciop 
raised, 1869-1877 81 

Arkwright & Hargreaves' spiu- 
uing machines 28 

Atlanta, first bale received and 
receipts to September 1 162 

Atlanta, killing frost and end of 
picliiug season— from 1870 to 
1877 144 



IKDEX. 



Atlanta, rainfall and range of 

tbermonietcr, 01, 93, 05, 98, 

100, 103, 10(5, 107, 119, 

121, 124, 125, 127, 130, 

132, 135, 13(5, 139 

Anffiista, first bale received and 
receipts to September 1 162 

Augusta, killing frost and end 
of pickingseasou— from 1870 
to 1877 144 

Augusta, rainfall and range of 
tbermometer, 03.95, 98, 100, 
103, 105, 107, 119, 121, 124, 
125, 127, i: 0, 132, 135, 136. 139 
B. 

Belgaum, of India, productions 
and descrii)tiou of 54 

Bengal muslins 40, 41 

Bengal Presidency, description 
of tbe products, soil, rivers, 
rainfall, irrigation, monsoon, 
^cotton production, consump- 
tion and sbipnients 50, 51 

Bengal, produt-tions otber tban 
cotton pay best 5 

Berars, of India, productions 
and description of 54 

Blight, cause of 115 

Blooms, first, for ten years. 160, 161 

Blossom of cotton plant, its 
form, color and babit8...113, 

114, 116 

Boll, cotton, bow formed 114 

Bolls, sbcdding of, a necessity 
of excessive fruitage.. 12, 13, 116 

Bombay exports to Europe, 
1858-1877 02 

Bombay exports to Europe, 
1873-1877 59 

Bombay mills, takings of cot- 
ton by 58 

Bonibaj', percentage of total 
cotton receipts received eacli 
montb, 1872-77 63, 66 

Bombay Presidency, descrip- 
tion of the products, soil, riv- 
ers, rainfall, irrigation, mon- 
soon, cotton production, con- 
sumption and shipments. -.52-55 

Bdiubay, production, export 
and consumption of cotton in 
each district , estimated 5 

B(nnbay, receipts and exports 
of cotton each month, 1872- 
1877 63-66 

Bombay, receiiits of cotton at, 
1873-1877 61 



Boston, New York and Balti- 
more receipts. 1865-1877... 36, 37 

Bottom croi>, meaning and ex- 
tent of 115 

Bottom lands, nature, produc- 
tion and preparation of 84, 85 

Bowing cotton (with plate) 20 

Bowed Gcorgi.T, cotton 27 

British Burmah, cotton export 
und homo consumption 57 

Broach cotton, where pro- 
duced 61 

Broach, of India, productions 
and description of 54 

Burnt cotton in United States, 
1829-1877 31-37 

C. 

Calcutta, Carwar, Coconada, 
exports from, to Europe, 
1873-1877 59 

Calcutta, exports from 57 

Canada, cotton exported to, 
from United States, by rail- 
road, 18(!8-1877 36,37 

Canals in India 50 

Canebrakes (soils), nature, pro- 
duction find preparation of.. 84 

Caterpillars, their destructive 
power 117, US, 148, 149 

Central Provinces of India, pro- 
duction, descrii)tion of, <fcc... 53 

Charleston, earlj- exports from 24 

Charleston, first bale received 
and receipts to September 1.. 162 

Charleston, killing frost and 
end of picking season 144 

Charleston, rainfall and range 

of thermometer 93, 95, 98, 

100, 103. 105, 107, 119, 121, 
124, 127, 130, 132, 135, 136, 139 

Charleston, receipts of cotton 
at, 1826-1877 31-37 

Chopping out, how and when 
done 87,88 

Clavigero's reference to cotton 
in Mexico 20 

Coconada, of India, exports 
from 57 

Columbus, Ga., first bale re- 
ceived and receipts to Sept. 1 . 162 

Columbus, Ga., killingfrost and 
end of picking season 144 

Columbus, Georgia, rainfall 
and range thcrniometer..08, 
100.103, 106,107,127,130, 

132, 135, 136, 140 



IXDSX. 



Columbus, Miss., first bale re- 
ceived and i-eceiptsto Sept. 1. 163 

Columbus, Miss., killing frost 
and end of pickiug season 144 

Columbus, Miss., I'ainfall and 

range tliermometer 101, 

103, 106, 107, 127, 130, 132, 

135, 136, 140 

Columbus' report of finding the 
cotton plant 20 

Condition Reports unreliable.. 11 

Consuming power of Europe for 
eighteen years 247 

Consumption and supply of cot- 
ton in Europe and United 
States, 184.5-1877 251 

Consumption of Cotton in Eu- 
rope and America 241, 246 

Consumption of cotton in the 
United States, 1826-1 877.. 31-37 

Continental ports, exports of 
cotton from ludia to 59, 60 

Continent and Great Britain, 
deliveries of cotton, 1859-77. 252 

Continent, deliveries of India 
cotton to, fnmi 1865 to 1877. 60 

Continent, exports to, from 
United States, 1826-1877 31-37 

Continent, monthly exports of 
cotton to, from Bombay, 
1872-1877 63-66 

Continent, percentage of each 
kind of cotton contained in 
deliveries to, 1859-1877 233 

Continent, spindles and con- 
suming power 26G-268 

Coompta cotton, how received 
at Bombay 62 

Corsicana, killing frost and end 
of picking season 145 

Corsicana., rainfall and range 

of thermometer 101, 104, 

106, 128, 130, 133, 135, 137, 140 

Cotton consumption Dy mills in 
India 45 

Cotton crop of 1871 (January 
to June), weather, cultiva- 
tion and iirogress in growth 

91-93 

Cotton crop of 1872 (January 
to June), weather, cultiva- 
tion and progress in growth. 

93, 94 

Cotton crop of 1873 (January 
to June), weather, cultiva- 
tion and progress in growth. 

94-97 



Cotton crop of 1874 (Janiiaiy 
to June), weather, cultiva- 
tion and progress in growth. 

97-100 

Cotton crop of 1875 (Janiuiry 
to June), weather, cultiva- 
tion and progress in growth. 

100-102 

Cotton crop of 1876 (January 
to June), weather, cultiva- 
tion and progress in growth. 

102-105 

Cotton crop of 1877 (January 
to June), weather, cultiva- 
tion and progress in growth. 

105-109 

Cotton crops of 1871 to 1877 
(January to June), summary 
of weather, cultivation and 
progress in growth 109-112 

Cotton crop. United States, 
1876-'77 279 

Cotton deliveries, weekly, in 
Great Britain and Continent, 
from 1870 to 1877 265 

Cotton, diseases and trials, 
from January to June 87-90 

Cotton, diseases and tria.s, 
from July to December. .115-119 

Cotton famine, effect on produc- 
tion of goods 243 

Cotton goods exported from 
United States 257 

Cotton goods manufactured in 
United States 257 

Cotton in United States, where 
first found 2o 

Cotton mills and cotton con- 
sumption in United States, 

254, 255 

Cotton plant, when weak and 
easily harmed 15 

Cotton plant, summer growth. 113 

Cotton production and mauu - 
facture, earliest in India — 39-44 

Cotton production, 1793-1826.. 25 

Cotton production, 1825-1877.. 30 

Cotton production in each 
Southern State, 1869-1877.75, 76 

Cotton tree, native in Amer- 
ica 20.21 

Crop, daily receipts of, for five 
years 177-183 

Crop, daily percentages of re- 
ceipts, for five years 184-188 

Crop estimates, uncertainty of 

10-12 



INDEX. 



Crops, 1870 to 1876, tabuliu- 
statement of staud, growth 
and development, January to 
December 148-1 52 

Crops, first bale received, seven 
years 162, 163 

Crop, first bloom of 1 60, 161 

Crops, liindrauces in market- 
ing 157-176 

Crop, montblj- movement of, 
for five years 176, 177 

Crop movement as influenced 
l)y maturing early or late 158-176 

Crops of cotton in the United 
States, 1621-1877 19-38 

Crops of cotton in the United 
States from 1825 to 1877. . .30-37 

Crops on uplands, bottom lands, 
<fcc 84, 85 

Crop, receipts of new cotton to 
September 1 164 

Cultivation, early work in... 84, 85 

Cultivation of cotton, earliest in 

United States 22 

D. 

Dallas, killing frost and end of 
picking season 145 

Dallas, rainfall and range of 
thermometer, 104, 106, 133, 

137, 140 

Delaware, early cultivation of 
cotton in 22 

Deliveries of cotton in Europe. 252 

Deliveries to spinners, not con- 
sumption 10 

Dharwar, production of cotton 
in and description of 54 

Dhollera cotton, where pro- 
duced 61 

Droughts, effect of, 12, 14, 148-152 

E. 

Early and late crops, differences 
in date of maturing 164 

Early and late crops, influence 
on receipts 158-176 

Early growth of cotton plant, 
its habits, &v, 86, 87 

Ellison & Co.'s annual cotton 
review 258 

Estimates of crop, why defec- 
tive 12, 157 

European and United States 
supply and consumption of 
cotton, 1845-1877 251 

European deliveries of cotton 
from 1859 to 1S77 252 



Europe, exports of cotton from 

India to, 1873-1877 59, CO 

Europe, imports of India cotton 

into, 1865-1877 60 

Euroi)e,percentage of each kind 

of cotton contained in deliv- 
eries to, 1859-1877 253 

Exports from United States, 

earliest not all American 25 

Exports of cotton from 1739 to 

1793 24 

Exports of cotton from United 

States, 1791-1826 29 

Exports of cotton from United 

States, 1825-1877 30-37 

Exports of cotton to Canada, 

by railroad, 1S68-1877. . .. .36, 37 
Exports of foreign cotton from 

United States, 1829-1877.. .31-37 
Exports of United States cotton 

to Continent, 1820-1877.... 31-37 
Exports of United States cotton 

to France, 1826-1877 31-37 

Exports of United States cotton 

to Great Britain, 1826-1877, 31-37 
Exptu'ts, receipts and sales of 

cotton at New York, from 

1849 to 1877 190-193 

F. 
Factory system, when took its 

rise 28 

Fail and summer growth.. 113-156 
FajTtte, killing frost at andend 

of picking season 144 

Fertilizers, liow and when used 

85,86 
Florida, cotton acreage, produc- 
tion in bales and pounds per 

acre, 1869-1877 75, 76,79 

Florida, early cultivation of 

cotton in 22 

Florida, machine for separating 

cotton seed from fibre 22 

Florida, percentage of total 

acreage and of total crop 

raised, 1869-1877 81 

Florida receipts of cotton, 

1824-1877 30-37 

Foreign cottcm exported from 

United States, 1829-1877. . .31-37 
Foreign cotton in our earliest 

exports 25 

Francc,exports fi-om India to, 59, 60 
France, exports to, from United 

States, 1826-1877 31-37 

Frost, early, does not control 

the yield 13, 14, 146 



IXDEX. 



Frosts, killing, in the Soutli,144, 

145, 148 
Future-delivery business, rea- 

soTis for its growth 195-19£ 

Future delivery prices at New 

York, 1S70-1877 199-217 

Future tlelivery sales tit New 

York, 1870-1877 19r 

G. 

Galveston, first Ijale received 
and- receipts to Sept. 1 IGC 

Galveston, killiugfrost and end 

of picking season 144 

Galveston, rainfall and range 

of theruiomcter. 91, 93, 95, 

98, 101, 104, 106, 107, 119, 

122, 124, 128, 130, 133, 135, 

137, lie 

Galveston, receipts of -cotton at, 
1835-1877 32-3 

Georgia, cotton vacreage, pro- 
duction in bales iind pounds 
per acre, 18C?-1877 75, 76, 79 

Georgia, cotton cultivation in 
1790 23 

Georgia, cotton first planted in 

Georgia, date of receipt of first 
bale 163 

Georgia, Tiilling frost and end 
of picking season 145] 

Georgia, percentage of total 
acreage and of total crop 
raised, 1869-1877 81 

Georgia receipts of cotton, 
1824 to 1877 30-37 

Ghauts, Eastern and Western, 
in India 49 

Gin, cotton— earliest machine in 
United States 22 

Gin, cotton— Indians first ma- 
chine 25, 26 

Gin, cotton— Whitney's inven- 
tion 26 

Grass and weeds, their growth 
in rainy weather 90 

Great Britain, exports of yarn 
and goods, 1S68-1S77 266 

Great Britain, deliveries in, of 
East India cotton 60 

Great Britain, exports from In- 
dia to 59,60 

Great Britain and Continent, 
deliveries of cotton, 1859- 
1877 25 

Great Britain, exports to, from 
United States, 1826-1877. -.31-37 



Great Britain, monthly exports 
of cotton to, from Bombay, 
1872-1877 63-66 

Great Britain, percentages of 
each kind of cotton contained 
in deliveries to, 1S.59-1S77... 253 

Great Britain prohibits the im- 
port of cotton goods from 
India - -- "^^ 

Great Britain, spindles in, and 
consuming power of .266,276, 277 

Great Britain, supply and con- 
sumption of cotton in Europe 
and United States, 1845- 
1877 251 

Growth autl development of 
each crop from 1871 to 1877, 
July to December 147 

Growth of cotton iii summer 
and fall 113-156 

Guzerat, of India, productions 
and description of 54 

H. 

Hargreaves' & Arkwright's 
spinning machines 28 

Herodotus on cotton pi-oduc- 
tion and manufacture in lur 
dia 39 

Hingimghaut cotton, where 
produced 53, 61 

Hoeing the crop, howand when 
done 85-88 

Holding back cotton, its influ- 
ence on receipts 158-100 

Hyderabail, of India, coTtwn ex- 
port and home eonsumption.. 57 

Hyderabad, of India, produc- 
tions and description of 54 

7. 
India, Bengal musliu, superior 

excellence of 40 

India, bowing cotton 26 

India, " Calicuts," fineness of.. 40 
India, eost of raising cotton in 

Central ^^ 

India cotton cultivation sximu- 
latcd and encouraged by Eng- 
land, but limited by physical 

conditions - - 56 

India cotton districts, descrip- 
tion of 50-55 

India cotton supply 17 

India cultivators buying silver 
plough-shares and imshing 
cotton cultivation 56 



INDEX. 



Iiid'a "Dry Zone" 50 

luclia, (Tutles laid on English 
manufactures 44 

India, earliest cotton gin 2G 

India, eai-liest cotton produc- 
tion and manufacture and ex- 
port 39, 40 

India exports of cotton checked 
by consumption 58 

India export of cotton goods, 43,41 

India exports of goods to Eng- 
land i(rohil)ited 43 

India exports to Europe from 
each port from 1S73 to 1877, 

59, 60 

India, growth of spindles in, 

44, 45, 4C 

India, its physical features as 
aft'ccting the crop 47, 4S 

India, largest cotton produc- 
tion of 55 

India, map of 4, 47 

India, present iiroduction of cot- 
ton in 4C 

India, spindles in 20!) 

India spinning and weaving 
machines 41 

India, tlie northeast and south- 
west m< usoons 4S-5C 

Indianola, killing frost and end 
of picking season 144 

Iniliauola, rainfall and range of 

thennometer 95, 98, 101, 

104, 106, 107, 122, 124, 
128, 130, 133, 135, 137, 14C 

Irrigation in India 50-5r 



Jefferson on early cultivation 
and manufacture of cotton, 22, 2C 
K. 
Kandeish, productions, &c., of. 54 
Kolapoor, Knlladgee, Kittoon.. 55 

Kun-achce, exports from 57 

Kurrachee, exports to Eiu-ope, 
1873-1877 59 

i. 

Lice on cotton ll."/ 

Little Hock, killing frost and 
end of picking season 144 

Little Rock, rainfall and range 
thermometer, 103, 100, 107, 

132, 135, 136, 14( 

Liverpool and Loudon, exports 
from India to 59, GO 

Liveri)ool, early receipts of cot- 
ton at, from United States... 24 



Liverpool market and influences 
affecting same 236-239 

Liverpool prices of all kinds of 
cotton, 1 877 236-239 

Liverpool pi-ices of upland and 
Surat cotton, 1788-1877 235 

Louisiana, cotton acreage, pro- 
duction in hales and per acre, 
18G9-1 877 75, 76, 79 

Louisiana, date of receipt of 
first bale If3 

Louisiana, early cultivation of 
cotton in 22 

Louisiana, killing frost and end 
of picking season 145 

Louisiana, percentage of acre- 
age and crop raised, 1869- 
1877 81 

Louisiana receipts of cotton, 
1824-1877 30-37 

IT. 

Macon, first bale received and 

receipts to Sept. 1 1C2 

Macon, killing frost and end of 

picking season 144 

Macon, rainfall and range of 

thermometer.. ..98. 101, 103, 

lOG, 107, 127, 130, 132, 135, 

136, 140 
Madras, exports to Europe, 

1873-1877 59 

Madras Presidency, products, 

soil, nnmsoon, &c 51, 52 

Madras, production, export and 

cousimiption of cotton 57 

Manchester prices of cotton 

goods, 1 877 236-239 

Manufacture and the factory 

system 28 

Manufacturing— business poor, 

reasons for it 241-250 

Manufacture, earliest, of cotton 

in America 20-23 

Manufacture, earliest, of cotton 

in Great Britain 43, 44 

Manufacture, earliest, of cotton 

in India 39-43 

Manufacture, how affected by 

inventions of Hargreaves & 

Arkwright 28 

Mai-co Polo on India manufac- 
tures 40 

Marketing of crops, hindrances 

in, from 1870 to 1877.. ..157-170 
5tar3-Lind, early cultivation of 

cotton in 22 



IXDEX. 



Memphis, first bale received ;uid 
receipts to Sept. 1 16 

Meinpliis, killin;^ frost and end 
of i>icking season 1-11 

Memphis, rainfall and range of 

thermometer 93, 95, 98, 

101, 103, lOG, 107, 119, 122, 
124, 128, 130, 133, 135, 13G, 1 IC 

^lexico, cotton tree in 21 

Mexico, early uses of cotton in. 20 

Middle crop, meaning and ex- 
tent of 11,- 

Mills in India, 1869 and 1877.. 45 

Mississipi)i, acreage, produc- 
tion in bales and per acre, 
1869-1877 75, 70, 79 

Mississippi, killing frost and 
end of picking season 145 

Mississippi, percentage of total 
aci-eage and of total crop 
raised, 1809-1877 81 

Mississippi, rcw^ipt of first bale. 163 

Mobile, first bale received and 
receipts to Sept., 1 102 

Mobile, killing frost and end of 
picking season 14-1 

Mobile, rainfall and range of 

thermometer 91, 93, 95, 

98, 101, 103, 106, 107, 119, 
121, 124, 127, 130, 132, 135, 

136, 140 

Mobile, receipts of cotton at, 
1826-1877 31-37 

Monsoons in India 43-55 

Montgomery, first V)ale received 
and receipts to Sept. 1 162 

Montgomery, killing frost and 
end of picking season 144 

Montgomei-y, rainfall and range 
of thermometer.... 91, 93, 95, 
98, 101, 103, 106, 107, 119, 
121, 124, 127, 130, 132, 135, 

136, 140 

JV. 

Nashville, first bale received 
and receipts to Sept. 1 103 

Nashville, killing frost and end 
of picking season 141 

Nashville, rainfall and range of 
thermometer, 93, 95, 98, 101, 
103, 106, 107, 119, 122, 124, 

128, 130, 132, 135, 136, 140 

National Cotton Convention, 
changes made in Classificiv- 
tion 218-220 



Now Jersej^ early cultivation 
of cotton in 22 

New Orleans, first bale received 
and receipts to Sept. 1 1G2 

New Orleans, killing frost and 
end of picking season 144 

New Orleans, rainfall and range 

of thermometer 91, 93, 95, 

98, 101, 103, 100, 107, 119, 
121, 124, 127, 130, 132, 135, 

136, 140 

New Orleans, receipts of cotton 
at, 1825 to 1877 30-37 

New York as a cotton market, 

189-195 

New York, Boston and Balti- 
more receipts, 1805 to 1877, 

36,37 

New Yoi'k, future delivery 
prices, 1870-1877 199-217 

New York, prices of upland cot- 
ton, 1870-1877 221-234 

New York receipts, exi)orts 
and sales of cotton from 1S49 
to 1877 190-193 

Norfolk, rainfall and range of 

thermometer 97,100, 

103, 105, 127, 130, 132, 135, 139 

Norfolk, receipts of cotton at, 
1826 to 1877 31-37 

North Carolina, acreage, pro- 
duction in bales and pounds 
per acre, 1869-1877.... 75, 76, 79 

North Carolina, killing frost 
and end of picking season 145 

North Carolina, percentage of 
total acreage and of total 
crop raised, 1869-1877 81 

North Carolina receipts of cot- 
ton, 1824 to 1877 30-37 

Northern consumption, 1S26 to 
1877 31-37 

O. 

Oomraotte cotton, where pro- 
duced and mai'ketcd 54, 61 

Overland movement described 
and detailed 280-282 

Overland receipts of cotton, 
183 5-1877 32-37 

P. 

Pennsylvania, early cultivation 
of cotton in 22 

Percentages of each kind of 
cotton contained in deliveries 
to Europe, 1859-1877 253 



INDEX. 



Percentages of incFeasc and 
decrease iu aci-easte and cro]), 
1870-1870 Ill, 112, 11<)-152 

Percentage of total acreage and 
of total ci-op raised, in each 
State, 186<V-1877 81 

Percentage of total receipts re- 
ceived each day for five years, 

18-4-188 

Percentages (Bombay) of total 
receipts received each moutli, 
1872-1877 63,66 

Percentage of total yield i-e- 
ceived at each Southern port, 
1854-1861 190 

Picking season, end of, each 
year. 1870-1877, in the South, 

141, 145 

Picking season, its nature and 
length, and ellect on croi)s, 
fi-om 1870 to 18.77 172-176 

Picking season, tlie lerirgth of, 
as affecting the yield 146-152 

Planting, cotton 83-87 

Plants, how far apart when 
stand porf (^ct, etc 88 

Plonghiiig, liow and when done, 

85,86 

Ports, moveniGut to, irregular- 
ity of, and (causes for 15S-176 

Prairie-lauds, nature, produc- 
tion and preparation of 84 

Price of cott*)n and its influence 
on the consumption of goods, 

212, 248,249 

Price of cotton in 1621 21 

Prices of cotton in 1747 21 

Prices of cottim in ITtM) 25 

Prices of cotton at Liveriwxjl, 
1877 V236-239 

Piices of cotton and cotton 
goods at Liverpool, 1876- 
1877 2QA 

Prices of cotton goods at Man- 
chester, 1877 236-239 

Prices of cotton in Great Brit- 
ain, 1788-1877 235 

Prices of cotton on the spot, at 
New York, 1870^1877. ...221-2,3.4 

Prices of future delivery sales 
at New York, 1870-1877. . 199-217 

Production of cotton, total and 
per acre, in each State, 186.)- 
1877 75,76,77.79 

Puiyaub, Scinde, Cutoli and 
Central India, description of, 
&c 52,53 



<?. 

Quotiitions, change in, liow 
made, from Old Classification 
to American Standard of 
Cliissilieatiou 218-220 

Quotations, future delivery, at 
New York, 1870-1877. ...19{^-217 

Quotations of cotton— See Pi-iccs. 

Quotations for upland cotton 
at New York, 1870-1877..221-234 

li. 

Rainfall frojn January to .Tune, 
91, 93, 95, »7, \\S, 100, 10-1, 

103, 104, 105, 106, 107 

Rainfall from July to Decem- 
ber, 119, 121. 122, 124, 125, 
127, 128, 132, 135, 136, 

137, 139, 140 

Rainfall (n>onsoons) in India, 48-55 

Rain, its effect on plant 14 

Kiiln, its effect on stand and 
chopping out 89, 90 

Rangoon exjyorts to Europe, 
1873-1877 59 

Rangoon sliipments of cotton.. 57 

Receipts, daily, live j'ears.. 177-183 

Receipts, effect (ra, of holding 
baek.ainlotherinfluences 158-176 

Receipts, exports and sales of 
cotton at Now York from 
1849 to 1877 190-103 

Receipts, nmnthly, five years, 

176,177 

Receipt of first bale for seven 
years 162, 163 

Receipts of new cotton to Sep- 
tember 1 162-164 

Receipts, percentage of total 
yield received at eaeli Soutli- 
ern port, 1854-1861 190 

Receipts, weeks of smallest, for 
seven years 164 

Rivers, height of, for four 
years 166-171 

Rust in summer 113 

Salesfoi' future delivery, advan- 
tages and disadvantages, 193-198 

Sales for future delivery at New 
York, 1870-18'/ 7. ,. . . . 193 

Sales for future delivery, prices^ 
of, at New Yurk, 1870-1877, 

1!M)"'217 

Sales of spot cotton at New 
York, 1849-1877 190-192 



INDEX. 



Saviimiali, lirst bale reoeivert 

and receipts to Sept. 1 16 

Savauuab, killing fiost, &o 144 

Savannah, rainfall.. 91, 93, 95, 
98, 100, 103, 100, 107, 119, 
121, 1'21, 125, 127, 130, 132, 

135, 136, 139 

Savannah receipts, 1826-77.. 31-37 

Sea Isliind cotton, crop, cou- 

snniption and exporfc from 

1865 to 1877 283, 280 

Seed (cotton), different kinds.. 11 
Seed (cotton), its nature and 

growth 87 

Shedding of cotton, 12, 13, 116, 117 
Shedding of crops, 1870to 1876, 

148-152 
Shrevcport, lirst bale received 

and receipts to Sept. 1 162 

Shreveport, killing frost, &c... 144 

Shreveport, rainfall 93, 95, 

98, 101, 103, 106, 107, 119, 
121, 124, 125, 127, 130, 132, 

135, 136, 140 
Soils— divisions in, &c.. South.. 81 
South Carolina, acreage, jn-o- 
diiction in bales and itounds 

per acre, 1869-1877 75,76,79 

South Carolina cotton, 1666- 

1733 21, 2 

South Carolina, cultivation in 

1790 23 

South Carolina, date of receipt 

of fir.st bale 163 

South Carolina, early exports.. 24 
South Carolina, killingfrost.&o. 145 
South Carolina, percentage of 

total acreage, &c., 1869-1877 81 
South Carolina receipts of cot- 
ton, 1824-1877 30-37 

Swuthern consumption, 1843- 

1877 33-37 

Spiudh^s, causes of their in- 
crease in Europe and Amer- 
ica 242-24 

Spindles, growth of, in India, 

44, 45, 46, 
Spindles in Europe, their num- 
ber and capacity 247, 266-268 

Spindles in ludia 269, 270 

Spindles in United States.. 254, 255 
Spiuners' takings, not consump- 

tiou 10 

Spinning and weaving ma- 
chines in India 41, 42 

Spinning machines of Har- 
greaves & Arkwright 28 



Stand of cotton, differences in. 15 
Stand of cotton, eftcct of, on the 
final yield, 16, 109-112, 121, 

123, 126, 130, 131, 135, 139, 

143, 148, 152 

Stand of cotton obtained, from 
1871 to 1877 110, 111 

Stand, how and wheu complete, 
and when perfect 88 

Stand, ivregular, defective and 
sickjy, causes for 89 

Steam engine first applied to 
cotton manufacture 28 

Stocks of cotton in interior 
northern poits, 1870-1877, 36, 37 

Stocks of cotton in United 
States, Aug. 31, from 1827.31-37 

Suez Canal, exports of cotton 
thi-ough, from Bombay 63-66 

Summer and fall growth... 113-156 

Supplj' and consumption of cot- 
ton in Europe and United 
States, 1845-1877 251 

Surat, productions aud descrip- 
tion of 54 

T. 

Tap-root of cotton pL-uit, 87, 

114, 116. 117 

Tavemier on manufacture of 
cotton in India 40 

Teake on Georgia cultivation 
in 1788 23 

Tennessee, cotton acreage, pro- 
duction, &e., 1869-'77. .75, 76, 79 

Tennessee, receipt of first bale. 163 

Tennessee, killing frost, &c 145 

Tennessee, percentage of total 
acreage, .fee, 1809-1877 81 

Texas, cotton acreage, produc- 
tion, &c., 1869-1877- . . .75, 76, 79 

Texas, receipt of first bale 163 

Texas, killing frost and cud of 
picking season 145 

Texas, percentage of total acre- 
age, 1869-1877 81 

Texas receipts, 1835-1877 32-37 

Tlicrmometer for August, four 
years 1 30 

Thermometer, highest, lowest 
and average in the South, 91, 
93, 95, 97. 98, 100, 101, 103, 
104, 105, 106, 119, 121, 122, 

124, 127, 128, 132, 135, 136, 

137,139.140 
Tinnevelly, cotton expoi-t and 
home consumption 57 



INDEX. 



Tiniievelly, prortuction of cot- 
ton, &c 5X 

Tooke'8 Prices of Cotton 235 

Top ciop, uieanin.i,' and extent 

«f 115 

Tuticorin, exports from 57 

Tuticorin, exports to Europe, 

1S73-1S77 5!) 

Tyi)es of American Standard 
of Classification, liow deter- 
mined 219 

V. 

United States and European 
supply and consumption, 
1845-1877 251 

United States consumption, 
1820-1877 31-37 

United States cotton crops, 
1021-1877 19-38 

United States cottou crop, 1870- 
1 877 279 

United States, cotton goods 
manufactured in 255, 256 

United States, cotton in, where 
first found 20 

United States crops, 1621-1793, 20 

United States crops, 182.5- 
1877 30-37 

United States exports, 1825- 
1877 30-37 

United States, exports from, of 
cotton iroods 257 

United States exports of cot- 
ton. 1791-1826 29 

UnitedStatcs,producti(m of cot- 
ton, tot.'il and poracre, in each 



Virginia cultivation of cotton 

in 1775 22 

Virginia, first experiments in 

cotton raising 21 

Virginia, price of cotton in 

1021 21 

Virginia receipts of cotton, 

1826-1877 30-37 

TT. 

War in Europe and its effect on 
consumption 241, 2,50 

War in United States, effect on 
demand for cottou goods 243 

Weather (January to June), 
growth and stand of crops. 
1871-1877 110-112 

Weather reports from " Chron- 
icle" (January to June), 1871- 

1877 91,93, 95, 99, 101, 

104, 108 

Weather reports from " Chron- 
icle" (July to December), 

1871-1877 119, 122, 124, 

128, 133, 137, 140 

Weather reports of Agricul- 
tural B>ireaii (January to 

June), 1871-1877 92,94, 

90.99, 102, 105, 109 

Weather reports of Agricul- 
tural Bureau (July to Decem- 
ber), 1871-1877 120, 122, 

125, 129, 134, 138, 142 

Weather, stand and giowth, 
from January to December, 
of crops, 1870 to 1876 148 



State. 1809-1877.... 75, 70, 77, 79 Weather summary, July to De- 



United States, spindles and 
consumption in 254. 255 

UTiited States spinners, future 
prosjiects of 250 

Uplands, low middling, mid- 
dling and good ordinary, 
prices at New York, 1870- 
1877 221-234 

Uplands (soil), nature, produc- 
tion and preparation of 84, 85 

V. 

Vicksburg, first bale received 
and receipts to September 1.. 162 

Vicksburg, killing frost and 
end of picking season 144 

Vicksburg, rainfall and range 

of thermometer 93, 95, 98, 

101, 103, 106, 107, 121, 124, 
125, 128, 130, 132. 135, 130, 140 



cember, 1871-1877 147 

Weights of bales American in 
Europe 74 

Weights of bales in deliveries 
to Great Britain and Conti- 
nent 252, 205 

Weights of bales in United 
States 237 

West India, cotton seed first 
planted 21 

Whitnej''s cotton gin 26 

Wilmington, killing frost and 
end of picking season 144 

Wilmington, rainfall and range 

of thermometer 93, 95, 

98, 100, 103, 105, 107, 121, 
124, 125, 127, 130, 132, 135, 

136, 139 

Wilmington, receipts of cotton 
at, 1820-1877 31-37 



AD VER TI SEME NTS. 



Lehman. Abraham & Co., Lehman, Durr & Co. 

New Orleans, La. Montgomery, Ala. 



LEHMAN BROTHERS, 

COTTON FACTORS 

AND 

Commission Merchants, 

40 Exchange Place, 
NEW YORK. 

Orders executed at the Cctton Exchanges in New York 
and Liverpool, and advances made on Cotton and other 
Pr iduce consigned to us or to our correspondents in Liverpool, 
Messrs. B. Newgass & Co., and Messrs. L.Rosenheim & Sons. 



ADVERTISEMENTS. 



Louisiana Cotton-Tie Co. 



This Company oflfers to the public the riglit to use the following 
improvements, upon reasonable terms : 

Gilman's Reversible Cotton Press, 
THE GRIP TIE 

AND 

OILMAN'S BAND TIGHTENER. 

This Press, with u reduced, consumption of fuel, applies a net pi'essure 
of 2,000 tons upou the bale. 

The Grip| Tie possesses the advantages of great simplicity and freedom 
from slip, and pi-eserves the entire tensile strength of the Band. Care- 
ful tests show that with this tie the breaking strain is more than double 
what it is with any other tie or buckle. 

The Texas State Fair awarded the Highest Premium to the Grip Tie, 
the celebrated Arrow being one of its competitors. 

By the use of the Band Tightener all the slack of the bands is taken 
up in compressing, increasing the carrying capacity of vessels about 
twenty per cent. 

The ship " Western Empire," of 1,399 tons, recently cleared at this 
port with G,430 bales of cotton, weighing 3,036,529 pounds, or 2,170 
pounds per ton register. Of this cargo, 2, .522 bales were compressed 
by the Champion Press (Gilman's Reversible), the balance by Tyler 
and Morse Presses, .nil using the Grip Tie and Band Tightener. This 
cargo shows a gain of 41 92-100 per cent over her previous cai-goes. 

The Royalty for the use of the Band Tightener has been fixed at five 
cents per bale, and the ties cost live cents per bale additional. 

John B. Lafitte 8c Co., 

MANAGERS, 

NEW ORLEANS, LA. 



A D YERTISEMENTS. 



HENRY HENTZ & CO., 

GENERAL . 

COMMISSION MERCHANTS, 

174 & 176 PEARL ST., NEW YORK. 
Advances made on Consignments to 

Messrs. JAMES FINLAY & CO., 

LIVERPOOL, LONDON AND GLASGOW. 
Also Execute Orders for Merchandise through 

Messrs. FINLAY, MUIR & CO., 

CALCUTTA AND BOMBAY. 

FUTURE CONTRACTS FOR COTTON Ijouglit and sold on Commis- 
sion in New Yorli and Liverpool. 



WARE, MURPHY k CO., 

COTTON FACTORS 

AND 

General Commission Merchants, 
cotton' exchange building, 

NEW YORK. 

Special attention paid to the execution of orders for tlie purchase or 
sale of Contracts for Future Delivery of Cotton. Liberal advances 
made on consignments. 



ADVEB TI SEME NTS. 



JAMES F. WENMAN. ABR'M ALLEN, Jr. JAMES W. WENMAN. 

James F. Wenman & Co., 

COTTON BROKERS, 

No. 146 Pearl Street, New York. 

Established in Tontine Buildings in 1841. 



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Financial Retrospect of 1877. 

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United States Debt and Securities — Debt of the United States 
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State Debts and Securities — State debts and immunity from 
prosecution — Prices of State Securities, 1860-1877. 

Railroads and tlieir Securities — Railroads of the United States 
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919<7 



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C^MANCHESTER, 
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